Yintoni Urhulumente?

Urhulumente yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho uluntu, urhulumente, okanye uhlanga lulawulwa khona. Luyila luze lunyanzelise imithetho, lulawule ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke, lunike ilungiselelo lenkonzo yembutho, lugcine nocwangco. Ufundo lwentlobo zorhulumente lusekelwe ekuqondeni indlela ezima kakuhle ngayo iziko loluntu, ukusasaza ubuncwane, kunye nokulinganisela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye kunye neemfuno ezimanyeneyo. Urhulumente ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unjani na, kufuneka aphendule imibuzo emithathu esisiseko: ngubani olawulayo, indlela abanyuliweyo ngayo, nemida ekhoyo kwigunya labo.

Iintlobo Ezikhulu Zorhulumente

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zibala oorhulumente abasekelwe kumntu onegunya, indlela igunya elidluliselwa ngayo, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi.

Imonarchy

Ulawulo lolawulo lookumkani ngurhulumente apho umntu omnye, umlawuli, ekhonza njengentloko yesizwe sobomi okanye de kube kukugwetywa. Iinkosi zaziluhlobo oluphambili lorhulumente kwimbali ebhaliweyo. Zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo ezisekelwe kubukhulu bobunini bolawulo lokumkani.

I-Monarchy ePheleleyo

Kulawulo olupheleleyo, umlawuli unamandla angenasithintelo kurhulumente nakubantu. Akukho mqathango mGaqo-siseko, kwaye imonarch ̱ imizekelo yembali iquka uLouis XIV waseFransi, olawulo lwakhe lufuzisela ubude be-absolutism, kwaye abalawuli bamandulo baseRashiya phantsi koPetros Omkhulu. Namhlanje, kusele iqaqobana lookumkani abapheleleyo, njengeSaudi Arabia, Oman, kunye neUnited Arabhu Emitrate, nangona ezi zithe zavela ngokulinganiselwe kwizakhiwo eziye zavela.

Igunya loMgaqo-siseko

Kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko, amagunya e-monarch ’ achazwa kwaye alinganiselwa ngumgaqo-siseko okanye isicwangciso somthetho. Ukumkani unokuba ngumphathi wesithethe ngexesha enyulwe ngamagosa alawula igunya. Imizekelo ebalaseleyo iquka i-United Kingdom, iJapan, iKhanada, iSweden, neSpeyin. Ulawulo loMgaqo-siseko lusoloko lunika uzinzo nokuqhubekeka xa luvumela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luphumelele ecaleni kwamaziko esithethe.

Idemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi, ukusuka kumagama esiGrike (abantu) kunye kratos (ulawulo), iindawo ezilawulayo ezandleni zabantu. Isekelwe kwimigaqo yokulingana kwezobupolitika, ulawulo oluninzi, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane. Idemokhrasi ikhona kwimiba emibini engundoqo ehamba ngqo nengummeli.

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo

Kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, ivoti yabemi kwiinkalo zobupolitika, imithetho, kunye nezigqibo eziphambili ngaphandle kokunxibelelana. I-Athene yamandulo yeyona mizekelo yaziwayo engokwembali, apho abemi abafanelekileyo bahlanganisana kwiindibano ukuze bagqibe imicimbi yorhulumente. Idemokhrasi yanamhlanje inqabile kumgangatho wesizwe kodwa iyaqhubeka kwizinto ezifana nee-assendmends, amanyathelo okulwa, neentlanganiso zedolophu eSwitzerland naseU.S.

Ulawulo - melo Olungummeli

Idemokhrasi emela abameli, ekwabizwa ngokuba yirepublic, ibandakanya abemi abanyulwa ukuba benze izigqibo. Le ndlela isebenza kumazwe amakhulu, anabemi abaninzi apho kungenakubakho ukuba nenxaxheba ngqo kuwo wonke ummi. Inkoliso yedemokhrasi yale mihla, kuquka i-United States, iJamani, i-Indiya, neBrazil, isebenza njengedemokhrasi emela idemokhrasi. Iinkalo ezingundoqo ziquka unyulo oluthe rhoqo, amaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika, ukwahlula amagunya, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokwemigaqo-siseko.

Ilabherel v. Idemokhrasi yeIlliberal

Abaphengululi bezobupolitika bahlula phakathi kolawulo - melo olukhululekileyo, olukhusela inkululeko yabemi nomthetho, kunye nolawulo - melo olungekho semthethweni, olubangela unyulo kodwa oluthintela inkululeko, luthob ’ isidima sokulawula, lucinezela inkcaso. Izizwe ezinjengeHungary neTurkey ziye zachazwa njengezityhalela kwidemokhrasi engekho mthethweni kwiminyaka yakutshanje, zinyusa inkxalabo ngokuguquka kwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

IOligarchy

I-oligarchy igxininisa igunya ezandleni zeqela elincinane elahlulwe lubutyebi, amaqhina entsapho, ulawulo lomkhosi, okanye uqhagamshelwano lwezopolitiko. Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lobuzwilakhe, olusekelwe kwinkokeli enye, igunya lobuzwilakhe lahlulwa phakathi kwembalwa. Imikhosi yabalawuli idla ngokusuka kwezinye iinkqubo: ulawulo-melo lunokuba lulawulo-demokhrasi ukuba izikhundla eziphezulu zithatha inkqubo yezobupolitika, kwaye ulawulo lolawulo lwe-monarchy lunokuba lelinye ukuba iinkokeli okanye abalawuli bafumana ulawulo olusebenzayo.

Imizekelo yembali iquka amabhunga akwizikhundla zoorhulumente bamandulo baseSparta, iVenice Republic ’ abarhwebi, kunye neSoviet Union ̱ i-Polituro. Abahlalutyi bale mihla baphikisana ukuba iRashiya isebenza njenge-oligarch, inikwe impembelelo engaphezulu yenani elincinane lezigidi zeebhiliyoni kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Abanye abahlalutyi bakwa iUnited States njengenempembelelo yezopolitiki, bakhankanya impembelelo yezopolitiko ezinkulu kunye nezityebi.

Ulawulo

Ulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lubeka igunya elipheleleyo ezandleni zenkokeli enye okanye iqela elincinane, elidla ngokugcinwa ngokunyanzelwa, ngokuhlolisiswa, kunye nokucinezelwa kochasa-cawa. Abalawuli abanatyala kuluntu; bayalawula ngemithetho kwaye badla ngokuphelisa iintshaba zobupolitika. Iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zezolawulo lozwilakhe, apho imikhosi exhobileyo ithatha ulawulo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezikhundla elinye, apho iqela elinye lilawula igunya.

Imikhosi yolawulo-mbuso ephawulekayo iquka iJamani yamaNazi phantsi koAdolf Hitler, iSoviet Union phantsi koJoseph Stalin, umNtla Korea phantsi kolawulo lukaKim, kunye ne-Myanmar ̱ iqumrhu lomkhosi langoku livela ngexesha lengxaki, xa abantu bevuma ulawulo olunolawulo oluphezulu ngenxa yokuzinza okanye ukhuseleko. Kodwa ke, badla ngokungaqiniseki, bagqibele ekuvukeleni, ekubulaleni, okanye ekuweni.

Ulawulo Lobuthixo

Ulawulo lobuthixo ngurhulumente apho iinkokeli zonqulo zilawula egameni logunya eliphakamileyo, kwaye inkqubo yomthetho isekelwe kwimfundiso yonqulo. Igunya lezobupolitika kunye negunya lokomoya lidityanisiwe. Eli gama livela kwisiGrike theos (uthixo) kunye ktos [umthetho].

Owona mgangatho uphambili wolawulo lobuthixo lwale mihla yiIran, apho iNkokeli ePhakamileyo uAyatollah Khamenei inegunya elipheleleyo kurhulumente, kwaye umthetho wamaSilamsi ubumba inkqubo yomthetho. IVatican City ngulawulo olukhethekileyo lolawulo lobuthixo olulawulwa nguPopu. Ngokwembali, iMazwe aphakathi, iPuritaints Bay Colony, kunye namaSulumane angaphambili asebenza njenge-ocracies. Ama-ocracies ajongene imbambano phakathi kokungaguquguquki ngokwemfundiso kunye neemfuno ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo, ezinokukhokelela ekungqubaniseni amalungelo abantu, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele inkululeko yonqulo nokulingana kwesini.

Amanqanaba

Antarchy ibhekisela kukungabikho korhulumente ophakathi. Ngokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, ithetha isiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi. Noko ke, izithandi zobulumko zezobupolitika ukusuka kuWilliam Godwin ukuya kuNoam Chomsky ziphikisa ngelithi isiphithiphithi sithetha umanyano lwentlalo olungekho lukhetho ngoncedo loluntu, ukuvumelana, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Enyanisweni, iinqobo zolawulo zinqabile kwaye zidla ngokuba zezokwexeshana. Imizekelo yembali iquka iZapatista i-omasipala abazimeleyo eMexico, i-Paris Communine of 1871, kunye nemimandla engenarhulumente enjengemimandla yaseSomalia ebudeni beminyaka yee-1990. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi isiphithiphithi asikwazi ukunikezela izinto zikawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nesigqibo sokuphikisana, ngoxa abaxhasi bephikisana nokokuba amaphondo enziwe ngamaphondo adala umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba ewathintele.

Iinkqubo zokutshintsha intlalo

Zimbalwa iirejista ezilingana kakuhle kudidi olunye. Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene zidibanisa iziqalelo ezisuka kwiindidi ezininzi. Umzekelo, uManyano lulawulo lomgaqo-siseko olunenkqubo yedemokhrasi enamandla yepalamente. IRashiya ifumana unyulo kodwa imisebenzi njengolawulo lwegunya eliphantsi kwemiqathango ye-oligarchy. idibanisa unyulo lwedemokhrasi nolawulo lwezolawulo-moya kunye nenkululeko yezopolitiko yomeleleyomeleleyo, ezisoloko zichazwa njengedemokhrasi ” okanye i-#820;oftistism. ̵

Ukuqonda ulawulo lwemivukelo kubalulekile kuhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwezobupolitika. Ingcamango ye-“ idemocratic Democratic Democratic Deviment” ibonisa ukuba zingaphi iintlanga ezibonakala zidibanisa idemokhrasi kwiminyaka yowama-1990 eziye zatyibilika kwimiqathango exubileyo okanye yegunya. IHolo, umbutho ohlonelwayo ojongwayo, ulandela le ngcamango minyaka le, kwaye uphawula ukuncipha kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kunye nenkululeko yabemi emhlabeni wonke kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu edluleyo.

Imeko Yembali: Indlela Iintlobo Zorhulumente Eziye Zahlulwa Ngayo

Ukuphuhliswa kweentlobo zikarhulumente kunxulumene ngokunzulu neziganeko zembali, iinguqu zobugcisa, kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo. Isiqingatha ukusuka kwiphondo lookumkani ukuya kwidemokhrasi asikokulandelelana; kubandakanya imijikelo yokuzinzisa nokuthoba isidima, ulwandiso kunye nokutshintsha kwamalungelo, kunye nokutshintsha okuthe rhoqo.

Isiseko samandulo

Oorhulumente bokuqala bavela kwimpucuko yentlambo yomlambo njengeSumer, iYiputa, iNtlambo iIndus neTshayina. Aba babezii-monarchy okanye i-ocracies apho ookumkani babesithi banegunya lobuthixo. UHammurabi ̱ uMthetho waseBhabhiloni waseka esinye sezixhobo zomthetho ezibhaliweyo. IGrisi yamandulo yazisa ulawulo-demokhrasi, ngoxa iRiphabliki yamandulo yavelisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo yamagosa anyuliweyo, iindibano, kunye nokulinganisa okuzakuba nemilinganiselo eyakuphembelela ingcuthe ingcuthethethethethe iNtseka.

UTshintsho lweNkangeleko

UbuFasi baphakathi bamisa iYurophu yajikelezwe yimigangatho yeenkosi, ii-assals, kunye nee-afs, ezinookumkani phezulu kodwa zinyanzelwa ngamandla ezingangamsha neCawa. Ukutyikitywa kwegama kukaMagna Carta ngowe-1215 kwamisela i-modeli yamaNgesi i-’ amandla kwaye kwamisela umgaqo wokuba wonke umntu, kuquka ukumkani, abe phantsi komthetho. Olu xwebhu lwaba siseko lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente wesiseko kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi kamva.

Ukukhanyiselwa Neenguqu

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwavela ukwanda kwentanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa, eyacell ’ umngeni ulawulo lobukumkani obupheleleyo kunye namalungelo obuthixo. Abacinga njengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, noThomas Paine balwela amalungelo emvelo, izivumelwano zoluntu, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Ezi ngcamango zakhuthaza iMvukelo yaseMerika (177666) kunye neMvukelo yaseFransi (189), eyaseka iirepublics ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zedemo-demokhrasi, nangona ekuqaleni zazilinganiselwe kubantu abalungeleleneyo.

Inkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 yazisa ukwanda okuthe ngcembe kwemfazwe yehlabathi, ukunyuka kwamaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namabhinqa i̱ amaphulo amalungelo. Idemokhrasi yomelo yasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMerika, nakwimimandla yase-Asia. Isiphelo seMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokuthotywa kwemilinganiselo yezoburhulumente yakhokelela kumazwe amaninzi asandul' ukuzimela amkela umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi.

Ulungiso lombhali

Inkulungwane yama-21 ibone ukubuya kolawulo olungqongqo kwimimandla emininzi. IRashiya phantsi kweVladimir Putin, iTshayina phantsi kweSingingingi, kunye neTurkey phantsi kweRecep Tayip Erdo#287;an iye yaqinisa amandla, inkcaso ethintelweyo, kunye nenkululeko yezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Amaziko edemokhrasi kumazwe anjengePoland, iHungary, kunye neBrazil aye axinezelelwa. Abaphengululi baphikisana ukuba le ngxaki imela ukurhoxana kwexeshana nje okanye ukufuduswa koodemokhrasi.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa lokuphumelela kukarhulumente

Ukususwa kohlobo lukarhulumente yi “ i-Angbesa ̵ ixhomekeke kwimiqathango esetyenzisiweyo: uzinzo, ulwando lwezoqoqosho, inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ukulingana, okanye ukhuseleko. Inkqubo nganye inorhwebo-luluhlu.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaqela eenkqubo ze-Democracy atyekele ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabemi, ulwakhiwo olukhuthazayo, kwaye avelise ulawulo olunempendulo, kodwa anokucotha, afakwe igridi, kwaye abe sengozini yokukhupha.
  • Iinkqubo zobunani zingazalisekisa iinkqubo ngokukhawuleza kwaye zigcine ucwangco, kodwa zisoloko zithintela ukungavumelani, zichasa amalungelo abantu, zibandezeleke kukonakala nakumanqam eelwano.
  • Iphondo lobukumkani bombuso linika inkqubela engokomfuziselo neentloko zezobupolitika zikarhulumente, kodwa zisenokubonakala ziphelelwe lixesha okanye zingekho melo lobukho bedemokhrasi kubagxeki.
  • I- I-ocracies inyanzelisa ukuba abantu babe nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kodwa ithintela inkululeko yonqulo kunye nenkululeko yobuqu.
  • Imikhosi yezorhwebo [[FLT: 0] igxininisa kubutyebi namandla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungalinganini nakuqhushululu lwentlalo.

Uphando olusuka kuphando olunzulu, kuquka ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi Umbindi wobuntlola weqela le-Economist ’ isalathisi solawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi kunye nendlu yenkululeko[, lubonisa rhoqo ukuba umgangatho wolawulo-lawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi othe ngqo kumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu wophuhliso lomntu, ulwaneliseko lobomi, kunye nethuba lezoqoqosho, nangona zifuna amaziko anamandla, umthetho, kunye nomthetho, kunye nothumelo lobumi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Iintlobo Zorhulumente Kubalulekile

Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, ukuthatha iinkalo zeentlobo zorhulumente asiyonkqubo yemfundo engekho ngqiqweni. Kunika isigama nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ukuhlalutya iziganeko zangoku, ukuvavanya iimbambano zezobupolitika, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi boluntu. Xa abemi beqonda umahluko phakathi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi nolawulo lobuzwilakhe, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba baziqonde izisongelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi nokuxhasa ukhokelo olunetyala.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda ukuba oorhulumente abaguquguquki kodwa baqalisa ukuguquka ngenxa yemizabalazo notshintsho kukhuthaza imbono ecacileyo ngeenguqulelo zezobupolitika. Ukuwa kolawulo lobuzwilakhe akuzivelisi idemokhrasi eqinileyo; ukurhoxa kwedemokhrasi kudla ngokuvela ngokuthe ngcembe, ngemiqathango eyahlukeneyo kumajelo eendaba, ngejaji, nangengqibelelo yonyuselo.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Neenkcazo Zexesha Elizayo

Zininzi izinto eziye zaphinda zilawuleka ehlabathini lonke. Ubugcisa bamanani bunceda iindlela ezintsha zokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokuhlola ngexesha elinye. Iiqonga ze-E-avernance zivumela abemi ukuba bafumane iinkonzo zokufikelela kwaye zinikeze iziphumo, ngelixa ulawulo oluneedentiliki lusebenzisa izixhobo zezixhobo zamanani zokulandelela ukuchasana nokusebenzisa ulwazi. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukufuduka, kunye nezifo ezigqugqisa umhlaba wonke zivavanya amandla azo zonke iintlobo zikarhulumente ukuze ziphendule ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuvela kweenkokeli zepopulist kwidemokhrasi, ukumanyaniswa kwegunya eTshayina naseRashiya, kunye novavanyo lwedemokhrasi edemokhrasi engekho semthethweni kwiindawo ezinjengeIreland neTaiwan kungqina ukuba indaleko yeentlobo zikarhulumente ayikapheli. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ngokuya zigxininisa kwinkqubo yemixube, ukumelana nedemokhrasi, kunye noyilo lweziko njengeendawo ezingundoqo zokufundisisa.

Isiphelo

Ukusuka kwimikhosi yolawulo-lawulo olupheleleyo ukuya ngqo kulawulo-melo, ukusuka kwi-ocracies ukuya kwinqanaba lobungangamsha, iintlobo zorhulumente zimela abantu i̱s imigudu eyahlukeneyo yokucombulula ingxaki yentlangano emanyaneyo. Uhlobo ngalunye luneenzuzo namatyala, kwaye ngalunye lubonakalisa ulungelelwano olukhethekileyo phakathi kolungelelwano nenkululeko, isithethe kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto. Kubafundi, ukuqonda ezi ntlanganisela kunye nobume bembali linyathelo lokuqala ekufikeleleni kubemi abanolwazi oluphezulu. Kubafundisi, olu lwazi lunika isiseko sokubandakanyeka kubafundi kwingxoxo enzulu ngegunya, isigwebo, kunye nekamva lolawulo.

Ukuhlolisisa ngokubhekele phaya lomxholo, jonga ugcino-lwazi olusuka ku Encclopedia Britannica ̱ ungeno kurhulumente okanye Iprojekthi yeCultituti[, enika ihlabathi i& #817; imimiselo ephekwayo ngomxholo nangemisebenzi. Ezi zixhobo zivumela abafundi ukuba bathelekise indlela eyakhe ngayo amaxwebhu abo esiseko kunye namandla.