Umhlaba wokuvota utshintsha kakhulu, uqhutywa luphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lobugcisa kunye nolindelo lobuntlola. Njengoko ulawulo-melo lwehlabathi lonke luzama ukomeleza iinkqubo zalo zokhetho, ubugcisa obuvelayo kunye nezenzo ezijikelezayo zivuselela indlela abemi abaphosa ngayo oovoti babo, indlela abavota ngayo, nendlela ukholo olwakheke ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Oku kuhlola okubalulekileyo nokutyekelelwa kokuyila okuchaphazela ikamva lokuvota, kunye neengxaki ezizingisileyo ezimele zoyiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bakhululekile, bayalunga, balungile, kwaye bafumana unyulo.

Ukutshintsha Kwendlela Esetyenziswa Ngayo Ubugcisa

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baba ngumqhubi oyintloko wotshintsho kulawulo lokhetho. Ukusuka ekuvezeni oomatshini bokuvota ngombane ukuya ekuhlolweni kweenkqubo ezisekelwe kwiziqobo, uphuhliso lobugcisa oluthembisa ukunyusa ukhuseleko, ukuphumelela, kunye nokuthembeka komvoti. Noko ke, inkqubela nganye izisa uhlolo olutsha malunga nokukhanya, ukuphicotha, nokufumaneka.

Oomatshini bombane (EVM)

Oomatshini bovota bekhompyutha baye baba ligumbi lonyulo lwangoku kumazwe amaninzi. Ezi nkqubo, ezisuka kumatshini owenziwe ngqo we-elektroniki (DRE) onamazibuko okuchukumisa nokujonga ipeyinti efunda ipesenti, zinika isantya nokuchana kokungalingani kobalo lwencwadi. IBrazil iye yasebenzisa iEVM kamashumi eminyaka, ngoxa i-Indiya ifaka ngaphezulu kwesigidi soomatshini kunyulo ngalunye lwesizwe. Kodwa ingxoxo engaphezulu kwee-EVMs iyaqhubeka. Abagxeki babonisa ukuba i-vneribleties kwi-software kunye nokunqongophala kwephepha lokuqinisekisa amaphepha akwiminye yemifanekiso emidala. Ngoku igxininisa ukusetyenziswa [[VFLD] kunye nezixhobo ze-electives zokhuselo lokhuseleko lombane.[3][3]

Ushicilelo lwangaphakathi lwe Internet

Ingcamango yokufaka ibhola yokuvota evela ekhaya nge-intanethi ibangela isibheno esikhulu, ingakumbi kubavoti baphesheya, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye nabo bakwimimandla ekude. I-Estonia yaba lizwe lokuqala ukuvelisa uvotelo kwi-intanethi ebanzi ngo-2005, isebenzisa ikhadi le-ID kunye nenkqubo yokusayina kwamanani ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti iyavota. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe amaninzi namazwe aye asebenzisa ikhompyutha abhenela abantu abathile, njengamagosa amajoni aphesheya. Ngelixesha elifanelekileyo, i-intanethi yokuvota i-intellictures i-challengens[, kuquka umngcipheko wokuchola okunga, i-vileyivile kwizixhobo zovoti, kunye nokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa i-cosa kwimeko-bume engalawulekiyo. Iingcali ezininzi zokhuseleko zicebisa ngobulumko be-intanethi kwe-Interne.

Iblokhchain yengqibelelo kaElector

Ubugcisa beblockchain bucetyiwe njengesisombululo seengxaki zokuvota ezizinzileyo. Ngokusasaza uphando lwe-inface-partice, umkhokeli ofanelekileyo wevoti, isithiki-bloko sikwenza kube nzima ukuguqula iziphumo ngaphandle kokufumana. Iinkampani ezininzi zabucala kunye nolawulo oluncinci luye lwazama ukukhusela isithili esithintelwe yi-breki, kuquka umqhubi wenqwelo-moya waseNtshona Virginia kubavoti-mphandleni wamazwe aphesheya kwelizwe, isixeko sase-Switzerland sase-Zug'svotes. Noko ke, ezobugcisa zisengunobuntwana bokhetho olukhulu lwemali. Inkxaso ibandakanya ukuntluleka komtya wokuvota-vota (ukuzimvoti, isibambiso, isibambiso somsithobo-osisebenzi somsebenzi), ukusetyenziswa kweminye imiqobo yeminxeba, nocelomngeni lwengxoxo yengxoxo phakathi kwabo bajongane. Kodwa ababona iimeko zokuzinziso sokuzinzisasaza.

Ushicilelo lwe Cryptographic oluneVerificity

Ngapha kweblokhchain, iindlela zokutyhila ezifana nokukhowuda kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kunye nobungqina bolwazi-ngono buphuhliswa ukunceda ukuqinisekisa isiphelo ukuya ekupheleni (E2E-V). Ezi nkqubo zivumela abavoti ukuba baqinisekise ukuba ibhola yabo yabalwa ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokutyhila ukhetho lwabo kuye nabani na, hayi kwinkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo. Iprojekthi yemvelaphi efana ne OSEAT Foundation's umsebenzi kubugcisa bokhetho oluvuliweyo umele amanyathelo abalulekileyo abonisa ukukhanya nokuva nokurhoxa okuvola kwamanani.

Ukufumaneka nokubandakanyeka koMsebenzi weNkqubo

Unyulo lwedemokhrasi kuphela luzalisekisa injongo yalo xa wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo enokuthabatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kwemiqobo. Ukufumaneka nokuganana kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvota kubandakanya abantu bonke. Le migudu ithetha ngomzimba, ngolwazi, ngolwimi, nangeendawo eziye zaphazamisa abemi abaninzi ngokwembali.

Oomatshini kunye neMida eFikelelekayo

Izixhobo zokuvota zale mihla zenziwe ngobuchule bomhlaba wonke engqondweni. Iimpawu ezifana nezomgunyathi webhola ekhatywayo , zintyontswa-neepafu zezixhobo, izikhuseli ezinemilinganiso elungelelaniswayo nemigca, kunye neADA-ontactants yenza ukuvota kubenako kubantu abanoluhlu olubanzi lwesiphene. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izithuba ngoku zinika ibholaloti izixhobo zokuphawula ibholaloti ezinokukhubazeka zivumele ibholothi ezinokuphawula ibhola zebholothi kwaye zizimele, kunye ne-colot ekhutshelwe ecaleni kwephepha eliqhelekileyo. Ezi ziqhubelwa phambili ziqhutywa yimithetho esemthethweni efana ne-Melika eluncedo (IVvovo) eUnited States, njengeeaccoact, njengeeact eqhubekayo yemibutho ekhubazekileyo.

Imfundo yezakhono kunye nonikezelo

Abavoti abasemthethweni nababotshwayo bangamacandelo edemokhrasi esempilweni. Unyuselo kwiinkqubo zemfundo yabavoti luye lwanda ukuphendula iinkcazelo eziphosakeleyo, ukucacisa iinkqubo zokubhalisa, kwaye bachaze indlela yokusebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha bovota. Amagosa amaninzi okhetho ngoku enza amaphulo okukhupha iilwimi ezininzi, amaqabane kunye nemibutho yoluntu, kwaye asebenzisa amaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle ukufikelela phantsi kwamaqela. Imfundo kwakhona igubungela amanyathelo okuchola, iindawo zomvotezi, nokubaluleka kwayo yonke ivoti. Iinkqubo ezifana neU. I-Ecompuction Comment Commissionation'ssion's

Iiyunithi Zokuhambisa Inqwelo - moya Nokukhupha Izixhobo

Ukoyisa imiqobo yendawo kunye nocwangciso, amasebe amaninzi andise iindlela abantu abanokuvota ngazo. Iiyunithi zokuvota ze-mobile .

Izixhobo zamanani zolwazi lwe Voter

I-Smartphone apps kunye neewebsite ngoku zinika ulwazi lomvoti, kuquka iivoti ezifakelwayo, iindawo zokuvota, iindawo zokuhlola, amaxesha, kunye nobume bobhaliso. Ezi zixhobo zamanani zisebenzisa indawo kunye nogcino-lwazi kwi-ofisi zonyulo zobulali ukunikezela ulwazi oluchanekileyo, lokwexesha lokwenene. Amanye amaqonga avumela abavoti ukuba bafake iifoto zabo zokuvota ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivota zibaliwe, nangona ezo zinto kufuneka zenzelwe ukulondoloza imfihlo nokukhusela ingcinezelo.

Imikhwa Ekhulayo Kwimikhwa Eqhelekileyo

Ngaphandle kobugcisa, izithethe kunye noqheliselo olujikeleze unyulo ziyatshintsha. Ezi zimo zibonisa ukutshintsha-tshintsha okubanzi kwendlela yoluntu, kuquka iimfuno ezingakumbi zokubonisa ukubonakala, ukulondolozwa, nokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo kubalulekile kubalawuli bonyulo, abaququzeleli bemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nabemi abafuna ukomeleza iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo (AVR)

Enye yezintsha ezisebenzayo ekunyuseni umvoti kukuvota ngokuzenzekela. Phantsi kwenkqubo ye-AVR, abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba bavote xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente (njengeSebe le Motor Vehicles) ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe ngokukhutheleyo. Amazwe afana neKhanada, iSweden, kunye neJamani kudala zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezifanayo, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe ase-U.S. aye amkela i-AVR ngolwandiso olunokunyuka kwinani lokubhalisa kunye nomphathi omkhulu wolawulo. AVR unciphisa imiqobo yokufumana imali ephantsi kunye nolutsha oluvotiweyo, angenakusebenzisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothile zokubhalisa.

Ukhuseleko Lokhetho Nemilinganiselo Yokunyaniseka

Kwixesha eliphambili lokuxhalabela ukuphazamisana kwamanye amazwe nokuhlasela ngekhompyutha, ukhuseleko lonyulo luye lwaba yinto ephambili. Oorhulumente bafaka imali ekwakheni imiqathango yomngcipheko (RLSE), ehlola ngezandla isampulo engaqhelekanga yephepha lovavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isimbuku sovoti sihambelana neerekhodi zokwenyani. I-RL inikela umgangatho ophezulu wokuzithemba kwiziphumo zonyulo ngaphandle kokuba kufuna ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezipheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, ii-ofisi zonyulo zisamkela imibaliso enamandla ye-ibersecrecureating, kuquka ukuvavanywa rhoqo, kunye nokuquququzelelwa kwamaziko eekileyo eencwadi. ISebe le Hometerland Security likhuthaza ukwenziwa konyulo lonyulo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo-omatshini zoshishino-mali kwimiqatha yorhulumente.

Izenzo zokhetho ezizinzileyo neziluhlaza

Ukulondolozwa kwendawo engqongileyo kuyinto ebalulekileyo yokuqwalasela iziqu ezikhethiweyo. Iibhola zephepha, ezidla ngokusetyenziswa zisongezelela kwinkunkuma ebalulekileyo. Ezinye iindawo zihlola imikhono esetyenziswayo, ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zomvolo-mvo, ukunikezelwa kwemivolo-manani ukwenzela abarhoxisi abangekhoyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphinda basebenze ngemiboniso yephulo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ukubala nokuhamba kwezixhobo zokuvota kukwanekharbon. Unyuso lwekhabhathiso lwekharbon. [FLT:] oluneevotalselvel , olunikela ngenkqubo yenqwelo-enjini zombane zokuvota kunye nezixhobo zombane zenkqubo ze-omatshini ze-e - esebenzayo zenkqubo ze-elektrolitiki ziqhutywe. I-events Institute for Devicetic and Electoral Conservetion (EA) ipapation (I) ishicilela izikhokelo zezeculotiotiventi ye-cotiventilitive. [FL:]

Ukusebenza kwenqanawa eshinyeneyo kunye nezinye iiNguqu

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-Electoral luyaqukunjelwa kwimimandla emininzi. Ukuvota okunconywayo okunconywayo kukwasetyenziswa njenge-RCV, okwaziwayo njenge-monoffier-runoffvota, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izikhundla ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa wamkela uninzi, oyena mfo uphantsi ufumana isibhaka-bhaka-bhaka uyasuswa, kwaye amavoti ayamkelwa de kuvele umnqolobi. iRCV iphelisa imfuneko yokwahlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kunye nonyuso-wonke, inciphisa ukukhuphiswa kwephulo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo banesibheno babheno obanzi. Izixeko ezifana neSan Francisco, iMinneapolis, neNew York aye afumana i-RC ngenxa yokhetho lwendawo yocalo, ngoxa i-Alaska, ezinye ii-operathi, kunye nokuziswe ekukhuseleni, i-Or.

Indima Yezopolitiko Kukhetho Lwanamhlanje

Amaqonga ee-web-luni atshintshe ngokusisiseko indlela amaphulo ezobupolitika asebenza ngayo, indlela abavoti abamkela ngayo ulwazi, nendlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke olubunjwe ngayo. Ukusuka kwiingcambu ezilungelelaniswa ukuya kwisikhankaso esikhulu, ummandla wamanani unika amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wokuthembeka kwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda le ndima kubalulekile ekuhambiseleni phambili ikamva lokuvota.

Uthungelwano oluthe ngqo lwe-Candidite-votier

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana zezentlalo zenza abatshayeli besango lesango le-media bangakwazi ukudlula abagcini-mathematika beze bathethe ngqo kwizixhobo. Ii-Platforms ezifana ne-Twitter, Facebook, Istagram, neTikTok zivumela iintshukumo zexesha lokwenene, ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiziganeko, kunye nokunikezelwa komyalezo ojoliswe kuko. Oku kuye kwanciphisa ixabiso lokungena kumaphulo amancinane kwaye kwavumela abangeni abangaphandle ukuba bakhe ngaphandle koqingqo-mali. Ngoko, kwakhona yenza amagumbi entloko apho abavoti babhexeshi babheniswa ngokuyintloko kwizinto ezikholekileyo, ukunyusa ukwanda kwemithetho yezobupolitika.

Izabelo ezincinane kunye neMikhankanyo yogcino-lwazi

Ngoku kuqashelwa uthelekelelo lwemiba ephathelele intsingiselo yogcino-lwazi malunga nezilangazelelo zabavoti, isimilo, kunye namanani abantu ukuhambisa izibhengezo zobuqu kunye nemiyalezo. IMicropu efaka imiyalelo kwijelo leendaba ivumela abavoti ukuba bathethe ngezahlulo ezithile zevoti ezinezibongozo ezifakelweyo ezifakelweyo (amalungelo empumlo, ukuqhomfa, irhafu, okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu ) okusekelwe kwiinkcazelo ezineenkcukacha. Ngoxa oku kunokunyusa ukubaluleka kolwazi lwezopolitiko, kwakhona kunyusa inkxalabo engokobucala, ukuxhaphaza, kunye nokusasazeka kokuqulukwano. I-Cambridge Analytica yabala isimangaliso esinconywayo semi kukhuthazo zezelo yezentlalo-luntwini, ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza intebozo zezopolitiko ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo yabasebenzisi.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo, Ukungaqondakali, kunye nokubhaqa-bhaqwa kwenyaniso

Ulwazi lobuxoki olumalunga nabavoti, neenkqubo zovotelo, kunye neziphumo zonyulo zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kumaziko oluntu, ngokufuthi kubangela ukungathembani kunye nokudideka. Abadlali abanobugwala, abasekhaya nabangamanye amazwe, baye basebenzisa le migangatho ukucukuceza ukuthembana kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Kwimpendulo, iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle yabantu ziye zasebenzisa ukujongana ngenyaniso, okubhalwe okanye okususiweyo, kwaye zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemithetho-algoricism yezithuba ezilahlekisayo. Imibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nabalondolozi beziququ benyaniso abazimeleyo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni nasekulungiseni iingcamango eziphosakeleyo. Kuvoti, iinkqubo zobugcisa zobugcisa ezifundisa ukuvavanyanisa imithombo nokuqinisekisa ulwazi ziba zizinto eziyimfuneko ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yolwazi.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwimibhobho Emincinane

Abantu abaselula, ingakumbi abo baneminyaka ephakathi ko18-29, basenokuba bafumana ulwazi lwezopolitiko nge-theminoloji kunangeendawo zokukhupha iindaba zesithethe. I-Platforms njenge-Istagram kunye ne-Tik Tok iye yaba ziindawo eziphambili zokufumana ingeniso, ukukhupha i-advocacy, kunye nezo zilwamkelo loontanga ukulungiselela. Iividiyo ezifutshane, kunye nokuphembelela okunentsingiselo yempembelelo zingaqhubela ekuvotisweni nokurhoxiswa komvoti kunye nokurhoxiswa phakathi kolwano. Kodwa ke, amaqonga afanayo anokuba ziindawo zokukhuphisana, ukwenza i-activation, kunye nokuphazamisa kwingxoxo yemigaqo-nkqubo encinci. Ukuhlolelwana kufuna amaphulo-mentelo-onzile yolonwabo olunentsingiselo kunye nokunika ulwazi olucacileyo ekuvotisweni.

Zisoloko Zisiba Neengxaki

Naphezu kwesithembiso sokuvela, iintsomi ezibalulekileyo zisaqhubeka. Le miqobo isongela ukudodobalisa inkqubela phambili yokufumana unyulo olukhuselekileyo, olufikelelekayo nolunokuthenjwa. Ukuyithetha kufuna utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, kunye nentsebenziswano yehlelo elinqamlezayo.

Ukhuseleko Nezibonelelo Zokhetho

Njengoko iinkqubo zokuvota zikhula zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ziba ngamaxhoba anomtsalane ohlaselelo lwezibheno zekhompyutha. Abadlali besizwe, abacholi-mali, kunye nezaphuli-mthetho baye babonakalisa amandla okuhlola izibonelelo zonyulo. Ukukhusela ezi zisongelo kufuna ukuhlala zicophelela, ukuvavanya okunzima, kunye neeplani zeziganeko ezibanzi. Ukuphazamisana komongameli wase-2016 konyulo lwe-U. unyulo lwe-U. lubhedulo lwe-vhotela-vrabialties, iinkqubo ze-imeyili, kwanomatshini bokuvota. Ukususela ngoko, iiofisi zonyulo ziye zomeleza ukhuseleko lwazo, kodwa imimandla emincinane isoloko ingenayo imithombo kunye nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze kulondolo olunamandla lwe-ISCMgalelo- Ulwazi oluXel-A oluXel (IS-ISC), kunye noncedo olunolwanotyelelo oluphambili.

Ukungaqondakali kolwazi lwesivakalisi kunye nokuTshelwa

I-Misprogion ihlala iyenye yezisongelo eziyingozi kwintembelo yedemokhrasi. Iingxelo zobuxoki malunga nomvoti, oomatshini abaxhotyisiweyo, kunye nonyulo olubiweyo zingakhokelela ekulahlekelweni lukholo kwiziphumo, kwanaxa kuqhutywa unyulo ngokufanelekileyo. "Big Lie" malunga no-2020 U.S. unyulo luye lwaba neziphumo ezihlala zihleli, lukhuthaza imithetho emitsha ethintela ukufikelela ekuvotelweni kokhetho nokwandisa uphando lonyulo. Ukunqanda i-data kufuna unxibelelwano olunelisayo kumagosa onyulo, ukuchaza ngokucacileyo iziphumo, kunye noluntu olunolwazi olunempumelelo olunokuthi luvavanye oluthi lujonge iziphumo ezikolweni nakwimisebenzi yogcino-lwazi oluphezulu. Iinkqubo zokufunda ulwazi ezisezikolweni nakumaziko oluntu lubalulekile kwizikolo nakwiziko lwendawo zoshishino-demo-demo-demo-ographic.

Ukwenziwa Intsingiselo Kwezobupolitika Nolawulo Lokhetho

Ngokwandayo ukwahlulwa kolwahlulo kuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zolawulo lonyulo, ukusuka ekumiselweni kwamagosa onyulo ukuya ekuzalisekisweni kwemithetho yokuvota. Ukucaciswa kungakhokelela kwimithetho engqubanayo kwiingingqi okanye kwimimandla, ukumangalelwa ngemibandela emincinci, kunye nomoya oqhelekileyo wokukrokreleka. Xa amagosa onyulo ejolisekileyo egqalwa njengabaququzeleli bobugqweba kunokuba abe noorhulumente abathathi-nxaxheba, izigqibo zawo ziyakhuphiswa nokuba kufanelekile na. Ulwamgaqo-nkqubo yonyulo, ukwamkela imigaqo yokumisa engenabulungu, nokukhuthaza ukuvela komdla womthetho, kunganceda ukubuyisela ukuthembana. Imibutho yezizwe enjenge U.

Ukwahlula Amanani Nokulingana

Ngeli xesha ubugcisa bunokunyusa ufikelelo, bukwabeka engozini ukunyuka kokungalingani okukhoyo. Iinqanawa ezingenakuthembeka ekufumaneni i-intanethi, ubuchule bokubhala nokubhala, okanye ukufikelela kwisixhobo sokwenza uvota ngekhompyutha, iincwadi zovota ze-elektroniki, okanye i-Internet yovota. ulwahlulo oludityanisiweyo[ luchaphazela ngokungenakuthenjwa kuluntu olungenayo, iindawo zasemaphandleni, abantu abadala, nabantu abanombala. Nakuphi na ukuqhubekeka okuya ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kobugcisa kunyuso kufuneka kuquke ezinye iindlela ezinokunyemba ngaphandle kovota, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho migaqo esebenzayo ekhutshiweyo ekhutshelweyo.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Inkqubo Yobuchule Bexesha Elizayo

Ikamva lovota libhalwa namhlanje ngokhetho lwabenzi benkqubo, abalawuli bonyulo, abaphuhlisi bobugcisa, kunye nabemi. Izindululo ezifana nezisombululo ze-elektroniki ezikhuselekileyo, izicwangciso zonxulumano ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokhuphiswano lovoti-data olukhutshwayo zinesithembiso esikhulu sokwenza unyulo olupheleleyo noluthembekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, imingeni eqhubekayo efana nezisongelo zekhompyutha, ukususwa koonobangela bokusebenza kwekhompyutha, ukudityalwa kwe-inguqu, kunye nezopolitiki ezifuna ingcebiso elicokisekileyo kunye nezicombululo ezinxulumeneyo. Isixokelelwano soomatshini esinelisayo siya kudibanisa ezona zingqikelelo zilungileyo, iinkqubo eziphindaphindiweyo nezinzulu zokufikelela ngokulinganayo. Ngokufunda kuzo zombini iimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli ehlabathini lonke, abantu bayakwazi ukwakha imisebenzi yokucima engahlanganelanga kwiimfuno ezikhoyo kodwa kwakhona ezikhoyo.