Ingcamango yokulingana iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela iminyaka, iguqula ubume bomthetho kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Njengoko ibutho labantu lihambela phambili, utyekelo oluvelayo kukhuseleko olusemthethweni luya lusiba lubalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo abo bonke abantu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ikamva lokulingana ngelebhu yenkqubela-phambili yakutshanje kunye neenguqu ezilindelweyo kwimimiselo esemthethweni. Ukusuka kwimbali ukuya kutsho kwinkqubela-mbali yobugcisa yokusika, indlela yokufumana umlinganiselo wokwenyaniso intsonkothile kwaye iyathembisa.

Imbali Yokulingana

Ukuqonda ikamva lokulingana kufuna ukujonga emva kwimeko yalo engokwembali. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni luye lwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha, lwaphenjelelwa yimibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nokutshintsha-tshintshana koluvo lukawonke-wonke. Iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili ziquka ukupheliswa kobukhoboka ngenkulungwane ye-19, imibutho yamalungelo abantu yenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nokuveliswa kwemithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe amaninzi.

Isiseko Sokuqala: Ukukhutshwa Nokuxinwa

Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kwiminyaka yee-1800 kwaphawula iinguqu ekulinganani okusemthethweni. Amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom (enoMthetho wobukhoboka wobukhoboka 1833) kunye ne-United States (ekuhlaziywe kweye-13 uMphengululo ngo-1865) aqalisa ukuphelisa ubukhoboka babantu. Noko ke, ukulingana okusemthethweni kwahlala kungaphelelanga, njengoko amakhoboka namabhinqa aye ajongene nomthetho ongqongqo wokuvota, amalungelo empahla, kunye nokungenelela ekuhleni. Umbutho wamabhinqa aqhubeka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 wadibanisa omnye umaleko, ekugqibeleni wawanyusa amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa akwizizwe ezifana neNew Zealand (1893), iUnited States (1920), kunye noBukumkani bowe-1928.

UMthetho wamaLungelo aBantu bonke

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwaneempumelelo ezinkulu zomthetho-mthetho. UMthetho waMalungelo oMdabi wase-U.S. ka-1964 wakwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwimisebenzi nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. Kwangaxeshanye, uManyano lwaseUnited States lwayidlulisa i-Race Relations Act 1965, kunye noMzantsi Afrika waqalisa ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo-calulo-calulo, kodwa la mithetho ayizange igqibe ngesiquphelise ukucela nokumisela imilinganiselo kawonke yokulingana. AmaMerika anengxaki yowe-19909 afumana imigaqo ekwayalu hlobo lokukhuselwa abantu abaneziphene, iphembelela imithetho efanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo samalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke

Ukulingana kwaphuhliswa nangezixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe. ISindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (1948) savakalisa ukuba “bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile yaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo.” Zilandela izivumelwano, ezifana noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe othetha ngamalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nezobupolitika (1966) kunye neNdibano yokupheliswa kweMimiselo Yoluntu Ngokuchasene Nabafazi ngo19979), ivelise iimfanelo ezinyanzelisayo kumazwe okusayinwa ngawo.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Kukhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, kuvela iingcinga eziliqela ezisemthethweni ezifuna ukunyusa ukulingana. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuqondwa okukhulayo kokuba ukulingana kumele kube nokuntlukwano nolwamkeleko kumava ahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukwanda kweMithetho elwa noNxanduva

Amazwe amaninzi andisa imithetho yawo elwa nocalucalulo-calucalulo ukuze aquke ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwi-Ofisi yamaLungelo e-Ofisi, imbonakalo yesini, kunye nokukhubazeka. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. 2020 yesigqibo se-2020 seNkundla engu- Bostock v. County[ ichaza iSihloko seSijumba seSiBhiyo seSijunu soMthetho wokukhusela ukucalula isimilo kunye nemo ye-yomgamgamga-yo. EYurophu, i-European Union’Slority Edificive I-Modeficivel ilwa ngokweziciom, unqulo, ubudala, nokukhubazeka emsebenzini. Okwangoku, njengeIndiya kunye noMzantsi Afrika imisela imithetho eyaziwayo yokwazisa ubufana nobufana neyo besini njengeempawu ze-yomgalelo.

Ukugxininisa Okokugqibela Kumgangatho

Umthetho uqalisa ukucombulula iingxaki zokwahlukana, ukwamkela indlela ezithi zingene ngayo iimpawu zokwenza izinto, ezifana nohlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nemeko yentlalo-ntle-ntlalo-zoluntu . Eli gama, eliqanjwe ngumphengululi osemthethweni uKimberlé Crenshaw, lisuswe kwizifundo zemfundo zemfundo ukuya kwiingxoxo zezomthetho. Umzekelo, iZiko leYurophu lobungangamsha libandakanya ngokucacileyo ukudibana kophando kunye nokunconywa kwazo. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku ziqwalasela indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo izizathu ezininzi zocalucalulo, kunokuba ziphathele ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kuthembisa ukunyanga okungakumbi kwabo bajongeneengxwe ngokungafaniyo.

Amalungelo Oluntu Azwenibanzi Ayaqala

Izivumelwano nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ziphuhliswa ukukhuthaza ukulingana emhlabeni wonke, ukuphembelela imithetho yesizwe. Injongo yokuphuhliswa kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eSuselayo 10 ifuna ukunciphisa ukungalingani phakathi naphakathi kwamazwe. Iiqumrhu zephondo ezifana neKhomishini yase-Afrika eMalungelweni abantu kunye neNkundla yaseMelika yamalungelo abantu zikhuphe imithetho ephawulekayo yokulingana, ukusuka kumalungelo esizwe ukuya kuLGBTQ +. Ezi ngcinezelo zamazwe ahlukeneyo zikhuthaza ukuguquka kwamakhaya kwaye zinika inkcaso yokulawula inkqubela.

FULATI: Ngokwe-World Justice Project’s Umthetho of Law Index, amazwe anemithetho echasene nocalulo athambeka ngokuba namanqanaba aphezulu okulingana okucingelwa. Kodwa imida yokunyanzelisa ihlala ixhaphakile.

Ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa nokulingana

Ubugcisa bunendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ikamva lokulingana. Ubugcisa bokuqhamisa buchaphazela ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo enika amathuba nocelomngeni.

Imfihlo yogcino-lwazi kunye nokwanda

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka, inkxalabo ngogcino-lwazi kunye nokuhlola ziquka iingxubusho ezikhuthaza ukukhuselwa kocalulo olusemthethweni olusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kogcino-lwazi. Iimithetho-mthetho ezisetyenziswa ekuqesheni, ekubolekeni, nakubupolitika zingaqhubeki zikhokelele ikhethe ukuba azilawulwa kakuhle. Umthetho ujongene nomthetho ofanayo. Ukhuseleko lwe-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) luquka amalungiselelo athintela ukwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ekubeni zibe zezona zisiseko sokwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle kokungahoywa ngabantu. Abenzi bomthetho kwimimandla emininzi ye-U.S.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Amaqonga angaphakathi enza ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni lube luncedo, ukunceda amaqela asezantsi aqonde kwaye agxininise amalungelo awo. Iingxelo zenkundla yenyani, iincoko zomthetho, kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha eziluncedo ngokwazo zinyule ukufikelela, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Noko ke, ulwahlulo lwamanani luthetha ukuba abo bangenayo i-Internet ethembekileyo okanye abafundi bemilisekondi bangashiywa ngasemva. Iintlangano ezingancediyo ezifana ne-Inkonzo Yezomthetho kwi-U.S. zisebenza ukuvala lo msantsa, kodwa imigaqo yobugcisa ebanzi kakhulu iyafuneka ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwimithetho esesikweni.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al ekwenzeni izigqibo kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nocalucalulo kunye nokusesikweni, imisela izicwangciso zomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ze-II ezisetyenziswa kumsebenzi wobupolisa obujoliswe ngokungenakuthelekiswa zibonisiwe kwimimandla ekufutshane ejongelwe kuyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuqesha amanani e-algoriths kungakhupha abanyukeli abafanelekileyo abangaphantsi kwamaqela. Kwimpendulo, i-European Union yacebisa uBuntlola be-Active Active Act, ethi imisele iinkqubo ze-IA ngomgangatho womngcipheko kwaye ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kwimiqathango yemibutho ephezulu yemibutho ye-risk. IKdan ikwazise imiyalelo elawula iNksuntlukwano yesigqibo esizenzekelayo-Inyani ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yemithetho karhulumente icace kwaye ifikeleleka ngokuchane. Le migudu yokuyila.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Ukulingana

Imfundo iluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana.

Uphuhliso lweCurricuum

Izikolo ziya zibandakanya izifundo ezingendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukulingana nokufakwa kwezifundo ezikhoyo. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi ase-U.S. agunyazisa ukuba kufundiswe iLGBTQ+ okanye kufune ukuba kwenziwe izifundo zobuhlanga. Kulo Lawulo lobuhlanga, i-Eality Act 2010 ifuna ukuba amaqumrhu oluntu aqonde ukuphelisa ucalucalulo, ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwamathuba, kunye nokukhuthaza ulwalamano oluhle oluyilweyo lwezinto zokufundisa. Uqeqesho olubonisa iimbono ezininzi lunceda abafundi baqonde ukubaluleka kokulingana kwasebuntwaneni.

Uqeqesho Lwabafundisi

Iinkqubo zophuhliso lobugcisa zimiselwa ukuxhobisa abafundisi ngobuchule bokucombulula imicimbi yocalulo kunye nocalucalulo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwimfundiso yesithethe esabelayo, ukuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo, kunye nezenzo zeklasi eziquka imbono epheleleyo kungumgangatho kwimimandla emininzi yesikolo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundisi- ntsapho abafumana olo qeqesho bayakwazi ukuvelisa imimandla yokufunda ekhuselekileyo baze bangenelele ngokunempumelelo xa kuvela ukungcungcuthekiswa okanye ucalucalucalulo. Inkxaso eqhubekayo isenokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuba ikhethe lisemgangathweni.

Ubungqina

Umanyano phakathi kwezikolo kunye noluntu lubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuphaphamisa nokukhuthaza ubuchule bokulungela ukulingana. Emva kweenkqubo zesikolo, iisethi zokusebenzela abazali, namaqela olawulo lwasekuhlaleni angaqinisa imigaqo esemthethweni kwaye akhuthaze ukuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Umzekelo, Isiko loMthetho wobuhlwempu baseMazantsi iTheinglement forsing thesing [ inika abafundisi kunye neentsapho izinto zokuxoxa ngemibandela enzima. Xa uluntu luthenjiwe, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lufumana ubuchule kunye namandla okuhlala.

Ucelomngeni Lokulingana

Nakubeni kukho inkqubela, iingxaki zisekho ekufuneni ukulingana. Eminye imiqobo ebalulekileyo iquka ukuxhathisa ukutshintsha, ukungalingani kwesixokelelwano kunye nemozulu yezopolitiko eguquguqukayo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubalulekile ekucebiseni amaqhinga asebenzayo.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuguquka

Imigudu yokwandisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni isoloko ijongene nenkcaso evela kumaqela axhathisayo kutshintsho lwentlalo. Ukuchasana kwamaqela ngokuchasene ne-LGBTQ+ amalungelo, ukwamkela inyathelo, kunye namanyathelo okulwa nomthetho ochasene nomthetho angalizisa okanye awenze buthathaka. Umzekelo, amaziko amaninzi ase-U.S. aye amisela imithetho ethintela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwemidlalo yesikolo, elwa notyekelo olubanzi lokuzibandakanya. Ukuchasana nokungena kwimfuno yezoqoqosho, kwaye anokubangelwa luloyiko lwamaxabiso okuthiwa kumthetho //okanye nezithethe zenkcubeko. Abaxhasi bemithetho kufuneka balindele ukuba abaqhubi benzele baze bakhe imiqongqonga ebanzi ukuze baqhubeke.

Ukulingana Kwenkqubo

Ukungalingani okunzulu okuneemvelaphi ezinzulu kuyaqhubeka kuchaphazela uluntu olucekelwe phantsi, olufuna utshintsho olubanzi. Kwanaxa imithetho ilwalela ucalucalulo, ukwahluka kobutyebi, impilo, izindlu, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kuyaqhubeka. EUnited States, umahluko wobunewuluko lobuhlanga uhlala uvutha: intsapho emhlophe ifumana ubutyebi obuphindwe kasibhozo ngokweentlobo-ntlobo zentsapho zabantsundu, ngokweFederal Reserve. Ngokunjalo, amabhinqa emhlabeni wonke afumana malunga nama-7% emivuzo yamadoda ngenxa yomsebenzi ofanayo, kwiZizwe Ezininzi. Ukuqhatha imiyalelo yokungalinganiswa kwemizwa kwemibutho yezizwe akufuni nje kuphela kwemithetho elwa nocalucalucalulo kodwa kwakhona imigaqo esebenzayo njengeeparate zodidi, i-ewentlalo-ntle, i-yonke, neenkqubo zezindlu zezindlu zemali ezithengwayo.

Imeko Yezobupolitika

Ulawulo lwezopolitiko lungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ukuhambela phambili kokulingana, ngomlinganiselo owahlukeneyo wenkxaso yokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Ii-Shifts zikarhulumente zingakhokelela kwiinguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo . Ukunyuswa okanye ukuqeshwa kwamalungelo eenkokeli eziqhubela phambili. Unyulo lweenkokeli lungangenisa ukhuseleko olutsha, ngelixesha abaphathi abajongene nemilinganiselo engqongqo bangayibeka kwindawo yokuqala inkululeko yonqulo okanye amalungelo karhulumente kunokulingana. Iinkundla zikwanokuchaza imithetho ekhoyo ukuze zandise okanye zinciphise umlinganiselo wazo. Amaqela eekhoshantithayo kufuneka abandakanye kuwo onke amanqanaba `engingqini, ezwe, nezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye zivelise amaziko azimeleyo anokuhlala ekwizikhundla.

Ukukhangela Kwikamva: Ikamva Lokhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Njengoko sihambela phambili, ikamva lokulingana liya kuxonxwa yimigudu eqhubekayo yobungangamsha neyomthetho. Imimandla engundoqo ekufuneka ijolise kutshintsho lwenkqubo, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nentshukumo yengca. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kuza kugqiba indlela ezinokukhuselwa ngayo ngokunempumelelo ekuvelini imingeni.

Utshintsho

Ulungiso lwenkqubo ebanzi ehlaziywayo ethetha ngeemfuno zamaqela aphantsi aza kubaluleka. Oku kuquka ukuhlaziya imithetho elwa nokonakalisa ulwahlulo-mda ukugquma imeko entsha . njengakwizithuba zamanani / kunye nokomeleza ubuchule bokulungelelanisa. Umzekelo, uMthetho woMalungano kwi-U.S., ukuba ugqithisiwe, ukuphucula amalungelo abantu ukuqukwa ngokucacileyo imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kobufana. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi ahlola ukwenziwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye namandla okuphanda nokulungisa utshintsho. Utshintsho lwemithetho kufuneka luthethe nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho ngerhafuthelo yehlabathi lonke, ingeniso esisiseko, kunye neenkqubo zobucukuhlazi.

Umanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe

Amazwe kufuneka asebenze kunye ukwabelana ngemisebenzi emihle kunye nokuphuhlisa imilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke yokulingana. Intsebenziswano yemida ephakathi inganceda ekulweni nemibandela engaphaya kwemida yesizwe, enjengeyokurhwebelana kwabantu, ucalulo nxamnye nabafuduki, kunye nentetho ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi yamaZwe angamaLungu e-Ofisi. iqinisa i-Ofisi yamaLungelo aBantu [ inceda intsebenziswano enjalo ngamaqumrhu ahlangene kunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo zamalungelo abantu, njengeNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo aBantu, inika imigaqo ephembelela impembelelo ephembelela umthetho wasekhaya. Ukuqinisa la malungiselelo nokuqinisekisa inkxaso eyaneleyo kumgangatho omhlaba wonke.

Intshukumo ye Grasrosot

I- Grassroots Iscrivis iza kuqhubeka zisenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni iinguqu kwaye zigcine oorhulumente benoxanduva. Iintshukumo ezifana Ubomi Obumnyama Macala kunye kunye [namaqela]#WeWes Inficifice[ uququzelo luxhotyiswe, uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye noxinzelelelo lwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Ucwangciso lwengini olukhoyo lungafumana ukuphumelela ngokukhawuleza, njengokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo ovotato okanye ukuvavanyaniswa kwemithetho. Izixhobo zoonobumba-manani zinceda ukulungelena ulwano olukhawulezileyo ulwano lolwando olunento lufuna ulwando olunentolo lwezomthetho luvela kumazantsi, hayi phezulu.

Quote: “Asikhululekile de sonke sikhululwe." — Pauli Murray, ulwelo lwamalungelo abantu kunye nomphengululi osemthethweni

Isiphelo

Ikamva lokulingana liyimeko etshintshatshintshayo. Ukudibanisa utyekelo kukhuseleko olusemthethweni, oluqhutywa lutshintsho lobuntlalo-ntle kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, kuthenjiswa intlalo elungelelanisiweyo. Ngokusingatha iingxaki nokuqhuba imfundo, ubuchule, kunye nentsebenziswano, singasebenzela kwikamva apho ukulingana kungelophupha nje kodwa kuyinto yokwenene kubo bonke. Indlela engaphambili ifuna umgudu ozingisileyo, kodwa icacile: isiseko somthetho kufuneka siqhubeke sandisa, silungelelanise, silungelelanise, sinyanze, kwaye sinyanzelise ukukhusela okuzukisa isidima somntu ngamnye.