Imboniselo yolwimi olucacileyo yeMithetho yoMthetho, yeSigqeba, kunye neMidlalo yezeeJaji

Urhulumente ngamnye wedemokhrasi usasaza amandla ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Oku kwahlukana akuyonto ifuna ukwazi ngenkululeko. "ukuyahlula-hlula" isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukuqwalasela umsebenzi walo ongundoqo ngoxa lihlola amanye, lithintela naliphi na iqumrhu elingalawuliyo. Ukuqonda indlela elinceda ngayo abemi ukuba balawule ezobupolitika, bagcine iinkokeli benoxanduva, kwaye bamele intluphelo. Olu khokelo luhamba ngesebe ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha, luchaza inkqubo yee-chemendo kunye nolungelelwano, ludibanise ezi nkqubo yokulawula ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

Isebe Lomthetho: Apho Kuzalelwa Imithetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liyingalo yorhulumente yokwenza umthetho. EUnited States, laziwa ngokuba yiBhunga, iqumrhu le-bamaral eliyilwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu ze-Ofisi. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iipalamente, iindibano zesizwe, okanye iziqu ezifanayo, ngokufuthi zinamagumbi amabini ukuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lubanzi nokuqiqa ngocoselelo.

Ukwakhiwa kunye nokwakhiwa

Kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., iCanterneral inee-senators ezilishumi elinamashumi amabini , ezimbini ukusuka kwilizwe ngalinye ``indlu yabameli ishukuma ngeminyaka emithandathu. Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-435 ahlulwe ngabemi besizwe, ngalinye lisebenza ngeminyaka emibini. Le bhameral ilinganisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane: iBhatelet inika ubunzima obulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye, ngelixa iNdluwa yendlu ibonisa abemi. Izindlu zolawulo ezininzi zorhulumente kunye neepalamente zamazwe angaphandle zilandela umlinganiselo ofanayo, nangona abanye besebenzisa inkqubo ye-avareal ukwenzela ukusebenza kakuhle.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeSebe loMgaqo-siseko

Ngoxa ukwenza imithetho kusesona ndima ibonakalayo, isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza eminye imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • [ Ukurhweba nokubeka imithetho emitsha. Naliphi na ilungu lingazisa ityala, kodwa elininzi livela kwiikomiti ezisebenza kwimimandla enjengemali, impilo okanye ukhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthetho ocetyisiweyo nothengiselwayo. Iingxoxo ezincinci zivumela amalungu ukuba aphikisane okanye alwe neenguqu, kwaye utshintsho lungaphinda lufumaneke ngokubalulekileyo.
  • Uknaye lwemithetho ezakwenziwa. Uninzi lwamagumbi omabini luyafuneka, kwaye umda ocacileyo uyahluka-hluka/omnye umqobo ofuna intlawulo enkulu.
  • Ukukhangela isebe eliphetheyo. Ngokuva, uphando, kunye nemvume yoqingqo-mali, abamisi-mthetho baqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yamaziko ngokuthembeka kwaye bachitha imali yomhlawula ngerhafu ngobulumko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukwabelana ngequmrhu. Abameli bavakalisa inkxalabo yesithili okanye yamazwe abo, ukusuka kwizibonelelo zobulali ukuya kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Indlela Ewuba Ngayo Umthetho Ibhiliphu: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Uhambo ukusuka kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, ngalinye eliyilelwe ukwakha imvumelwano nokuthintela izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo. Nantsi indlela eqhelekileyo kwindlela ye-badamal:

  1. Ingeniso. Imali iveliswa kwindlu nganye (ngaphandle kwemali yengeniso, emele iqale kwindlu). Inikwe inani kwaye ibhekiswe kwikomiti enxulumene nayo.
  2. [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lweKomptictee. Ikomiti ibamba ukuchongwa, iqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe, kwaye ixakene neengxoxo zemali. Ingaxela ityala ngokufanelekileyo, ngokulungisa, okanye iliyeke life kwikomiti.
  3. Intshukumo yenqanawa. [[FLT: 1] Incoko epheleleyo yegumbi inika iziphumo, ifuna ulungiso, kunye neevoti. Ukuba igqithisiwe, iintlawulo zisiya kwelinye igumbi.
  4. Ingqwalasela yegumbi elidityanisiweyo. Enye indlu iphinda inkqubo(ikomiti yekontimenti, ingxoxo, ivoti/isoloko ivelisa uguqulelo olwahlukileyo.
  5. Ikomiti yeConference. Ukuba iinguqulelo ezimbini zahlukile, ikomiti edityanisiweyo iyaxolelanisa. Uguqulelo lokulalanisa kufuneka luvunywe ngamaqela omabini.
  6. [[NTL: 0] Isenzo somthetho. Imali isiya kumphathi ophezulu. Umongameli angasayina umthetho, iveto, okanye ayiyeke ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. Ukuba icetyiwe, iBhunga lingayigqitha iveto nenani eliziisithathu ezibini kwizindlu zombini.
  7. Isivumelwano. [[FLT: 1] xa ityikitywe okanye iveto-driden, ityala liba ngumthetho (umthetho) kwaye lipapashwa kwirekhodi esemthethweni.

Le nkqubo, ngexa intsonkothileyo, iqinisekisa ulwaleko oluninzi lokuhlola. Kwinkcukacha ezinzulu, i- Corest.gov website zonke iitrafiki ngexesha lokwenene.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuphumeza nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Intloko yalo ```imongameli, indunankulu, okanye i-mongameli elawulayo') elinganiselweyo.) Lisebenza njengentloko yesizwe neyomphathi-mikhosi yezomkhosi.

Ukhokelo nolungelelwaniso

Isebe eliphetheyo likhulu. Ngentla lihleli phantsi komongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Ngokungqalileyo kukho iKhabhinethi `intloko zamasebe karhulumente anjenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uBugcisa, uBulunga, kunye noKhuseleko lwaseHomeland. La masebe, kunye namakhulu amasebe, amasebe, amagunya, aqeshe izigidi zabasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Umongameli umisela amagosa aphezulu amaninzi, kodwa ukumiselwa okuphambili (njengooonobhala-mthetho nabagwebi bephondo) kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweBhabhinethi, enika ulawulo lwemithetho.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yesebe elinoLawulo oluphezulu

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imithetho yesizwe. I-APPP efana neFBI, i-EPA, ne-IRS zizalisekisa imimiselo ngemimiselo, uphando, kunye nezenzo zokunyanzelisa.
  • Imisebenzi karhulumente exhobisayo. Igunya lijonge yonke into ukusuka kwiipaki zesizwe ukuya kwintlawulo yoKhuseleko loluntu, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwemini ukuya kumhla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uququzelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nolawulo lobugcisa. Umongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (ngendlela yeNdlu yeeNgwevu), udibana neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle, kwaye ulawula imibutho yesebe leRhulumente.
  • Ukukhangela ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwesizwe. ISebe lokhuselo liyalela umkhosi, ngelixa amaqumrhu obulumko ekhusela kwiingozi.
  • imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu lokukhupha. Abameli bayala abameli ukuba benze izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokulindela imithetho emitsha, lo gama nje loo miyalelo ihlala ngaphakathi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko.

UmPhathi-nxaxheba ekuqheliseni: Ukujonga nokulinganisela okusebenzayo

Amandla omphathi anzima, kodwa avavanyiwe ngalo lonke ixesha. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali, lingaluphelisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo, kwaye kufuneka liqinisekise amadinga amaninzi. Ijaji ingabetha izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yegunya, inokubalelwa kwinkundla, kwaye oomongameli babonile imiyalelo yabo ivaliwe ngabagwebi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umphathi wesigqeba akanakwenza nto ngaphandle kokuthetha kwimicimbi yomthetho ongundoqo. Kwimbono esemthethweni kwimisebenzi yegunya, tyelela [[FLT:] USA.USA.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Ukutolika Umthetho Nokukhusela Amalungelo

Isebe lejaji ngumphathi woMgaqo-siseko. Indima yalo ephambili kukuchaza imithetho ngezantsi(imithetho elawulayo kunye nezenzo zegunya) ezifanayo, kwaye igqibele ukuba ivumelana na nomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Ngaphandle kwejaji eyomeleleyo, ezimeleyo, amanye amasebe ebengayi kusibetha ngoyaba isikelelo somGaqo-siseko, kwaye abemi bebengayi kuba nayo indlela yokucel ’ umngeni ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezeejaji

EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe inemiqolo emithathu:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iinkundla zamatyala. Iinkundla zamatyala 94 apho amatyala aqala khona/i-“civil, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomGaqo-siseko ziviwa yijaji (kwaye maxa wambi inkundla egweba).
  • Iinkundla zesiphaluka (Izibheno). iinkundla ezilishumi elinesithathu zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili, zibhekisa kwiziphoso ezingokwasemthethweni kunokuba ziphinde zijonge izibakala.
  • INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Inkundla ephakamileyo, enezigwebo ezisithoba, inegunya lokugqibela kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Iva inxalenye encinane yamatyala abhenqisiweyo qha, abandakanya imibuzo engundoqo okanye imilo phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka.

Iinkqubo zenkundla zeli lizwe zibonakalisa esi sakhiwo, neenkundla zamatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni (izivumelwano, umthetho wentsapho, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) ziphathwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ngoxa iinkundla zephondo ziphendula imibandela yomthetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yesebe leJaji

  • [[Ukwamkelwa:0] kokubekwa kwemithetho. Iinkundla zimisela oko kuthethwa ngummiselo nendlela esebenza ngayo kwityala elithile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial. Amandla okubhengeza umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Le mfundiso, emiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [183], luvavanyo olunamandla lwejaji.
  • Izigqibo zeMiqathango. Iinkundla zinika uxanduva lobundilele kubantu ngabanye, kumashishini, nakoorhulumente ukusombulula ungquzulwano ngoxolo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngemithetho engokukhululeka kwentetho, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nelungelo lobuqu, iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko nxamnye nokuphangwa ngurhulumente.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iceba kwamanye amasebe. Ngokungasebenzi kwemithetho okanye ngokuvala izenzo zolawulo, ijaji iqinisekisa amanye amasebe ukuba ahlale ngaphakathi komGaqo-siseko.

Indlela Ityala Elihamba Ngayo Kwinkundla

Ukuzekelisa inkqubo yokugweba, qwalasela ityala eliqhelekileyo lephondo: Umntu omangalela umbutho karhulumente, othi umthetho uchasene namalungelo awo okuQala Ukuhlaziywa. Ityala liqala kwinkundla yesithili, apho amacala omabini anikela ubungqina neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Iqela elilahlekileyo linokubhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka, liphikisa ukuba ijaji yesithili yenze impazamo esemthethweni. Ukuba inkundla yesiphaluka iyayilawula, bangacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ifumane ityala leSibonelelo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iyavuma ukuva kuphela malunga ne-1,12% yeezicelo. Ukuba lamkelekile, amacala omabini anikezela iimpikiswano eziqulukileyo kwaye azisayo, emva koko abavo luvo oluvo lugunyazisa isigwebo.

Amandla ohlolo logwebo lwandisa impembelelo yejaji ngaphaya kweemeko zomntu ngamnye. Kwimbali ebanzi yendlela la mandla aguquka ngayo, bona [[FLT: 0] umGaqo-siseko wesizwe ocebisana noMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [.

Iingqiniba Nolungelelwano: UGenerius Wamandla Ahlukeneyo

Abaseki be-United States, besebenzisa iingcinga zokukhanya njengoMontesquieu, bayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye linoku “khangela” elinye ukunqanda ubundlobongela. Akukho sebe linokusebenza lilodwa ngokupheleleyo; lonke inyathelo elingundoqo lifuna intsebenziswano okanye ubuncinane unyamezelo kwelinye isebe. Lo mgaqo waziwa njengovavanyo nomlinganiselo, kwaye usebenza ngokuqhubekayo.

Imizekelo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana

  • Igunya phezu kwegunya: ulawulo lwenkxaso-mali; ingayilawula ivetoes yomongameli; iqinisekisa okanye ingavumi ukubekwa; kwaye iyakwazi ukukhupha umongameli.
  • Isenzo phezu kwemithetho: Umongameli angabiza ityala; angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo; kwaye, njengegosa eliyintloko lokunyanzelisa umthetho, angagqiba ngendlela yokunyanzelisa imithetho.
  • Inkundla elawula imithetho: ingakwazi ukubetha imithetho njengengekho siminizo; iyakwazi ukuchaza imimiselo ngokufutshane ukulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla elawulayo: iyakwazi ukuvala imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo okanye izenzo zombutho ezigqitha igunya elisemthethweni; inokubamba amagosa aphezulu ekudeleni ukutyeshela imiyalelo yenkundla.
  • Igunya phezu kwesigwebo: Congress imisela inani labagwebi nabagwebi benkundla esezantsi; isenokucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqelwe izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo; inokuba yijaji yequmrhu eliqulunqileyo.
  • Izabelo phezu kwetyala: Umongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe (noqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso) kwaye angakhupha uxolelo, olumisela amandla okugweba.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iitepi ezirekhodiweyo, angakufuni ukubekwa kwelungelo eliphezulu. Kamva iKhomishini yaqalisa ukuqinisekisa ukurhoxa kwakhe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni anikezele. Ngo-2012, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uninzi lwamaphepha eAffordal Care Act kodwa yawisa phantsi ilungiselelo elaliza kunyanzela amazwe ukuba andise uMdicaid, esebenzisa uhlolo lwezomthetho ukuze aphinde angene kwiinqobo. Kutshanje, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa igunya layo lokuhlola imigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo, umgangatho ongaphantsi kwesebe nobungqina bokungqinela umlinganiselo odla ngokukhokelela kwinkundla.

Ukujonga ngokunzulu indlela ezi nxabelo eziye zaguqula ngayo imbali yase-U.S., [[FLT: 0] ugcino-lwazi lwamazwe olusisiseko lwamaxwebhu [[FLT: 1] lunika imibhalo yantlandlolo nomongo.

Amasebe Kubomi Bamihla Le: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile

Ukuqonda amasebe amathathu asiyomibutho yamasebe athathu kuphela e-trivia − ichaphazela ngqo indlela abemi abathatha ngayo inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Xa uvotela ilungu leBhunga, ubumba isebe lemithetho. Xa uvotela umongameli, ukhetha intloko yesebe elilawulayo. Yaye xa uxhasa okanye uchasa iNkundla ePhakamileyo, uphembelela intanda-bulumko yezomthetho kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Imizekelo yosuku ngalunye ininzi: Umthetho wasekuhlaleni ongavumelaniyo nawo ungacelw'ityala (umthetho). Ukutshintsha kwemithetho yemeko-bume kuvela kumbutho olawulayo. Ukukwazi ukubhena kwethikithi elikhawulezayo kuxhomekeke kwirula elizimeleyo. Kwanamaxabiso epetroli aphenjelelwa yimigaqo yerhafu yowiso-mthetho, inkqubo yezolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle, kunye nemithetho yenkundla yemithetho yombane.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Isebe Ngalinye

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-I-egistati: qhagamshelana nabameli bakho, ingqina ekuchotshelweni kweekomiti, kunye nevoti kunyulo oluphambili noluqhelekileyo. Sebenzisa amanxuwa anjenge .gov ukulandelela umthetho.
  • Isenzo: Igqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo ngeRegister kaFederal, iya kwiintlanganiso zasesidlangalaleni zamasebe aphetheyo, kwaye sebenzisa iFreedom of Information Act ukucela iirekhodi zikarhulumente.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Judicial:[ yiya kwinkundla, bhala imishwana (ukuba unolwazi olungokwasemthethweni), kwaye uxhase imibutho ekhusela inkululeko yabemi.

Isebe ngalinye linendlela eyahlukileyo yokutshintsha.

Isiphelo

Amasebe owiso-mthetho, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho aziyongcamango ezingacacanga − zingumatshini oguqula urhulumente wemithetho abe ngumkhuseli wenkululeko. Isebe lowiso-mthetho libhala imithetho, igunya elilawulayo, kwaye isebe lezomthetho liqinisekisa ukuba loo mithetho ibeke umGaqo-siseko imbeko. Ngokwahlula amandla nangokudala uhlolo oluphakathi, le nkqubo igada ngokuhlala ingolula ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa ixesha.

Enoba ungumfundi, umvoti, okanye umxhasi wezonqulo, usazi indlela ezi nkqubo ezisebenza ngayo kuwe ukuze ube nenxaxheba. Idemokhrasi asiyomidlalo ejongwayo; ixhomekeke ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngolwazi. Hlala unolwazi, uhlale ubandakanyekile, uze ukhumbule ukuba amasebe ayilelwe ukukunceda.