Unqulo Lwamandulo Kwinkcazelo YomGaqo-siseko: Uhlolisiso Lophando

I-recudistism isuka kwintsingiselo esisiseko ukuya kwisiziko sengxoxo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo. Xa idityanisiwe neqela leengcali ezibambelele kwisithethe, ngoku ifuna ukudityaniswa okunzulu nabaphengululi abangaphaya kweengcamango. Ingcamango engundoqo ``ukuguqulelwa komGaqo-siseko kufuneka ichazwe ngokwentsingiselo yayo yantlandlolo--phambili/ukungaqiniseki kwento, ukuzinza, nendima yeenkundla kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Abaphengululi bezomthetho bahlala behlukene kakhulu nokuba ubukho bobukho bendlela yokuqala okanye indlela enqwenelekayo yokutolika. Eli nqaku lihlola iimbono eziphambili kule ngxoxo, lihlolisisa amandla nobuthathaka bokufikelela kwindlela yokuqhuba, kwaye liqwalasela indlela imisebenzi yokuqala yokuqhelisa.

Ukuqonda Ulwimi Lwantlandlolo: Zimbini Izinto Ezibalulekileyo

Uqobo aluyongcamango enye, yento enye. Abaphengululi bahlula phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini ezinkulu: injongo yokuqala kunye ne[FLT] yantlandlolo intsingiselo kawonke- wonke yentsingiselo[[. Injongo yokuqala ibhekisa kwinto abaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko abayikholelwayo okanye ejongwa ngokobuqu xa besenza ukwenziwa nokukhuthazwa kombhalo. Le yayiyiyo eyona nguqulelo edityaniswe kakhulu nabaxhasi bobuGawula u- jikelele u-Attoney Edwine noMgwebi uRobert Bork. Ingciso lubonakala lucacile: ukuba sifuna ukwazi oko kuthethwa lilungiselelo, kufuneka sijonge koko kwakuthethwa ngabalobi bayo.

Noko ke, injongo yokuqala ijongene nengxaki eyaziwayo: siqiniseka njani ukuba siyakwazi ukuqinisekisa iimeko zengqondo zabantu abaninzi okanye amakhulu, abaninzi babo abangazange bashiye rekhodi? Nokuba sinakho, kutheni iinjongo eziphambili zeqela elincinane lamadoda amhlophe ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo zibopha uphicotho lwamashumi amabini aqalayo? Ezi zichasi zinyanzelisa iingcamango zoqobo ezininzi zolwamkelo iintsingiselo zikawonke-wonke wonke [[, ezidume kakhulu, ezidume kakhulu zibhekiswe phambili nguMphathi Antonin Scalia kunye nomphengululi Randy Barnet. Phantsi kolu hlobo, umtoli ukhangeleka ajongeka engezo lwezingcibo zanga kodwa kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo womgaqo-siseko njengoko izakuqondwa ngumntu oqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwendlela. Oku kwakubhekiselwa phambili kobubungqina obuqhelekileyo.

Zombini iinguqulelo zabelana ngomgaqo-siseko ongundoqo: intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko imiselwe ngexesha lokumiswa. Iinguqulelo kumaxabiso entlalo, ubugcisa, okanye ukuziphatha aziyitshintshi intsingiselo, nangona zinokuchaphazela indlela umGaqo-siseko osebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha. Umzekelo, intsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke-wonke ka Claus Claus ngo17.89 ayizange ilindele ukusetyenziswa kwelori yezorhwebo yangaphakathi, kodwa inkqumsha ethembekileyo ingasebenzisa igalelo kurhwebo lwangokuqiqamba okusuka kumgaqo wokuqala.

Ityala Lokuyila

Ukuzinza nokuxelwa kwangaphambili

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ubuGaqo-siseko bunika isiseko esizinzileyo somthetho-siseko. Xa intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko isikiwe, abagwebi abakhululekileyo ukuyihlaziya ngokweembono zabo okanye ngokweepolitiki. Olu lungiso lukhuthaza ukuxelwa kwangaphambili: abemi, abamisi-mthetho, kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zingayazi kusengaphambili into efunwa nguMgaqo-siseko. Igqwetha likarhulumente elimisela umthetho phantsi koMgaqo-siseko kaClaus, umzekelo, linokuphanda ulwazi lwembali kunokuba lingcakaze kwiimbono zejaji ezingaqondakaliyo. Ngoko ke, ulawulo loqobo lunciphisa ubungozi bokutshintsha okukhawulezileyo kokuzinziswa komGaqo-siseko.

Umthetho Wedemokhrasi

UbuGaqo-siseko bukwathi busemthethweni obungokwedemokhrasi. UmGaqo-siseko wavunywa ngabantu, kwaye ungatshintshwa kuphela kwinkqubo enzima yokulungisa iGatya V. Xa abagwebi besuka kwintsingiselo yokuqala, bawulungisa ngokunempumelelo umGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuwuqhuba loo nkqubo. Oku, ababhikishi bechasa, bayabuphosa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kwaye bathabathel ’ indawo ukuthanda kwabantu ngokuthanda kwabagwebi. Ngokunamathela kwiintsingiselo zoqobo, iinkundla zihlonela ukuthelekisa idemo-demokhrasi okubethwayo ekuFumeni. Njengoko iJaji Scalia ibhalwe rhoqo, umGaqo-siseko awulu xwebhu oluphilayo oluguqukayo ngamaxesha; ngumthetho, yaye njengawo nawu nawuphi naphi na nawu nawuphi na umthetho, intsingiselo yawo ayifanele iguquke ngaphandle kokuba iguqulwe ngokusesikweni.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kobulumko Bejaji

Ingxoxo yesithathu inxulumene nendima yokugweba. I-Extraryism, abaxhasi bayo bathi, inika umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuba amagumbi okulawula amatyala. Ngaphandle komgangatho onjalo, abagwebi bashiyelwa ekuxhomekekeni kwiinkolelo zabo zokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko, ngokunempumelelo ukuba ngabathandi bobulumko bobulumko kunye nabalawuli bembali. Ingxelo yentsingiselo yantlandlolo isebenza njengendlela engaphandle yokuhlola, inyanzelisa abagwebi ukuba bathethelele izigqibo zabo ngokwendlela abanokuthi ngayo nawuphi na ummi onengqondo acuthe ngayo. Oku kubaluleke ngokukhethekile kwimimandla enolwanothanda enjengeyo yokuqhomfa, amalungelo empu, kunye namandla olawulo, apho iimbono zobuqu zinokulawula ngandleko.

Ukulungelelaniswa Nomthetho

Ekugqibeleni, kuthiwa intsingiselo yokuqala ikhuthaza umthetho. Umthetho othetha into enye namhlanje kwaye enye ngomso awungomthetho konke konke. Ngokulungisa intsingiselo, isiseko siqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlala ungumthetho kunokuba ube ngumthetho wabagwebi. Kwanokuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo ivelisa iziphumo umtoliki azibona enganqweneleki ngokokuziphatha, umthetho ufuna ukunyaniseka kumbhalo. Le ngxoxo ivakala ngamandla kubafundi ababambelele kwimigaqo-siseko, kodwa ikwaxhasa abanye abakhohlombele ityala.

Utyekelo Lobuntsundu

Ukungayazi Intsingiselo Yembali

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ingapheliyo yeyokuba ukwenziwa kwento yoqobo akunakuzinika iimpendulo ezizizo ezokuqala. Ingxelo yembali isoloko ingacacanga okanye ingaphelelanga. Idictionary esuka kumawaka angamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo ineenkcazelo ezininzi ezingundoqo zamagama angundoqo afana "umkhandi," "izixhobo," okanye "iimpikiswano kunye nengaqhelekanga." impikiswano yeqela leentlanganiso zelizwe ityhila iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Kwanentsingiselo yantlalo yasekuhlaleni, exhomekeke kubungqina obungagqibekanga, efuna umtoliki ukuba enze ukhetho olubalulekileyo malunga nemithombo enegunya nendlela yokuvavanyanisa ubungqina obungqubanayo. Njengomphetho womgaqo-siseko [[FLT: 0] u-Ewin Cheinsky [FLT] uthective [121] uthel'odea amanani aphambili, abachazi beziphumo ezithe zingqinela iziphumo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili. Kodwa ke azizange zingqine nezo zento ezidibelelwa yimeko.

Ingxaki Yesandla Esifileyo

Iseti yesibini yezichasi ibhekiselele "kwisandla esifileyo" sangaphambili. Kutheni izizukulwana ezifileyo zifanele zibe negunya lokulawula ibutho labantu bexeshana kwimicimbi ebezingayi kulindelanga? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa yinxenye encinane, engangqinelaniyo yabemi . "White, yindoda, ubambe amadoda afanelekileyo. Amabhinqa, ama-Afrika, amaMelika, amaNantavikazana, kunye nabanikazi-nto ezingezobubulungisa bagxothiwe. Ukunyanzela ukuba iingqiqo zabo zibopha idemokhrasi kodwa zingeyodemokhrasi kodwa zichasene nedemokhrasi. IBrianti iphendula ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko ulungiso ulungiso wobulungisa bawo ngexesha elide ukulungisa utshintsho lwawo kwaye uqhubekeka. Kodwa abagxeki abagxeki baphawula ukuba inkqubo yokutshintsha komthetho wobuhlanga inzima, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ithetha ukuba identi yemithetho ekhon

Ukungaguquki Noluntu

Ubuqaqoba butyholwe ngokusilela ukulungiselela utshintsho lwentlalo. Umlinganiselo weSikhuseli sobuGcisa uClaus, umzekelo, ekuqaleni kwaqondwa ukuba kuvunyelwe ucalucalulo lohlanga kunye nocalulo lwesondo. Ukutolikwa koqobo kwakuza kwenza ukuba i-' Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo kwaye nayiphi na intsingiselo enkulu yobufana ebufanayo elawula inkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ukuphepha lesiphumo, abanye abaqalayo baye baguqukela kwi "intsingiselo equlukileyo" okanye "abstract" intsingiselo yokuqala," impikiswano yokuba intsingiselo yeregicrect ibibanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuhambisa izicelo zamva. Kodwa abagxeki abagxeki besithi oku kungumthetho wokukhupha imilinganiselo yamanani amanani aphambili phakathi kolwazi olukhoyo. Uxandulo oluphakathi noluko olukhoyo lusamele luqhubekeke kwingxoxo yentla.

Imisebenzi

Uphando lwezobunzululwazi lucebisa ukuba indalo idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo. KwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi abazixhasayo njengemvelaphi − njengoClarence Thomas kunye nomva we-Antonin Scalia(yeye yavota ukumisela amalungelo okukhupha isisu, ukwandisa amalungelo emipu, ukunciphisa amandla olawulo, kunye nokukhusela intetho yonqulo. Ngoxa ubuBhongi bendalo bungasoloko buhambisana nemithetho engaguqukiyo (abanye abaqalayo baxhasa amalungelo akhululekileyo okuthetha aphikisanayo), ungqubano lunamandla ngokwaneleyo okuphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba ubukhomqobo bungangeni kangako kwaye isisixhobo esingakumbi sokuphendula uphakal ’ ityala. [FLT:] umphetho lwezomthetho lwe-Roctron[FFLD] luphikisa ukuba ukubhenela kwayo kobuko loqobo kodwa lungachana kwendlela yokuzinziswa kwayo.

Abaphengululi Bezemithetho Bexesha Elidluleyo Neembono Ezingaqhelekanga

Inkcubeko engobuGama bakudala ibalasele yaye yahlukahlukene. Zimbalwa iingcali zasemthethweni namhlanje ezikholelwa kwingcamango yokuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo ifanele isoloko ichaza iziphumo zomGaqo-siseko. Endaweni yoko, abaninzi basoloko benezikhundla ezidibeneyo okanye basebenzisa imbali ecacileyo.

Iingqikelelo zobuntsundu

. U-Randy Barnett, unjingalwazi womthetho eGeorgetown, lilizwi elikhokelayo ngoko akubiza ngokuba "kuthetha kwasekuqaleni intsingiselo yoqobo". uBarnett uphikisa ukuba ukwenziwa koqobo, okusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokulinganisela amandla karhulumente. Ubhalise kuMphathiswa wezorhwebo kunye neSimi se-Grand-NT, uxambuliso oluthiweyo lufuna intsingiselo yokuqala yalenkululeko. Umsebenzi we-Barnet ubonisa ukuba i-oqobo ayibotshelelwanga kwimithetho yentlalo-ntle; ukhusele amalungelo owe-equququze-aaalisayo kwimin. Enye i-menter-eromenti yodidi lwesiseko. I-FT. I-GNTYM. ithelela i-Ginston yenk (ipluevision) ye-ist) kunye nenk (F.ip.[5]

Izazi Zeemvelaphi Ezineengxubakaxaka NezomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Kwelinye icala, [[FLT: 0] i-Erwin Chemerinsky (i-Berlin) ibingumgxeki wexesha elide wemvelaphi ebhaliweyo. uphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ufanele uchazwe ngokulula ku-evocation societal kunye nothi i-Obsterism, ukuba isetyenziswa ngokungqongqo, izakuvelisa iziphumo ezinokufunyanwa yi-inter-amstiki namhlanje zingamkeleki ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Ummandla wesizwe [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [FT] [12] [FT] [FTLT] [12]] [12] [iglegade.[5][5]

Amazwe aphakathi ashushu

Abaphengululi abaninzi bafumana intsingiselo ephakathi. Jack Balkin [Iyale] ngokudumileyo ithenjiswe isakhiwo esithe wabiza "ubomi besiqalo" uBalkin ugxininisa ukuba intsingiselo yoMgaqo-siseko iquka iingcamango ezididayo kunekoqobo. Intsingiselo yokuqala "yokulingana ukhuseleko lwemithetho," umzekelo, yayibanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela iinkundla zamva ukuba zisisebenzise kwiindlela ezintsha zocalulo. Kulo, isiseko soqobo nolwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko asingquzulwano; endaweni yoko, intsingiselo yokuqala inika isiseko esikhoyo. [1][FLT] .[FLT][FFFF] [5] kunye novavanyo lwazo lwembali emhlophe.[iiink `Iirthritimodevreans]

Ukuyila Kwisenzo Senkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zinike ukwenziwa kobuQuqu beSigqibo indima ephambili kwimimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko. [[FLT:][FLT]] i-Dialiologian of Columbia v. Helter (2008]), uluvo lukaMangameli Scalia's luxhomekeke kakhulu kubungqina bembali bokugqiba ukuba uLawulo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuzigcina nokuphatha izixhobo zembali yomthetho engaphambili. Uluvo lwamangelwamaNgesi, imimiselo yamarhankcala, amagqabaza, amagqabaza, nemimiselo yemipu e-109. Indlela kaScalia yayilula ukuchaza ngokucacileyo, nangona abagxeki besazi ukuba basebenzise imbali eembali ebanzi nemithetho esetyenziswa ngokugxekayo.

eNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen , iNkundla yaphinda-phindeka kabini kumthetho wokuqala, ibambe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemipu yale mihla kumele kuqwalaselwe ngokufanisa imigaqo yembali. Uluvo lweJaji uThomas lwachaza "ikhankani nesithethe" olufuna iinkundla ukufumanisa ukuba umthetho ocetyisiweyo uyavumelana na nesithethe esingokwembali solawulo lwemipu. Oku kunconywe ngabantu bokuqala njengenjongo yokuqala yemiGatho-siseko kwaye kugxekwe ngabanye ngokusetyenziswa okungasetyenziswanga, ukunyanzela ukungenela kwimbali ekhuphiswayo.

Isigqibo seNkundla . uDobbs v. Jackson i-Health [202]] , ijijela i-Roe v., kwakhona isebenzise ingqiqo yomntu wokuqala. Uluvo luka-Alto' lukaninzi lwaphikisa ukuba ilungelo lokuqhomfa aluzange lubekwe "kwimbali nesithethe" kwaye ngoko ke alunakuthathwa njengenxalenye yentsingiselo yokuqala ye 1450 yesiHlathisi. Uluvo lwathisaphula umthetho ukusuka kwixesha elifunyenweyo ukusetyenziswa kobuhlanga. Oku kusetyenziswa kobuGawula kwaphikisane; ukuchasana kwembali enkulu nokungahoywa kwembali epheleleyo nokungaqwalaliswanga.

La matyala abonisa indlela ubufundamentali obuye basuka ngayo kwingcamango yemfundo ukuya kwimfundiso esebenzayo. Kodwa akwabonisa ubunzima: uphando lwembali kwinkundla lusoloko lungalungi, lungalungi, lungadibani. Umphengululi osemthethweni . [[FLT:]] uReva Siegel [[FLT]] [1] (INQI)] ithethsitheza ukuba imbali esetyenzisiweyo kwi [iiiindlela yokwenza ingxube yenyani:] kunye [FLT] Bruen[FLT] kunye ayichazwanga nje kodwa iyakhiwa ngokukhutheleyo kodwa ikhunjulwa yiNkuthethelela inkqubo yayo ethandwayo. Ingxoxo ephambili kwintetho eboniswa yi-gloritive: indlela elungiselelwe ngayo, okanye inika iziphumo?

Ukulungelelanisa Ufundo Lwangaphambili Nezinye Izixhobo Zokutolika

Ekubeni impikiswano inzima, abaphengululi abaninzi abasemthethweni baxhasa indlela esetyenziswayo esetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuchaza imvelaphi. Umbhalo, imbali, imo emiselweyo, iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo, kwaye ingqiqo edityanisiweyo zonke zinendima yokudlala. iSunsstein [iindlela yokusebenzisa i-status] (i-Harvard]]) ithethe ukuba ityala lenza isigqibo esiziimfuno ezibanzi kwaye endaweni yokugqiba imicimbi encinci kwisiseko sombhalo. Kule mbono, isiqalo sinikezela ngengongoma eluncedo kodwa akufunekangaphathwa njengendlela epheleleyo. [FFOct:] [FONT] [FFONT] [3] [FT] [fT] uG.UT.NX.G.NX.G.

Omnye umgca wophando lophando ukuba umgaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukuhlalisa oko uMthumeli Berman (Ukunyaniseka kwePennsylvania) ubiza "ukunyaniseka kwiprojekthi yomgaqo-siseko" phantsi kwalolu mbono, umGaqo-siseko awungommiselo ozinzileyo kodwa yiprojekthi ephilayo yokuzilawula. Ukutolika makuthembeke kwinjongo ephantsi kweprojekthi, inkululeko, ````i-rather' kunenkcukacha ezithile zembali. Oku kujongwa kokugxininisa kokuqala kokubhaliweyo nokusetyenziswa kwembali ngexesha elikwakuvumela ukuqhelaniswa.

Le migudu yokudibanisa ukwenziwa koqobo nezinye iindlela ibonisa ukuvunywa okubanzi kokuba utoliko lomgaqo-siseko lungenakuncitshiswa lube luxwebhu olunye. UmGaqo-siseko luxwebhu oluntsonkothileyo olusebenza imisebenzi emininzi: lumisela isiseko sikarhulumente, lukhusela amalungelo angundoqo, luze luchaze amaxabiso agcinwe ngokunzulu. Utoliko olulumkileyo luza kufumana imithombo emininzi, kuquka nentsingiselo yokuqala, kodwa luza kuqonda imida yobungqina bembali kunye nemfuneko yomgwebo wangoku.

Ikamva Lempikiswano Yantlandlolo

Ingxoxo yobuQhosa ayibonisi mqondiso wesigqibo. Ukuba kukho nto, iye yabalasele yaya ikhula. INkundla ePhakamileyo yangoku, enobungangamsha obuninzi bobulungisa obusoloko bucela ingqiqo yoqobo, iyenze ubukho bobukho bakudala baba yinkqubo yophando kwimimandla emininzi yomthetho. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba intsebenzo entsha yophando lobunzululwazi egxekayo ingqalelo, njengokuba isetyenziswa, inyanise ingqondo kwaye nokuba isebenza kusini na kwimiba yolulo yedemo-demokhrasi.

Abanye abaphengululi, njenge uJoshua Kleinfeld (entshona-ntshona), baphikisa ngelithi inkcazo yemvelaphi ephambili kwintsingiselo yembali iphazamisa kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo ephathelele okusesikweni nolawulo olulungileyo. Uphikisa ngelithi uMgaqo-siseko uqondwa kakuhle njengesiseko sengxoxo yezopolitiko, hayi njengomthombo weempendulo ezizinzileyo. Abanye, njengo Rhard Primis[[FLT]], ukhombe ukuba ukuvela kokuqala yimveliso yembali ecacileyo, ngokukodwa, imigudu esemthethweni yokuchasana neNkulawulo lwaseBhile. Njengoko ichaza intsingiselo eqinileyo, intsingiselo eshwayenziwayo yexeshana, ayikachananga.

Kwelinye icala, i-Observatorians ziba ntsokothileyo kwindlela zabo zembali kwaye zikulungele kakhulu ukudibanisa nobungqina obuthe ngqo. [[FLT: 0] i-Baldinity i- blog kunye ne i-Originalist Blog[ ixhotyiswa yingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwe-injini kunye nabagxeki bazo. Ingqungqungquthela, intlola umthetho, ingxubusho ye-symmatopia, kunye neSigqeba-Nkulelo seNkundla ingqwalasela rhoqo yengxoxo ngaphaya kwentsingiselo yokuqala. Incoko ayibonisi kwaye ayibonisi miqondiso yokuqukumbela.

Kubantu abaninzi, ingxoxo yobuGaqo-siseko ithetha ngemibandela ngenxa yokuba ichaphazela intsingiselo yemiGaqo-siseko kwimibandela yemihla ngemihla echaphazela amalungelo obomi bemipu, inkululeko yokuzala, amandla orhulumente, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye namalungelo okuvota. Ukuqonda amandla kunye nokungafezeki kobukho bentlalo akuyonto nje yemfundo nje ephambili; kubalulekile ukuba abemi abanolwazi kwaye baqonde ukuba ngabameli abamiselwe ekwayaleni. Imbono yabaphengululi abasemthethweni ngokusebenza kobukho benkquluko-siseko iza kuqhubeka iguquka njengoko kuvela uphando olutsha olungokwembali, njengoko iNkukhosi ephakamileyo ithetha ngezigqibo ezintsha, kwaye njengoko uhlanga lujamelana neengxaki ezintsha zomgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Inkcazo yoqobo ingqineka iyingcamango eqinileyo nenempembelelo yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Ukugxininisa kwayo kokubhaliweyo, imbali, kunye nokubekwa kwedemokhrasi kuzuze amarhamente amaninzi, kuquka amanye asekhohlo. Kodwa abagxeki bayo baye babonakalisa ngokuseyisekileyo ukuba ukwenziwa koqobo akunakuqinisekisa okuqinisekileyo okuthenjiweyo okubangelwa yiyo kwaye iziphumo zayo zisoloko zihambisana nezopolitiko ezithe ngeendlela ezizinzisayo inguqulelo ebangela imibuzo enzima ngokungathathi nxaxheba kwezomthetho. Umsebenzi wemfundo yanamhlanje uyakwazi ukunikela ubuchule obuphambili bokwenza umgaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi evelisa intengiso.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] Randy Barnett, "IOrigealism kunye nomthetho woMthetho"; uPalliam Baude, "IOriginal kunye nembali"; [[FLT:] Erwin Chemernsky, "Umbhin weyoqobo wobuntsundu"[; [[FLT:] .[FLT]] , DALTY] , "UMFLTY, "UMFLT"[FLT]