Iinkqubo zobuchule zoguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo; ziqiniswe ngokunzulu kwimpucuko yesizwe yezobupolitika kunye nendaleko. Phakathi kwezi, iinkqubo zokuvota ezingundoqo , ezisoloko zibhekiselwa kuzo njengezokuqala zezokuqala okanye iziphumo zomvuzo. Kodwa ziphinda zisebenzise impembelelo enamandla kwindlela izithethe zezobupolitika kunye nelifa lesizwe ezigcinwe ngayo, zicetyiswa, okanye zitshintshwa. Ngokuxhasa kakhulu, amaqela asungulweyo kwaye avelisa iziphumo ezigqibeleleyo, ezi nkqubo zidla ngokukhuthaza izakhiwo ezikhoyo kunye neengxelo zenkcubeko. Kodwa ziphinda zibangele ingxubungela impikiswano ephambili ngokubhekisele kuhlobo lweziko lovoti, ukuvota kunye nokulondolozwa kwezithethe zezobupolitika, ukuvavanyaniswa kookanye zombi zozihluzo zozihlulo lwezinzo kunye nokugxeko oluye lwazibangela ukuba kunyulwe iinguqu-Denecractics.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yamajoni

Uvota lukaMajornanti luyindlela yonyulo apho umvoti okanye iqela lamkela khona olona khetho luphumelela khona isihlalo okanye isikhundla. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yinkqubo yesithili esinye (SMDP), esetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, Canada, neIndiya. Kwesi sixokelelwano, ilizwe lahlulwe ngokwezikhundla zonyulo, ngalinye elinommeli omnye. Umba wevoti ephezulu ubalo (enokuba ungaphantsi kwenkomfa). Oku kudla ngokukhokelela kwicandelo amabini okanye icandelo leqela leqela, njengemizabala encinane yokufumana ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso yabo i-omele i-omele.

Abasebenzi benkqubo ezingundoqo baquka inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini (ukuvota okubalekayo) esetyenziswa eFransi kunye nonyulo oluninzi lomongameli, kunye nolunye uvoti (ongaphakathi-incomo) olusetyenziswa e-Australia ukwenzela indlu yayo esezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iinkqubo zolawulo lwamandla zisebenzisana nophawu olunye: bavuza iqela elikhulu labavoti kwaye batyekele ekuvezeni oorhulumente abanobudlelane. Oku kucaca nokugqibelela kusoloko kunconywa ngabaxhasi abaphikisayo ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zivumela ulawulo olunempumelelo noxanduva.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo

  • [[UMTL:0] Izithuba-zonke: kuphela umvuzo wesininzi kwisithili ngasinye ufumana umelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] unyuso lwevoti: Ijelo lidla ngokukhetha phakathi kwabakhokeli ababini abaphambili kunokuba bakhethe, ukunqanda ukuvota kwabo.
  • Iprojekthi eyenziwe ngobukhulu: Iqela lingaphumelela uninzi lwezihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngelingaphantsi kweninzi levoti edumileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo ezikhoyo: amaqela amancinci anenkxaso ebanzi angafumana izihlalo ezimbalwa okanye angazifumani, lo gama amaqela engingqi enokuthi achazwe ngaphezulu kwiinqaba zawo.

Ezi mpawu zichaphazela ngokungqalileyo indlela ezigcinwa ngayo izithethe zezobupolitika. Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zolawulo zixhasa amaqela asungulweyo anemvelaphi enzulu kwibutho labantu, atyekele ekumiseni amaqela ezobupolitika akhoyo ngoku, `esekelwe kudidi, kunqulo, okanye kumhlaba wesizwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi nkqubo ziba yinxalenye yelifa ngokwazo, ziphembelela amathemba nezenzo zabapolitiki kunye nabavoti.

Imbali Nokuvela Kwamasiko Ezobupolitika

Ukwamkelwa kovotelo oluphambili kwidemo-mandla yoorhulumente belizwe amaninzi kwakungeyongozi. Oku kwabonisa uxokelelwano lwezobupolitika namandla ngexesha lokusekwa kwesizwe. Ngokunjalo, kuManyeneyo, inkqubo yokuqala yezomva welizwe yatshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwimikhosi yamaxesha aphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lweWhig kunye noTory amaqela awathi kamva aba yiLiberals kunye neConservative. Ngokufanayo, iUnited States yaquka imimandla efumana izithuba njengenxalenye yesakhiwo sombutho worhulumente wamazwe amakhulu nanamancinane enzelwe ukulungelelanisa impembelelo yamazwe amakhulu kunye namancinane eElmector Collegement yooventie.

Ezi mvelaphi zembali zithetha ukuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo zidityaniswe nophawu lwesizwe. Umzekelo, isithethe saseBritane sorhulumente onamandla, owenziwe liqela elinezihlalo ezininzi, sidityaniswe ngokunzulu nenkqubo yokunyulwa. EKhanada, le nkqubo incede ukulondolozwa kolawulo lweLiberal kunye namaqela anxulumeneyo, ngeli xesha ivumela amaqela engingqi afana ne Bloc Québébécois ukuba amele izithethe ezahlukeneyo. Lo melo lwengingqi, ngoko ke, lungaqinisa kwaye luvavanye ilifa lelizwe elinobuhlanga.

Ukuqiniswa Komanyano Lwesithethe

Iinkqubo zobuMajortarian zidla ngokubonakala ziqinisa izivumelwano zesithethe zezobupolitika ngokwenza kube nzima ukuba intsebenziswano ezintsha ziphume. Kumazwe amaninzi, iintsapho zeqela ezimi ixesha elide zikwindawo ebanzi yamaqela anokuhlala ngokulinganayo kunye namaqela asekhohlo omsebenzi okanye amaqela eedemokhrasi. Olu manyano lungabonwa njengehlobo lokulondolozwa kwelifa lemveli: abavoti bafumana ilifa lemibutho, ubuchule bephulo lokuhlala, kwaye izithethe zezopolitiko ziba yinxalenye yelaphu lesizwe. UK Labour Par's kufuphi kunye nemibutho yezorhwebo kunye nolungelelaniso lweSizwano soshishino zishiye umva wezo zelinye iphakathi kwezobupolitika zeminyaka engaphezulu kwenkulungwane, zixhaswa yinkqubo yezo kunqabileyo ukuba amaqela ewe okwesithathu aphumelele ngaphezu kwemigxande yemigxa yemi.

Ufundisiso Ngemeko: IIndiya Nelifa Layo Elingafaniyo

IIndiya, i-demokhrasi enkulu yehlabathi, isebenzisa umlinganiselo wokuqala wexesha elidlulileyo welok Sabhaha (indlu esezantsi) yayo. Le nkqubo iye yafak ’ isandla ekulawuleni kwe-Indiya National Congress kumashumi eminyaka angaphambili kwaye kamva iBharatiya Janata Partior. Nangona kukho ulwimi oluninzi, unqulo, kunye nezithethe ezahlukeneyo, inkqubo yezobupolitika ikhuthaza iqondo lokuqhubekeka kwezobupolitika, namaqela esizwe asoloko ehamba kunye namaqela eengingqi. Le mikhosi yesizwe inyanzelekile ngenxa yemfuno enkulu yokuyila izakhiwo--intsimi-----atrandel, yanceda ukuhlanganisa amafa esizwe ahlukeneyo kwilizwe lezobupolitika, ngoxa igcina i-equmfo yasekuhlaleni ephumelela kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni. Kodwa, abagxeki bephikisa ukuba inkqubo yesizwe esinye sonqulo baxhamke ngokukhethekileyo okanye iqela elithile.

Ukulondoloza Ilifa Ngenxa Yomanyano Lwezobupolitika

Enye yeengenelo ezisoloko zicatshulwa kuvotelwa ngoomatiloshe kukuzinza ekubonelelayo. Ngokuvelisa abaphumeleleyo ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo ivumela ulawulo olucacileyo ngaphandle kwengxoxo ende exhaphakileyo yomelo oluqhelekileyo (PR) iinkqubo zolwahlulo. Olu luzinzo lungakunceda ngokungqalileyo ukulondolozwa kwelifa lesizwe. Oorhulumente abanoninzi oluqinileyo bangamisela iinkqubo zenkcubeko zexesha elide, bakhusele iindawo zembali, iimyuziyam zemali, kwaye bakhuthaze iimpawu zesizwe ngaphandle koluko lokufa isisongelo kwipalamente eyahlukeneyo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwelizwe laseYurophu emva kwemfazwe kwabona iinkqubo zobundlobongela kumazwe anjenge-UK neFransi zixhasa oorhulumente abanamandla abathabatha imisebenzi yelifa lesizwe, njengokusekwa koTshenxelo lweSizwe saseBritani kunye noBulungiseleli beNkcubeko bamaFrentshi. Ukuqhubekeka kwenkqubo kwimijikelo yonyulo kwanceda ukugcina nokubuyisela iisikhumbuzo, oovimba bembali, kunye nezithethe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe anenkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto ngamanye amaxesha atsala nzima ukukhusela inkxaso-mali elungelelanisayo ukwenzela ilifa, njengokuba oorhulumente abanqonganiso betshintsha izinto eziphambili rhoqo.

Imifuziselo yesizwe kunye neMifuziselo yembali

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe ziyakwazi ukuqinisa umanyano lweengxelo zesizwe. EUnited States, inkqubo yecandelo lesibini elicetyiswayo yimibutho ephumeleleyo ```ixhase ibali lobuzwe elisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, ulwando lwasentshona, kunye neenjongo zedemokhrasi. Ngelixesha le ngxelo ikhuphiswano ikhuphisana, inyanzelekile ukuba inqandelwe inkqubo yonyulo esesikweni okanye i-se-se-soparatist enokuthi icel ’ umngeni welifashoni. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yokuqala ye-uK ephambili yemithetho yomthetho, izithethe zekhompume, kunye nolwimi lwamangesi, kwanjengoko ilizwe lisiba nolwimi oluneendidi.

Noko ke, uzinzo lungafumaneka ngexabiso. Kwale nkqubo ikhusela ilifa ingaphinda ibe yephelelwe lixesha okanye ibe yizithethe ezibhadliweyo. Umzekelo, ukugqithisa kweminye imibutho yasemaphandleni, ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi engqongqo kungenza utshintsho oluthe ngcembe olunxulumene namalungelo abomthonyama, ukulingana kwendoda nendoda, okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukulondolozwa kwelifa, ngokukhanya, kusenokuba likrele elizinziweyo: likhusela iimpahla zenkcubeko ezixabisekileyo kodwa lingamelana nokufuneka kwindaleko.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa: Ukuzithethelela Nokuxambulisana

Inkqubo zokuvota eziphambili zijamelana nokugxekwa ngokuqatha ngenxa yotyekelo lwazo lokuthoba imilinganiselo encinane yamaqela, amaqela amancinane, kunye nezilangazelelo zengingqi. Oku kugwetywa kusenokuba nemiphumo ethe ngqo ekulondolozweni kwezithethe nelifa lezobupolitika, ingakumbi kuluntu olungeyonxalenye yezithethe okanye yezobupolitika.

Ukunikezelwa kweeNkcukacha

Xa inkqubo ikhupha amaqela amancinane ngokungaguqukiyo, iyakwazi ukuvala amazwi okuthula ngokunempumelelo amela izithethe ezahlukeneyo okanye izithethe zobuhlanga. Umzekelo, amaqela abomthonyama eKhanada nase-Australia kusoloko kunzima ukuzuza izihlalo phantsi kwentsika yokuqala ngaphandle kokuba zigxininiswe ngokwemo yelizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ilifa lawo lezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lwesithethe ingatyeshelwa ekuveliseni inkqubo yesizwe. Ulwazi kunye nezenzo zale ntlalo azinakufakwa kwimigudu yelifa lemveli xa zingenazo imelo lwezopolitiko.

Iintlawulo zokwahlulana kwengingqi neNtlanganiso

Kwezinye iimeko, ukuvota okungundoqo kunganyusa uxinzeleleko lwengingqi. Xa iqela loluntu oluninzi lilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho ngeli xesha ummandla uvotela ngokuqhubekayo iqela elilahlekileyo, elo zwelo lommandla lisenokuziva lisoyikisiwe. Oku kunyanzelisa kukhankanywe njengefekta ekunyukeni kwemibutho ye-secessionism kwiindawo ezinjenge-Scotland (nayi-UK), Catalonicania (ephakathi kweSpeyin, esebenzisa inkqubo exubeneyo kodwa enezintlupheko ezinkulu), kunye neQuebec (kada). Imbono yokuba inkoliso ekude ifuna isikhuthazo ezifuna isikhuthazo sobugqaliselo okanye ukuzimela, ibeka ilifa kwisiziko semfazwe yezobupolitika.

Umzekelo: iSkotlani kunye ne-UNIT – inkqubo ye-UK engaphambili- yemiboniso inike iSkotlani inani elikhulu leesihlalo nangona isenza kakubi eSkotlani. Oku kunikele kwingqiqo yokuba izithethe zezobupolitika ze-Skotlani . "ezinjengedemokhrasi" kunye nokuqokelela i-custonis" zingaphantsi kwe-. Ukunganeliseki kubangele ukuba iScoptishin National Party iqhubele phambili i-ziqum, nto leyo evavanyanisa ngokuthe ngqo ilifa le manyano yomanyano. Ngeli 2014 igcina i-Union, izikhala eziphantsi kwe-omatilo zihlala zingalungiswanga.

Ukuphenjelelwa Kokungalingani

Abahlalutyi bakwaphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezingundoqo zingabangela ukungalingani kwentlalo kunye nobuhlanga ngokutshixa intsebenziswano ezintsha ezimela uluntu oluselunxwemeni. E-United States, icandelo elinamacandelo amabini ligxekwe ngokusilela ukuphendula ingqwalaselo yobuhlanga okanye umahluko wezoqoqosho, njengoko omabini amaqela amakhulu exhasa inkcubeko yawo engundoqo yezobuzwe, umzekelo, lingadunyiswa kwiingxelo zamazwe, kodwa inkqubo yabanyusi ikwenza kube nzima ukuphendula amanye amazwi. Ngokungathi iSizwana siLungu okanye abahlali abazimeleyo ngenene, abafumana itrakiti, abanokuthi baphembelela imvelaphi yezithethe zezobupolitika eziphambili.

Ukulungelelanisa isithethe nolwalamano: Utshintsho Oluqhelekileyo Nenkqubo Exutyiweyo

Ekusabeleni kwiintsilelo zovotelo olupheleleyo, ulawulo-melo luninzi luthathe iinkqubo zolawulo-lwazi oludityanisiweyo okanye ezichaseneyo ezizimisele ukulungelelanisa uzinzo nomelo olubanzi. Olu tshintsho lusoloko luzama ukugcina iingenelo zomthetho omkhulu. "ezifana norhulumente ocacileyo kunye nomelo olululo oluquka ulwahlulo oluvumela amaqela amancinane namaqela amancinane asebenzisa ilizwi.

Inkqubo yepropoti exutyiweyo

Amazwe afana neJamani, ne-New Zealand, kunye neJapan asebenzisa ukuvota okuxubeneyo, apho inxalenye yezihlalo yabelwa ngendlela ezingundoqo kunye nezinye ngoluhlu lwamaqela ukufumana iziphumo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Le nkqubo ivumele amaqela amakhulu ahlala eqinile ngeli xesha enika amaqela amancinane afana namaGreens okanye amaqela ephondo. E-New Zealand, ukufuduka ukusuka kwimida yokuqala ukuya kwiMMP ngo1999 kukhokelela kwipalamente eyahlukeneyo, ngomelo lweMāi olukhulayo kunye noorekhobelo oluneede noorhulumente abasebenzisanayo ukuba ngumqathango. Oku kurhoxinzelo akuwanga zizithethe zezobupolitika; kunoko, kwawanyanzela ukuba alungele, akhuphe amalizwi amatsha kwilifa lezwe lolawulo. Umzekelo, uMāoror oonobumba-M.[99]

Ukusebenza kwenqanawa exhotyiswe ngeentambo kunye nempembelelo yayo

Olunye utshintsho lumiselwe ngokwezigaba zovoto (RCV), olusetyenziswa kwiNdlu yabameli yase-Australia nakwamanye amadolobha ase-U.RCV luvumela abavoti ukuba bafake amagunya, kwaye ukuba akukho mntu ufumana ubuninzi, ongokugqibela obezigxina uyasuswa kwaye avotelwe. Le nkqubo igcina iziphumo zeziphumo ze-oyile kodwa ikhuthaza ababhenela ukubhenela ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo, ukukhuthaza iphulo eliququzelekileyo. E-RCV, i-RCV ayizange irhoxise amaqela amakhulu kodwa inike amaqela amancinane afana namaGreenot afumana ithuba lokuphembelela ngobuchule obuthandwayo. Oku kuphucule ifa lelizwe le-Australia ngempucuko yoomatilo-omatila, ngexesha igcina isiko esizinzileyo kwimo ephakathi kwe-orhulumente enye.

Iinkqubo ezingqukuva ezimbini

Inkqubo yemikhosi yamanani yamazwe emibini ejikelezayo yeNdibano yesiZwe yenye indlela. Ukuba akukho sivo sizuzayo esipheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, ukubaleka kubanjwa phakathi kwabanyuswayo. Le nkqubo ithanda ukuxhasa izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela, ngokufuthi isusa abathathi-nxaxheba ekude okanye abashiywe kude kwisangqa sesibini. Isiphumo sibe kukulondolozwa kwesithethe "republican" edibanisa amaqela aphambili ukuvala ubude, ukuqinisa ifa le France nefa lehlabathi. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba oku kusenokucima iintetho zokwenyaniso zezithethe zezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo: Indima ehlala ihleli yeenkqubo zeMajoni ekulondolozweni kweLifa

Iinkqubo zokuvota ezingundoqo azingoondilele; zilungisa ngokukhutheleyo imeko yezobupolitika kunye nempembelelo eziphila kuyo izithethe. Ngokuxhasa amaqela amiselweyo kwaye zivelise oorhulumente abazinzileyo, zinceda ekulondolozeni ilifa lesizwe (ukusuka kwizithethe zomGaqo-siseko ukuya kwimibutho yenkcubeko. Ukucaca nokugqibelela kweziphumo ezingundoqo kuvumela ukuba kwenziwe inkqubo engaguqukiyo, enokukhusela amanxuwa embali, ikhuthaza imiqondiso yesizwe, kwaye ixhasa izivumelwano zezobupolitika ezikudala.

Kanti kwale misebenzi inye ekhusela ilifa ingawanciphisa amaza amancinane kunye nokungalingani. Uxinzeleleko phakathi kozinzo nolwaphulo luvela kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokhetho, kodwa ibalasele ngokukhethekileyo ekufumaneni zonke izicwangciso zolawulo-lwazi oluzimeleyo. Njengoko ukuguquka kolawulo-lwazi-lwazi lwendalo, abaninzi baye bakhetha ukudibanisa izinto ezilungelelanisiweyo okanye ezinye iindlela zokuvota ugcino-melo ngaphandle kokuncama uncedo lomthetho omkhulu. Ezi nguqulelo zibonisa ukuba ugcino lwelifa lezobupolitika alufuni ukuqina; lungadibaniselwana nokuqhelaniswa noluntu oluninzi olunobuninzi.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi abahlola unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo zonyulo kunye nokuzichaza kwenkcubeko, kubalulekile ukuqaphela amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kokuvota komphathi. Ugcino lwelifa asingomthetho okanye inkqubo kuphela enxulumene ngokunzulu nendlela abemi abachaza ngayo ukuthanda kwabo kwezobupolitika nendlela okuya kuguqulelwa ngayo ekulawuleni. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kusinceda siqonde ukudityaniswa okuntsonkothileyo phakathi koomatshini bedemokhrasi nezithethe eziphilayo ezichaza uhlanga.