Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soMongameli

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengenye yezona mfuneko zomGaqo-siseko zibalulekileyo kuye nabani na othatha uBungameli baseUnited States. Eqatshelwe yiGatya II, Icandelo 1, uClause 8 womGaqo-siseko wase-United States, esi sifungo simela isithembiso esinzulu umongameli ngamnye amele asenze ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise amandla eofisi. Ubalo olungqalileyo olumiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko lufundeka ngolu hlobo:

“ Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndivume) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ndilondoloze, ndikhusele ndize ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States.”

Lo mbhalo awuzange utshintshe ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wavunywa ngo-1788, uwenza ube ngomnye wezona zinto zihlala zihleliyo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Isifungo sisebenza umsebenzi osemthethweni nowomfuziselo, sibophelela umongameli kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha egqitha kwezobupolitika ezichaseneyo kunye namabhongo obuqu. Ukuqonda isifungo kufuna ukuba sihlolisise imvelaphi yaso, ulwimi lwaso oluchanekileyo, kunye neengxoxo ezicacisayo eziye zayingqongile kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika.

Imvelaphi Nokulungiswa Kwendawo KaNondoqo

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko basebenzisa imizekelo yesiNgesi neyamakoloni xa babeyila isifungo somongameli. Umthetho wamaNgesi wawusele ukudala ufuna amagosa karhulumente ukuba enze izifungo zesikhundla, kwaye umgaqo-siseko omninzi wamkela iimfuno ezifanayo emva kwesigqibo sokuzimela. Ulwimi olukhethekileyo lwesifungo somongameli lwavela kwiKomiti yeNkcubeko yeMigaqo-siseko yowe-1787, eyayisebenza ngokuvelisa ijelo elisebenzayo lomGaqo-siseko.

UJames Wilson wasePennsylvania, omnye wabathunywa abanempembelelo kwindibano, wadlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni amagama esifungo. Idrafti yekomiti yantlandlolo yacebisa ukuba umongameli afunge ukuba "enyanisweni aphumeze iofisi kaMongameli waseUnited States" kunye no"ukhuseleko, ukhusele, kwaye akhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States" emva kwengxoxo ethile, abathunywa balwamkela olu lwimi bengaluguquleli kakuhle, beqonda ukuba isifungo sifanele sibe sicace kwaye sifunyaziwe.

Abaququzeleli baquka enye indlela "okanye ukuqinisekisa" ukuhlalisa abo bangathathi-nxaxheba kunqulo abangenakusifungisa ngesazela esilungileyo. Eli lungiselelo labonisa ulungelelwano oluluqilima lomGaqo-siseko phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo neyoluntu , ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu oza kuthintelwa kumongameli ngenxa yemiqathango yonqulo ngokufunga.

Oonokana Ababini Besibhaka-bhaka

Isicelo sokufeza ngokuthembeka" Claus

Ibinzana lokuqala lesifungo lifuna ukuba umongameli aphumeze iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States ngokuthembeka. Olu lwimi lunyanzelisa umsebenzi wokuthembeka odlulela ngaphaya komthetho womthetho. Abaphengululi bezomthetho batolike "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" ukuba bafune umongameli asebenze ngokholo olulungileyo, ngaphakathi kwemida yegunya lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nezilangazelelo zohlanga eziphambili engqondweni.

Eli binzana likwadibanisa iCandelo lika-Celaus leQumrhu II, iCandelo lesithathu eliyalela umongameli ukuba "Ninake Ukuphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo" lidityanisiwe kunye, la malungiselelo amisela umsebenzi womgaqo-siseko wokunyaniseka kwegunya elilawulwayo ongenakuncitshiswa kwisivumelwano esithe ngqo okanye esiphendu. Imbopheleleko kamongameli yokuqhuba iofisi isebenza ngokuthembeka kuzo zonke izigqibo ezenziweyo, naziphi na imiyalelo ekhutshwe, kwaye naziphi na izenzo ezithatyathwayo zithathwa ngexesha eliseofisini.

"I-Plare, Ikhuseli, kunye nokuKhuselwa"

Igalelo lesibini lifuna umongameli "ukhuseleko, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Olu lwimi lunyanzelisa umsebenzi ogqitha nje ekuthobeleni umGaqo-siseko. Umongameli kufuneka awulondoloze ngokukhutheleyo umyalelo womgaqo-siseko nxamnye nezisongelo zomntu wasemzini nezekhaya. Isenzi "sikhusele," kunye "neentsingiselo ezahlukileyo ezithi zimisele umsebenzi omkhulu wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

[[FLT:] Ukulondoloza [[FLT:] kuthetha ukugcina umGaqo-siseko ukwimo yawo ekhoyo, ukuxhathisa imigudu yokudodobalisa izakhiwo zawo okanye imigaqo ngemiqathango eyongezelelweyo. ukukhusela[ kuthetha ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko ekuhlaseleni ngqo, nokuba uvela kumagunya achaseneyo, amaqela asekhaya, okanye kwanaphakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo ngokwalo. [[FLT:]] ukukhusela intsingiselo yokuzixhathisa ngokukhutheleyo imigudu yokubhukuxa okanye ukukhuba inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, kuquka nokusetyenziswa komthetho kuthetha oko kubangela ukuvukela okanye ukuvukela.

Ezi zivakalisi zidibeneyo, zimisela umsebenzi obonakalayo nangaphandle. Umongameli kufuneka akhusele umGaqo-siseko kungekuphela nje kwiintshaba zangaphandle kodwa kwanakunye nokukhukuliseka okungaphakathi korhulumente ngokwawo. Oku kuquka ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lokuchasa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ukugatya imigaqo yomthetho, okanye amandla okubhukuqa eeBhunga okanye amaphondo. Abanye abaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko baye baphikisa ukuba eli binzana liyi [[FLT:]] eyona mbopheleleko isezantsi kwisifungo somongameli siphela , njengoko ifuna isenzo sokuyekelela kunokuthatha nje inyathelo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali yolawulo

Ukusungula Uhlaziyo Kwamandulo

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaGeorge Washington ngoAprili 30, 1789, wamisela umzekelo wendlela esifungo esiza kwenziwa ngayo. Igqwetha uRobert R. Livingston waseNew York wanikela isifungo ngaphandle kwiHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Washington wongeza amagama athi "ngako ke ndincede uThixo" emva kokucengceleza indlela yomGaqo-siseko, uqheliselo olona mongameli balandelayo baye bawulandela kodwa uhlala ungumcimbi wesithethe kunokuba umgaqo-siseko.

UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi ukuba ngubani omele anikele isifungo. Ngokwesithethe, iJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States isoloko isenza isifungo ekunikezelweni kwabantu, kodwa esi sifungo asikhange sifane kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. UJohn Adams wafungela ngaphakathi nguMgwebi omkhulu uOliver Ellsworth, ngoxa uThomas Jeffer wafungelwa ngaphakathi nguMphathi-Mphathi uJohn Marshall. Noko ke, xa oomongameli beye bathatha isikhundla emva kokufa okanye ukurhoxiswa komzandulela, esi sisoloko sisenziwa ngumgwebi ongaphantsi, ummi ongomnye uwonke, okanye ummi wabucala.

IOath Ceremonium emva kokufa koMongameli

Owona mbhiyozo uchukumisayo uvele emva kokufa okungalindelekanga kukamongameli ohleliyo. Xa uWilliam Henry Harrison wafayo ngo1841, uMongameli onguMongameli uJohn Tyler wafakwa kwikhephu lakusasa kwaye wenza isifungo kwigumbi lakhe lehotele phambi komgwebi wesithili. UTyler wachaza amagunya apheleleyo kamongameli, kunokuba enze nje njengomongameli, wamisela umzekelo wokuba umongameli waba ngumongameli xa kufe umngxumi.

Ngokufanayo, emva kokubulawa kuka-Abraham Lincoln ngo-1865, uAndrew Johnson wenza isifungo kwigumbi lakhe lehotele phambi koMphathi-mikhosi oyintloko uSalmon P. Chase. Emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy ngo 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson wenza isifungo emoyeni woMkhosi Wokuqala phambi koMgwebi weSithili sase-U.S. uSara T. Hughes, ephawula ixesha lokuqala ibhinqa elaliphumeze isifungo sobumongameli. Isifungo ngasinye sexesha likaxakeka sabonisa amandla oMgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka korhulumente nangamaxesha emfazwe yesizwe.

Ii-vs zabucala. I-oath Ceremonies kawonke-wonke

UmGaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba kufungwe umsitho kawonke-wonke wendlu kawonke-wonke. Oomongameli abaye bathatha isikhundla phakathi kwexesha elithile badla ngokusithabatha ngasese isifungo ngaphambi kokuba basiphinde siphinde kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, emva kokuphelelwa kukaRichard Nixon ngo-1979, uGerald Ford wenza isifungo kwi-Mpuma House emhlophe phambi kokuhlanganisana okuncinane kwamagosa kunye namalungu entsapho. Ngokunjalo, emva kokurhoxa kuka-Spiro Agraw njengesekela lomongameli ngowe-197373, uGerald wathabatha i-cesterian yesekela umongameli kumbhiyo wendlu yabameli kumgangatho wendlu yabameli.

Oku kuguquka kolawulo lwezifungo kubonisa iinyaniso ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Inkxalabo ephambili kukuba isifungo sithatyathwe ngokukhawuleza ukuze umongameli angaze angabi namntu, kwanangokomzuzwana. Indlela kunye nokumiswa komsitho, ngelifuziselo, kukwindawo yesibini kwimfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yokuba isifungo sithatyathwe ngaphambi kokuba umongameli asebenzise nawuphi na amandla asemthethweni.

Iingxoxo Ezitolikayo Neengxoxo

Intsingiselo yokupheliswa ngokuthembeka

Enye yeengxoxo ezizingisileyo ezichaphazela intsingiselo ecacileyo yebinzana elithi "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli". Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi eli binzana limisela umsebenzi osemthethweni onyanzeliswayo ngokungagunyaziswanga mhlawumbi ngokucaciswa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi eli binzana liyintelekelelo eyintloko, limisela imilinganiselo yehambo yezobupolitika kunokuba ibe yeyomthetho.

Ityala lokumangalelwa koMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon noBill Clinton bonke babebandakanyekile kwiimpikiswano zokuba umongameli uye wawuphululela kusini na umsebenzi wokubulala ngokuthembeka. Kwimeko nganye, iNdlu yabameli yatyhola ukuba umongameli uthathe inyathelo eliphazamisa ukuthembeka kweofisi. Ukugwetywa kweBhunga lokuLahla kukaJohnson noClinton phambi kwevoti epheleleyo, yashiya imibuzo emininzi engokungagunyaziswa kwesifungo.

Abaphengululi abangumxhasi bacebise iingcamango eziliqela ezikhuphisanayo ezithi "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" zezo zifunekayo. Ingcamango ecacileyo ithi umongameli kufuneka asebenze njengomntu othemba abantu baseMelika, enze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumdla kawonke-wonke kunokuba zifumaneke ngokobuqu. Ingcamango yombhalo ikholelwa ukuba ibinzana lifuna kuphela ukuthotyelwa ngokweentsingiselo ezicacileyo zomGaqo-siseko nomthetho wesizwe. Ingcamango elungileyo yokholo ithetha ukuba umongameli kufuneka enze ngokunyaniseka nangeentshukumisa ezifanelekileyo, kwanokuba kamva izenzo ezithile zingqineka zibububuxoki okanye zingekho mthethweni.

IKhabhile yeOath-stave kunye neMigaqo-siseko

Isifungo sifumene intsingiselo ekhethekileyo ngexesha lengxaki yomgaqo-siseko. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wenza isifungo ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibini ngo-1865 nohlanga olwalusahlukaniswe yimfazwe. ULincoln wasebenzisa intetho yakhe yokuvula isiqubulo ukuchaza isifungo ngokubhekiselele kumlo oqhubekayo, echaza ngokubanzi ukuba akazukuthintela ubukhoboka apho bebukhona kodwa uya kuxhasa umGaqo-siseko aze alondoloze i-Manyano ngomthetho wonke.

Ngexesha lengxaki yeWatergate yee-1970, isifungo sachazwa ngokuphambili kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ihambo kaMongameli Nixon. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuba uNixon wayenenxaxheba kwigqubuliso lokuqhekezwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic wasiphula isifungo sakhe sokuphumeza imithetho ngokuthembeka. IKomiti yendlu yoKhuphi lomthetho yasicaphula njengesifungo esinye sezindululo sokungaquququzeli, bephikisa ngelithi uNixon waye "waphule umGaqo-siseko" kwaye wawuphula umsebenzi wakhe wesifungo. Ukurhoxa kwakwa kukaNixon ngo-1940 kwasiphepha ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo kwetyala imithetho ngokuthembeka, kodwa isiganeko saqinisa ukuqonda oko kukuthi isifungo sinyanze iimbopheleleko zokwenyaniso ezisemthethweni.

Kutshanje, isifungo siye sasetyenziswa kwiingxoxo eziphathelele amandla obungameli ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe. Abanye abaphengululi bezomthetho baye baphikisa ngelithi esi sifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli athabathe inyathelo eliqinisekileyo lokukhusela uhlanga, nokuba eso senzo siyaqhubeka okanye singaphaya kwegunya lomthetho. Abanye baye baphikisa ukuba esi sifungo sifuna ukuthotyelwa kwemida yemithetho-siseko, ingakumbi ngexesha lobunzima xa isilingo sokugqitha loo mida sikhulu. Olu xinezeko luhlala lukho kweyona mbambano iphambili esemthethweni. Ukuhlaziywa kwendlela ecacileyo yendlela oomongameli abaye basichaza ngayo isifungo sabo ngexesha lobunzima, bona uvimba weSigqeqelelo-National Sesizwe kwiSigqeqeqesho II[FLT][FLT]].

Ingxowa eHlanganisiweyo

Isifungo sikwabandakanyekile kwiimpikiswano ezimalunga nonyulo lomongameli. Xa iziphumo zonyulo zingaqiniseki, kuphakama imibuzo malunga nokuba ngubani onelungelo lokufunga na, nini. Imeko edumileyo yenzeka ngo1876, xa unyulo phakathi koRutherford B. Hayes noSamuel Tilden lwaphikiswana kumaphondo amaninzi. IBhunga layila iElectoral Commission ukusombulula impikiswano, yaye ekugqibeleni uHayes wavakaliswa njengomvuseli. Wasifunga ngasese ngoMatshi 3, 18877, phambi kokunikezelwa kukawonke wonke ngoMatshi 5, ngenxa yokuba i-Facealius ingagcwaliswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Kule mihla, unyulo lwama 2000 phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush no-Al Gore lwaphikiswa ngaphezu kwenyanga phambi kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi-Bush v. IGore yalucombulula ngokunempumelelo ukhuphiswano. Ukuba ingxubusho yanwenwe kwixesha elidlulileyo, umGaqo-siseko awuniki cebo licacileyo lokugqiba ukuba ngubani omele afungise. Inqaku II kunye neSigqibo soMbeko-Mdali se-1970 zicinga ukuba ixesha likamongameli liqala emini emaqanda ngoJanuwari 20, kodwa akukho lungiselelo lithetha oko kwenzekayo ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zihlala zingaqinisekanga oko ngelo xesha. Lo mgaqo womgaqo womGalelo uqwala wenkqesho kodwa awuzange uqwalaselwe ngabaphengululi kodwa usebenza.

Olunyulo lwama-2020 lwaphakamisa imibuzo eyongezelelekileyo ngokuphathelele isifungo, njengoko uMongameli uDonald Trump wangavumi ukuvuma ukuphandwa nokumangalelwa kokurhwaphiliselwa okusasazekileyo. Abanye abaqwalaseli bomthetho baphikisa ngelithi uTrump uthetha ngokuqhubekayo ngonyulo olubiweyo, emva kokuba imingeni yakhe engokwasemthethweni ikhatyiwe ziinkundla ezininzi, yasiphula isifungo sakhe sokulondoloza, sokukhusela, nokukhusela, nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi esi sifungo asimthinteli umongameli ekukhuphiseni iziphumo zonyulo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezisemthethweni, kuquka nokuthetha ngoqhankqesho luka-Capitol kaJanu 6, 2021, sazisa le mibuzo kwinkqululiso ecacileyo, njengoko amalungu athile eMgaqonga nawamacaluni nowasemthethweni ethetha ngemithetho-mthetho besithi izenzo zika-Crumptrump zasolus.

Iingcaciso Zogwebo Nokunyanzelwa

Iinkundla bezisoloko zingafuni ukunyanzelisa isifungo somongameli ngqo. Ayikho inkundla eyakha yasivala ityala isenzo somongameli sokwaphula eso sifungo, kwaye akukho ntebi yayalezanga umongameli ukuba enze izenzo ezithile ezisekelwe kwisifungo sodwa. Oku kuthintela ukunyanzelisa amagunya kunye nembono eqhelekileyo yokuba inkqubo ephambili yokunyanzelisa isifungo yeyeyezobupolitika kunokuba ibe yeyomthetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo, ngoko, isifungo sibhekiselwe kwityala elibalulekileyo. EUnited States v. UCurtierss-Wright Rhweba ngaphandle iCorp. (1936), uMasipala uGeorge Sutherland wabhala ukuba isifungo somongameli simisela isifungo sokwenziwa "kokuthembeka" esizimeleyo nasiphi na isifungo somthetho. KwiSifungo seSelel Seirizare (Umgqeba weSikhankanyiso & Tube. v. Saveyer, 1952), iJastier's Confectrince yakhuthaza isifungo njengokhumbuzo somongameli ukuba amandla kamongameli alinganiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Kutshanje, kwi-Trump v Hawaii (208), iNkuvolulo ijonge ukuba ukuva komndululo lukamongameli u-Claussciaste, kunye nokuphikisa kwetyala lobugqhinga obuchazi bezongamenesi, kunye nokukhusela i-Statusnertivert, uGener.

Indima yesifungo ekungaqulunqweni kwemicimbi imela eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokunyanzelisa. UmGaqo-siseko unikela ukuba umongameli angayilelwa "Isizathu, isifumbathiso, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nezingalawulekiyo". Ngoxa isifungo singadweliswanga ngokucacileyo njengesiseko sokungaquki, abaphengululi abaninzi baphikisa ukuba umongameli owaziyo ukuhlambela isifungo ubonakalisa isono esingamelekiyo ngenxa yokuba isifungo sichaza umsebenzi ongundoqo womgaqo-siseko womongameli. Indlu yabameli icaphule isifungo njengesifungo njengesiseko sokungathethiyo kwiimeko ezininzi, ubukhulu becala kwinqaku elichasene noMongameli Nion.

Ngaphandle komongo wokophula umthetho, isifungo sisebenza njengesithethe esiqhelekileyo esibumba ihambo yomongameli. Oomongameli bayaqonda ukuba izenzo zabo ziza kugwetywa ngokuchasene nomgangatho omiselwe sifungo, kwaye olu lwazi luphembelela ukwenza izigqibo ngendlela ekunzima ukuzilinganisa kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu. Isifungo sisebenza njengenkcaso enyanzelekileyo nakukungabikho komgaqo-siseko wobugqeba. Ukuhlolisisa ngokunzulu indlela izifungo zomgaqo-siseko ezisebenza ngayo nenkqubo esemthethweni yaseMelika, bona ushwankathelo lweZiko lolwazi lwezifungo zomthetho-mthetho weSiko.

Ibhotwe Namandla Omongameli

Isifungo Njengomthombo Wegunya

Abanye oomongameli kunye nabaphengululi bezomthetho baye baphikisa ngelithi isifungo asithathi nje kuphela iimbopheleleko kodwa sikwanika igunya. Impikiswano iyaqubisana: ngenxa yokuba umongameli ufungile ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, umongameli kufuneka abe namandla afunekayo ukuze azalisekise eso sifungo. Le ngcamango, maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba yingcamango "yoburhulumente" yenkcazelo yamandla obungameli, ikholelwa ukuba isifungo sinika umongameli igunya elimiselwe njengefako lokwenza nomdla wesizwe, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yangaphandle nakukhuseleko lwesizwe, kwanangaphandle kogunya lokugunyazisa.

Le ngcamango ibiyimpikiswano ukutyhubela imbali yaseMelika. UThomas Jefferson wacela isiqinisekiso xa wagunyazisa iLouisiana Purchase nangona wayethandabuza ukuba uMgaqo-siseko unike urhulumente wesizwe amandla okufumana umhlaba. UAbraham Lincoln wayicela xa wayejikije i-habeas corpus kwaye wathabatha amanye amanyathelo angaqhelekanga ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye bacela isifungo sokuthethelela isenzo somkhosi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwengquzukiswa, ukuhlasela urhulumente waseMelika kujoliswe kumazwe aphesheya, nokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunyaziso ukuqinisekisa izinto eziphambili.

Abahlalutyi bengcamango yegunya elibanzi bathi iphazamisa injongo yesifungo. Isifungo, baphikisa ngelithi, singumyalelo wamandla kamongameli, hayi umthombo waso. Umongameli ufunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, okuthetha ukuthobela imiqathango yawo kwigunya elinegunya eliphakamileyo. Xa umongameli esenza okungaphaya kwemiqathango, umongameli udelela isifungo kunokuba asizalisekise. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ibumba ingunomgaqo-siseko kunye nemfundo ecacileyo yezomthetho, ngaphandle kwesigqibo esicacileyo.

Iingxabano Phakathi Koomongameli Namanye Amagunya

Isifungo somongameli sikho ecaleni kwezifungo ezithatyathwe ngabanye amagosa karhulumente, kuquka amalungu eKhonkqele, abagwebi besizwe, kunye namagosa esebe aphetheyo. Esi sifungo sidala uludwe lwezibopho zomgaqo-siseko ezinokuba maxa wambi zingene kwiingxabano. Umzekelo, ukuba umongameli uyalela umphathi-mikhosi ukuba enze isenzo akholelwa ukuba asivumelani nemithetho, isifungo somphathi-mikhosi sokuxhasa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko sisenokufuna ukungathobeli komthetho kamongameli. Ngokufanayo, ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho okholelwa ukuba umongameli akakholelwa ukuba ungumgangameli, isifungo somongameli sisenokucetyiswa ukuthethelela i-"veto okanye ukungawunyamezeli umthetho.

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wokungqubana kwezifungo kwenzeke ngexesha longquzulwano lwaseIran-Contra ngeminyaka yee-1980, xa amagosa aphetheyo esebe aye abandakanyeka kwisivumelwano esigqumathelweyo sokuba iBhunga lale likwalela ngokucacileyo. Uphando lwe-Imperence Lawrence Walselson lwagqiba kwelokuba amagosa amaninzi aye aphula umthetho ngokufihla ukusebenza kweBhunga kunye nabacuphi abalahlekisayo. Amatyala alandela aphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo ngesifungo esiqalayo xa kungquzulwano.

Amagosa asemkhosini ajongene neemfazwe ezingqubana kakhulu nezifungo eziqatha, njengoko kufuneka alungelelanise umsebenzi wawo wokuthobela igunya lawo elichasene nomsebenzi wawo wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. I-Unifodi yoMthetho woMkhosi ikwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukungathobeli umthetho osemthethweni, kodwa ikwafuna ukuba amagosa asemkhosini alahle imiyalelo engekho mthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amagosa emkhosi athobela imithetho kamongameli ngaphandle kokuba umyalelo ucacile yaye ungekho mthethweni. Isifungo sinikela umgaqo-mGaqo-siseko ekwenzeni lo mgwebo unzima, kodwa asinikezeli ukhokelo olusemthethweni lokulungisa amatyala anzima.

Imbono Ethelekisayo kwiOath enguMongameli

I-United States ayiyodwa efuna isifungo esisemthethweni sentloko yayo yezwe, kodwa isifungo somongameli waseMerika sahlukile kwiinkalo ezininzi. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, apho intloko yesifungo sikarhulumente, apho intloko yesifungo somongameli ikwisithethe, isifungo somongameli waseMerika sithwala ubunzima obungaphantsi komGaqo-siseko ngenxa yokuba umongameli usebenzisa igunya elizimeleyo. Isifungo somongameli sixilonga elo gunya, sikhumbuza umongameli ukuba iofisi ifanele isetyenziswe kwimidanganiso yemithetho-siseko.

Ezinye idemokhrasi zomGaqo-siseko zithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. EFransi, uMongameli weRiphabliki ufunga ukuba "uhlonela nokuqinisekisa ukuhlonelwa komGaqo-siseko" noku "gcina ukuzimela kohlanga kunye nengqibelelo yomhlaba walo" eJamani, uMongameli woManyange-mikhosi uthembisa "ukuqinisekisa imigudu yam yokulungisa intlalo-ntle yabantu baseJamani, ukuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo zabo, ukuthintela umonakalo kuhlanga, nokukhusela nokukhusela uMthetho osisiseko kunye nemithetho yeNxaxhenxeba. Imigaqo nganye yezi zithethe ibonakalisa izithethe ezithile zomgaqo-siseko kunye neemeko zezobupolitika zelizwe ekuthethwa ngalo.

Indlela yokungena eKhanada inikeza umahluko ofundisayo. IGawula uGeneral, emela umlawuli njengentloko yelizwe, ufungela "kahle kwaye ngokwenene ukhonza uKumkanikazi wakwakhe" kwaye "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka imisebenzi yesikhundla. Esi sifungo sigxininisa ukunyaniseka kwiBhunu kunemithetho-siseko efana neyomthetho-siseko weKhanada. UMphathiswa-mikhosi wesigqeba, njengentloko karhulumente, uthatha isifungo esahlukileyo njengelungu leBhunga lePrivhosa, ulungiso lokubhambathiso lweBhunga lobuPriviy, uluko "kuba ngumkhonzi oyinyaniso nothembekileyo kuMlawuli weNkosikazi."" Le mithetho ibalase izithethe nezifungo ezifunwe ngokwembali. Ukuthelekiswa kwemimiselo lolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe, [[FLD] uMgangalathiso-siseko sobuGeneshopulse-siseko sobuGeneshosho yeBrethi yehlabathi [F1]

Ucelomngeni Neengxubakaxaka Zanamhlanje

Izindlu Zonqulo Nendawo Yokuhlala

Ilungiselelo loMgaqo-siseko lokuvuma kunokuthuka lisombulule kakhulu iimpikiswano zonqulo ekutheni uqala ukufunga, kodwa maxa wambi kuphakama imibuzo emalunga nokudibana konqulo nesifungo. Abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukongeza ulwimi lonqulo kumsitho, ngokuqheleke kakhulu ngokuqukumbela ngesifungo ngo "lonke luncedo kuThixo". Nangona olu dibaniso lungafunwayo ngokwesithethe, kwaye oomongameli abaliqela baye balugatya. UFranklin Pierce uyavuma kunokuba afunge isifungo, kwaye uTheodore Roosevelt walushiya umgaqo wonqulo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwabuzwa imibuzo yokuba ngaba uqheliselo lokubeka isandla kweBhayibhile xa usenza isifungo luchasene noMgaqo kaClaus woMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zikholelwa ukuba lo mkhwa ngumGaqo-siseko ngenxa yokuba lisithethe esingokwesithethe kunokuba ibe kukuvunywa konqulo ngurhulumente. Oomongameli bakhululekile ukukhetha nayiphi na incwadi okanye nayiphi na incwadi yomsifungo wokufunga, kwaye abaninzi baye bakhetha iiBhayibhile ezinokubaluleka kobuqu okanye okungokwembali. UJohn Quiníncys wasebenzisa incwadi yomthetho, ebonakalisa imvelaphi yakhe njengegqwethantra-graclant nonograc. Ukutshintsha kwesi sithethe kubonakalisa ukuba sifungo siyimfuneko somgqeqesho njengomthetho onokuthi ilungiswe ngokwemeko.

Imeko - bume Yexesha Lezinto Zonxibelelwano

Ukusingqongileyo kwale mihla kwe-media yezosasazo kuvelise ucelomngeni olutsha lokutolika nokuqinisekisa isifungo sobumongameli. Ngoku oomongameli banxibelelana ngqo noluntu ngeemigangatho zeze-media zezentlalo-ntle, bephakamisa imibuzo yokuba amabinzana athile ayayichasa na imfuno yesifungo sokufaka kokholo. Abanye abahlalutyi bathe bathe oomongameli abasebenzisa amajelo eendaba entlalo-ntle ukuhlasela abagwebi, abatshutshisi, okanye abachasi bezobupolitika basenokudelela ukuhlonelwa komthetho ngeendlela ezingqubana nesifungo. Abanye baye baphikisa ngelithi isifungo asiyithinteli inkululeko kamongameli yokuthetha ngokuthembeka.

ISebe le-Ofisi yeSebe leMicimbi yeSebe leMicimbi yeZigqibo likhuphe izimvo ngomqathango wesifungo esinxulumene nonxibelelwano lomongameli, kodwa ezi mbono zidla ngokuba nembono ebanzi ngesigqibo somongameli. Ayikho inkundla eye yathi iintetho zikamongameli zikawonke-wonke ziyasichasa esi sifungo, kodwa lo mbuzo uhlala ungumbandela ophambili wengxoxo yabaphengululi. Ubuchule bonxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ndaba buthetha ukuba lo mmandla womthetho wesiseko uqhubekeka ukukhula kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ityala Lemithombo nelobuongameli

Omnye wemibuzo engxamisekileyo yale mihla unxulumene nendlela esi sifungo esinxulumene ngayo nezinye iindlela zokuziphendulela komongameli, kuquka ukungathotyelwa kwetyala, ukumangalelwa kwetyala, kunye nokuhlolisiswa kwetyala. Abanye abaphengululi baye baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sinikela umgaqo-siseko wokuhlola ihambo yobumongameli engaxhomekekanga kumthetho okanye kwimithetho engokwaphula umthetho. Ngale mbono, kwanehambo engeyondlela ingekho semthethweni esemthethweni isenokusichasa isifungo ukuba asingqinelanga kumsebenzi wokubulawa ngokuthembeka okanye imbopheleleko yokukhusela umGaqo-siseko.

Le nkcazelo ibanzi yesifungo iye yasetyenziswa kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukuxolelwa komongameli, imiyalelo ephezulu, nokusetyenziswa komkhosi. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukwandisa isifungo kuya kwenza ukungaqiniseki ngemilinganiselo yolawulo lwehambo yomongameli kwaye kumema abadlali bezobupolitika ukuba basebenzise isifungo njengesixhobo sokulwa nabefundisi abachasayo. Abameli baphikisa ukuba isifungo siphangalele ngabom kuba umongameli sisikhundla sokuthenjwa kakhulu kwaye umGaqo-siseko wenzelwe ukucela ukuthembeka kwemithetho yezobuphathi kunokuba basebenzise isifungo sobucukubhede.

Ingxoxo emalunga nobungakanani besifungo ibonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu malunga nendlela olawulwa ngayo umGaqo-siseko eUnited States. Abo baxhasa ukucaciswa okumxinwa kwesifungo bajonge umGaqo-siseko ngokuyintloko njengemithetho enyanzelayo ukuthatha inyathelo likarhulumente. Abo bakhetha ukutolikwa okubanzi bajonge umGaqo-siseko njengesiseko esimisela imisebenzi elungileyo kumagosa karhulumente. Le mibono iphikisanayo iye yayila isithethe somgaqo-siseko waseMelika ukususela ekusungulweni, kwaye abakwazi ukusombulula nayiphi na indlela yokutolika yolwimi lwesifungo.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla, nangona kuthethwa amagama angamashumi amane anesine kuphela, achaza izifungo ezisisiseko ezichaza uBungameli baseMerika. Isifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli aphumeze iofisi ngokuthembeka, akhusele, akhusele, akhusele umGaqo-siseko. Le misebenzi ingokwasemthethweni nangokokuziphatha, izibophelelo ezinyanzelisayo eziquka zonke iinkalo zobumongameli.

Imbali yesifungo yimbali yokutolika nengxoxo. Ukusukela ekunikezelweni kokuqala kukaGeorge Washington ukuya kukhuphiswano lonyulo kunye neemeko zomgaqo-siseko zale mihla, isifungo siye sasebenza njengesilingo seengxoxo negunya lomongameli, ukuphendula, nemida yegunya elilawulayo. Isifungo siye sacelwa ngoomongameli abafuna ukwandisa igunya labo kunye nabagxeki abafuna ukulinyanzela. Sicatshulwe kwiingxoxo ezingachananga, kwiimbono zokwahlulela, kunye nengxoxo yasesidlangalathiswayo malunga nendima efanelekileyo yesenzo somongameli.

Intsingiselo ehlala ihleli yesifungo ixhomekeke kubuchule bayo bokukhumbuza oomongameli kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ukuba umongameli akangomntu kodwa ukholose ngomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli usebenzisa amandla kungekhona ngokulungileyo kodwa ngokuvuma, kwaye imvume ixhomekeke ekuphumezweni ngokuthembekileyo nasekuthembekeni komgaqo-siseko. Wonke umongameli kufuneka aphendule umbuzo owenziwa sesifungo: uza kuzinikela kuMgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa ukwenza njalo, unzima, okanye uchasene nomdla wobuqu? Impendulo, ebhalwe kumbhalo wesiseko kwaye iphindaphindwa kunikezelo ngalunye, ngumongameli kufuneka aphinde avume kwaye uyathanda.

Ukuqonda isifungo sobumongameli kunye neenkcazelo zaso kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Isifungo asingomthetho nje wesithethe kodwa siyimfuneko encinci yomgaqo-siseko olawula ihambo yomongameli kwaye unika umqathango wokuqwalasela ukusebenza komongameli. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luphikisana ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla olawulo, isifungo siya kuhlala siyingoyena siseko kwiingxoxo ezimalunga noko kufuneka ukuba ibe kuko umongameli kunye noko kusenokuba kuko.