Amaqela ezobupolitika aphakathi kwamaqela ahlala ehleli kwidemokhrasi yale mihla, esebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili abemi abalungiselela ngazo, bavakalisa izikhethelo zabo, kunye nempembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Indima yabo ekulungiseni zombini ulawulo kunye nomgangatho wedemokhrasi ayinakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu.Indima yabo yokulawula kunye ne-demokhrasi ayinakuchazwa ngokuphakathi kwesizwe nebutho labantu, ii-injini zezopolitiko, kunye nezokwakha imigaqo yemithetho emiselwe phantsi kwemithetho-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo, impembelelo yawo kwiiziphumo zenkqubo, iingxaki ajamelana nazo, kunye nekamva lawo alifuna ukufikelela kwizixhobo zezobupolitika ezikhoyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olubanzi lwemisebenzi yemicimbi yamaqela ezobupolitika, impembelelo yawo ephambili kwizolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuphakama kwempilo, imiqobo, nemiqobo ebonakala ijongenee kuzo, kunye nokuguquka kwazo ekuthi zihlaziyeni.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekileyo Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi enxulumeneyo esisiseko sokusebenza kwedemokhrasi yabameli.

Umelo lwemidlalo eyahlukeneyo

Ukwahlula-hlula izimvo zikawonke-wonke ezinokunikelwa kwimigangatho, amaxabiso, kunye neemfuno zamaqela ahlukeneyo entlalo-ntle, uluntu, uluntu, iingingqi zonqulo, iingingqi, iindidi zeengingqi, kunye neengcali zeengcamango. Ngokwenjenjalo, baguqula uluvo oludibeneyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke lube ngamaqonga asekelwe kwimithetho-siseko efana neyomntu ovota. Umzekelo, eIndiya, amaqela anjenge-Indiya National Congress Congress kunye neBaraccultaviavatam, i-emosmosmosme, i-demodelitika, amaqela eelwimi, iimfuno zezoqoqosho, ngoxa amaqela amancinane ephondo enikela imbono e-ephandle yombuso othile.

Ukuthotywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuba Nenxaxheba

Ngokulungiselela iintlanganiso, ukuqhuba iintlanganiso zecango-mnyango, ukuqhuba iingxoxo, nokufaka iingxoxo kumajelo eendaba, amaqela anika abemi amandla okuhlala bengafuni kudityaniswa. Bazenza lula ukhetho lwezobupolitika ngokunikela iilebhile ezicacileyo kunye nezomchako (umz., “Democrat” vs. “Republican” eUnited States,“Umkhosi” u-v.“ I-Konsorvatity” kumazwe athelekelelekileyo eUnited Kingdom). Oku kufaka ulwazi olusezantsi kwindleko kaRhoviet, kwenza ukuba kufikeleleke ngakumbi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokumiswa kwe-Agenda

Iintlanganiso zivelisa izindululo ezineenkcukacha ezichaza indlela ezibona ngayo izinto zebutho labantu. Ngexesha lonyulo, ezi platifomu zisebenza njengezivumelwano nabavoti; emva konyulo, zikhokela izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, umboniso woninzi woburhulumente uba yiplani. Iintlanganiso zikwalungiselela ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho, zigqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana iimvote, kwaye ziqhelisela ingqeqesho kumalungu azo ukuqinisekisa ukuvota. EUnited States, iinkokeli zeqela leKhonklamente zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kwizabelo zekomiti kunye nocwangciso lwemigangatho, ngoxa kuseUnited Kingdom, inkqubo yokubetha izibhaxa inyanzela kufuphi-upaneices zenkxaso karhulumente.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Amaqela ezobupolitika anikela iindlela zokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo noorhulumente benoxanduva. Kwinkcaso, amaqela ahlolisisa izenzo zolawulo, ukufuna ukubonakala, nokunika ezinye iinkqubo. Amaqela eengxubevange anokuqalisa uphando, acebise ukuba angayisebenzisi inkqubo yokuzibophelela, avulele ukugxekwa kwabantu ngokubanzi ngombutho wezopolitiko. Kwanakumaqela amaninzi, ngamanye amaxesha angaphakathi ahlola amandla aphezulu agqithisileyo. Ukubakho kweqela elinamandla alwayo kugqalwa ngokuba nedemokhrasi ephilileyo, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba abaxhasi abangenakukwazi ukuphepha ukuphengulula, kwaye uvotiso olufanelekileyo lunokusetyenziswa konyulo olulandelayo.

Impembelelo Yezigulo Zezobupolitika Ekulawuleni

Impembelelo yamaqela ifikelela nzulu kubuchule bolawulo, ibumba kungekuphela nje izigqibo ezenziwayo kodwa kwanendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Ukwenza izigqibo Nenkqubo Ezaphambili

Xa iqela liphumelela kwiofisi yesebe elilawulayo, ngokuqhelekileyo lilawula ucwangciso---(devertimes) apho zikhona iingxaki ezifumana ingqalelo karhulumente nezisombululo zihambela phambili. Umzekelo, iqela elizinikele kumgaqo-siseko sobume bemeko-bume liya kumisa umthetho wemozulu, ngelixa iqela loshishino lisenokuqwalasela ukunqunyulwa kwerhafu nokukhutshwa kwerhafu. Iqondo lolawulo lweqela liyakwazi ukutshintsha kwiinkqubo zomongameli, umphathi oyintloko usenokuba nengqiqo engakumbi yeqela lepalamente, ukhokelo lweqela leqela lakhe kunye neqela lepalamente lidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela asoloko egcina iitanki zangaphakathi kunye neentlawulo zophando ezivelisa izindululo, ukubumba inkqubo yezenzo zobugcisa urhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa komanyano nolawulo kwiinkqubo ezininzi

Kwinkqubo apho kungekho mbutho uphumeleleyo, amaqela kufuneka enze imibutho elungelelanisiweyo ukuze alawule. Le nkqubo ifuna ingxubusho kwiinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, ii-portfolio, kunye neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Urhulumente womanyano lungazinza/njengoko kumazwe amancinane aseJamani angakhupha izivumelwano kwimibango emide ekhoyo ye-Christian Democrats kunye neSocial Democrates , okanye uncedo lwezentlalo-ntle, njengotshintsho oluqhelekileyo lukarhulumente. Uthelekelelo olukhoyo phakathi kwamaqabane ahlukene lungaphazamisana ngqo iziphumo zenkqubo: amaqela amancinane angakhupha izivumelwano kwimibango yendawo yokusebenza (umz., utshintsho, inkqubo yeziyobisi, okanye uncedo lwezingentlalo) ngaphezu koko ukukhuthaza ukwanesabelo solawulo lwawodwa.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Noqeqesho Lomnombo

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, amaqela alawula ukuqukunjelwa komthetho ngeekomiti ezimileyo, ii-caucus, kunye neentlanganiso zokhokelo. Amaqela aqinisekisa ukuba amalungu avota ngokwendlela yeqela, ingakumbi ngokuthabatha amatyala aphezulu. Amazwe anengqeqesho emikhosi eqinileyo . "Afana ne-United Kingdom, Canada, kunye ne-South Africa" azimisele ukubona iziphumo ezimbalwa zokuphambuka nezithenjiweyo zemithetho esemthethweni. Ngokuchasene noko, ingqeqesho ekhululekileyo, njengakwi-United States Congress, angavumela amalungu ngamanye ukuba aqhawule amaqela, nangona i-Ostrean Congression isanda kulwaneast kunye nezihlalo. Ukusebenza phakathi koburhulumente kunye nezihlalo kukwamisela iziphumo eziphambili.

Ukutyunjwa kwegunya noLawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo

Iqela elilawula ukumiswa kwabameli bekhabhathi, iintloko zoorhulumente, kunye nezicaka ezininzi zasekuhlaleni eziphezulu. Eli gunya livumela amaqela ukuba alungelelanise isebe eliphetheyo neenjongo zalo zenkqubo. EUnited States, umongameli umisela abamiselwe kwezobupolitika kulo lonke isebe lesebe lesebe, kunye neqela lonxulumano lweziko lobupolitika lidla ngokuba nendima ekukhetheni. Kwimigaqo yepalamente, umphathi-nte umisela amalungu equluni phakathi kwamalungu asebenza kunye nabo. Ngaphandle koko, amaqela aphembelela inkonzo karhulumente ngee-reshcups, ukuvavanyaza, kunye nokufakwa kwe-ofisi yezopolitiki exhasa i-Roccuns, nto leyo enokuthi, xa ingathintelwa, i-a, i-a, i-a, i-ascective kunye nokukhokela kwe-agesaventi.

Indima Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Kulawulo - melo

Ngaphandle kwegalelo lawo elisebenzayo, amaqela ezobupolitika angundoqo kwingcamango engokwesithethe yedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Ngokukhuphisana nonyulo kunye nokunika abavoti, amaqela anika abavoti isizathu sokuya kukhuphiswano oluphezulu lomgangatho. /apho kukho ukungavisisani okucacileyo kwenkqubo, -- ulwandiso lokuphuma ngenxa yokuba abemi bavakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lwabo luneziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa amaqela edibana kwimigaqo-nkqubo okanye xa abavoti bebona onke amaqela njengabonakeleyo, ukurhoxa kusenokuncipha. Iintlanganiso zikwakhuthaza amaqela akwimeko ephantsi kwemiqathango: umzekelo, eMzantsi Afrika, i-Afrika National Congress Congress ekhuthaza ngempumelelo Black Coovotation emva kocalucalute; kwiU., omabini amaqela amakhulu ngoku afaka ingeniso eninzi ekungeneni kwemibutho yabantu abambalwa, kwana njengoko ukupheliswa kwenene okungahambiswayo kuqhubeka.

Ukunika Abasebenzi Izinto Ukhetho Olunentsingiselo

Unyulo lwedemokhrasi lunentsingiselo kuphela njengoko uluhlu lweentyalelo lunikezelwa. Iintlanganiso zizinto ezikhoyo ezizinkqubo zepakethi yendlela ezisebenzisa ezinye ezidityanisiweyo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, abavoti bangakhetha phakathi kokunyusa ekhohlo, ipesentistrit, ukutsala kwasekunene, okuluhlaza, okanye amaqela akhululekileyo, okwenza umelo oluchanekileyo. Kwinkqubo ezimbini ezinika ubuchule, ukhetho luziziiindawo ezimbini kodwa lusanikela iindlela zengqungquthela ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwamaqela. Ukuba ngaba bonke abatshathi babaleka njengeedwa. //ivoters zinokujongana nenani elikhulu leeplatfomfom, zenza uvoteko olungenakufikeleleka.

Ukuphembelela Impikiswano Kawonke - wonke Nemfundo Yezobupolitika

Izabelo zikhuthaza ingxubusho ngemiba yesizwe ngentlanganiso yeqela, ukubonakala kwemibutho, ukupapashwa kwezixhobo, kunye neziganeko zikawonke-wonke. Zifundisa abemi ngeemeko zorhwebo-mthetho: umzekelo, iqela elikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yorhwebo liya kuchaza indlela elizichaphazelekayo ngayo iindleko zemali, ngelixa iqela elichasanayo liza kubalaselisa iindleko zentlalo. Kwidemokhrasi ezisemgangathweni, le ngxoxo ibhenca abemi kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukucingela iimbono ezigxekayo.

Igalelo lokuQinisekisa

Ngokuthumela imfazwe yezobupolitika kukhuphiswano olucwangcisiweyo, oluthe kratya, amaqela anciphisa amathuba okungalungelelaniswa kwesiphithiphithi sogonyamelo. Kwiziko ezimisiweyo, ukufuduselwa ngoxolo kwegunya emva konyulo kuqinisekiswe kakhulu yimiqathango yeqela kunye nemithetho esemthethweni. Kwanakumazwe anamaqela anzulu entlalo-ntla ye-Ireland ngexesha leMpetrol, okanye iinkqubo ezinzulu zaseBrazil ``iCatery'' zilungiselele amabala okuxoxwa nokulala. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela anegalelo ekuzinziseni inkqubo entsha yezobupolitika kunye nemfuno, ezidibanisa kuwo kwisakhiwo sezemfundo yezentlalo kunokuba azishiye zilungelelanise ngaphandle kwenkqubo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nemibutho Yezobupolitika Yangexesha Elidluleyo

Phezu kwako nje ukuphakama kwawo, amaqela ezobupolitika namhlanje ajamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu olusongela ukufaneleka kwawo nokusebenza kwawo.

Ukugqalwa Kwamabala Nokucalucalulwa Kwezobupolitika

Kulawulo-mpuku lwedemokhrasi ezininzi, umsantsa weengcamango phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu unyuke ngokuphawulekayo. E-United States, i-travocation ifikelele imigangatho engabonwayo ukususela kwixesha lokubuyiselwa kwakhona, kunye neziNqanda zolawulo-mpuluko ezihamba ngokuhambela phambili kwinkqubo, ubukho, kwaneenkolelo zenyani ( Pew Research Center ). Oku kunyakatho lwamazwe ahlukeneyo kukhokelela kwi-digridrocklock, ukucutha, kunye nentiyo ngabachasi. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, ukwahlulwa phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi amancinane kunokwenza ulwano olunzima nolungaguquguqukiyo. I-Pullian kunye namaqela achaseneyo eJamani (AD) okanye i-AStellinamenti elungeleneyo elungeleneyo, i-Ant elungeleneyoneyo, i-edingths, i-ementmentmentactive eyakhading, elungelelaniswe ngokulinganayoneyo kweza yase-Europe.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokuncitshiswa Kokholoso Loluntu

Ihlazo lokunganyaniseki . Ukusuka kwigalelo lephulo elingekho mthethweni lokunyoba ngokungqalileyo, . ngokungapheliyo ukusetyenziswa kwedumela lomonakalo. Kumazwe anjengeIndiya, iBrazil, ne-Itali, amatyala amakhulu okunganyaniseki aye akhokelela ekukhonjweni kwamanani aphambili akhuthaza ukungathemba kukawonke-wonke. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba amaqela aphambili azimeleyo kunokuwajonga njengezixhobo zokuxhasa, ukuthemba kwidemokhrasi ngokwayo kuyancipha. Utshintsho olujoliswe ekubalaseni kwezentengiso, amaziko alwa nookrwelo olungqongqo lwemithetho ephambili luye lwanempumelelo. Noko ke, ukuqondwa okungeyo impembelelo engafanelekanga ngabasebenzi abanikela ngezakhono okanye izikhungo eziphambili kuhlala kusisisongelo esinamandla sokuthembeka kweqela.

Ukungakhathali Kwamalungu Adilikayo

Ngaphaya kweqela elimisiweyo, amalungu eqela ebewa kangangamashumi eminyaka. ukungakhathali kwe-VT kungabonakali kuphela kufutshane kodwa nakukungabikho kokuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yeqela. EUnited States, unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lunyuka malunga nama-20/30% abavoti abafanelekileyo. Abantu abaselula badla ngokukhetha intlupheko esekelwe kwi-inkonzo okanye i-intanethi ye-ctivation. Oku kuphelisa ukudibana kwamaqela etyaleni kwaye kunciphisa amandla abo okufumana abangenisingisi abahlukahlukeneyo. Amanye amaqela aye azama ukuphazamisa oku ngokuqhutywa kwamalungu kwikhompyutha okanye ngokuvula ii-prigrim, kodwa akhetha iprojectivessss.

Iingxabano Zangaphakathi Nezenzo Ezingathandekiyo

Imimandla ayingonogada; iqulathe amacandelo akhuphisanayo ukuze afumane amandla kunye nempembelelo. Kwiqela le-Dermocratic, uxanduva phakathi kwamaphiko aqhubekekayo naphakathi kwemeko-bume, inkqubo yemozulu, kunye necebo lokhetho. KwiRiphablikian Parti, iTaa Parti kwaye kamva iphiko leTrump eladalwayo iiyantlukwano ezihlala zihleli ngokulandelelana. Kwi-United Kingdom, iLabour Party iye yafumana izahlulo ezikrakrayo phakathi ko Jeremy Corbyn's wasekhohlo-ienzakalo kunye nephiko lonyuselo, nto leyo ephumela ekuphambukeni nasekulahleni kwemiqobo. Iingxabano ezinjalo, ukuba azilawulwangalawulenga kakuhle, zinokukhokelela kukwahlulwa kwamaqela, ukurhoxilongwa kokhetho, nokulawulwa kolawulo.

Ikamva Lemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika aqhelana nokutshintsha kwezakhiwo, ubugcisa nolawulo lwehlabathi.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Imikhosi isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ngokukhulayo, izibhengezo zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokujoliswe kwimiyalezo etshayelela ukubolekisa. Iphulo lokukhupha i-Digital livumela ukusetyenziswa kwemincinane enxulumene namanani athile, ukuqokelela ngemigangatho ye-intanethi, kunye nokusabela ngokukhawuleza ekuphunyezeni iindaba. Kumazwe anjenge Taiwan ne-Estonia, izixhobo zamanani zisetyenziswe ukubandakanya inkqubo enkquthazweni. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zinyusa inkxalabo ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, imfihlo yogcino-lwazi, kunye nokusebenzisa imithetho yemithetho esemthethweni.

Ukunyuselwa kwemikhosi yeNtshukumo kunye neMikhosi yePopulist

Izakhiwo zamaqela aqhelekileyo zicelw'ucelw'ukwenziwa kweentlobo ezintsha zezobupolitika . ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba ngamaqela ahambayo . afinyeza umahluko phakathi kwemibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho yokhetho. Imizekelo iquka iPodemos eSpeyin, iPartive ePirate eIceland, kunye neCuarter Sunt Star Movement eItali. La maqela adla ngokuxhomekeka kakhulu ekulungiseni i-intanethi, kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kunye nezobukhomputha yokulwa kwe-demokhrasi, kunye nezolithi ezichasene nenkqubo yobuchule bokuyila. Ngoxa amanye amaqela efumene abadlali abaphambili, anyanze asebenze ngokutshintsha imigangatho neenkqubo. Ikamva lisenokubona ukutshintsha iprotectionroots zotyali zengca ngexesha eligcina izihlulo.

Ukugxininisa okwandayo ekudibaniseni

Uxinzelelo oluvela kwibutho lasekuhlaleni nakwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe lukhuthaza amaqela ukuphucula umelo lwamabhinqa, uhlanga oluncinane, uluntu, kunye namanye amaqela aphantsi. Amaqela amaninzi aye amkela umlinganiselo wangaphakathi, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nokufumana inkxaso ejolise ekungeneni. Umzekelo, i-Afrikan National Congress kunye ne-Sudicial Social Democratic Party isoloko ifumana inxaxheba yamabhinqa angowesizwe. EIndiya, iReservation Bill yakutshanje efuna ukugcina isihlalo esinye sesithathu somthetho-somfaza, inyanzela amaqela amabhinqa akwizikhundla zamabhinqa akwindawo ezeleyo. Amaqela azayo angakwaziyo ukunikezela ukuphulukana nokuthembeka kunye nenkxaso kwevoti, ingakumbi, abavoti abancinane abavoti abahlukene kakhulu.

IGeneric yehlabathi kunye neenethwekhi zeqela lamazwe ngamazwe

Imingeni yomhlaba wonke enjengenguqulelo yemozulu, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo ifuna intsebenziswano enqamlezeneyo. Amaqela ezobupolitika aqalisa ukwakha izivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo zwenibanzi . njengePalamente yaseYurophu okanye i-Socialist International .Njengokuba amaqela alungelelanise iindawo zenkqubo. Amanye amaqela akwabelana ngeqhinga kunye nenkxaso yemali kwimida. Njengoko izakhiwo zolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe zikhula ngokusebenza, amaqela anokuba nonxulumano olunamandla ngakumbi ngaphaya kwemidabi yawo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwindaleko yemibutho yenyani esukloko yelizwe. Oku kungamela ukurhoxisana okubalulekileyo kwimodeli yemibutho yeWestphalia.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kolawulo-mthetho nolawulo-mpukane, phezu kwako nje ukujamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu. Asebenza njengoqhagamshelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente, elungiselela ukuthatha inxaxheba, emisela inkqubo, nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Impembelelo yamaqela asenza izigqibo, amandla amaqela, iinkqubo zolawulo-mthetho, kunye nokulawula imo yempawu elawulayo imo yemini-ya-mini. Ngexesha elinye, izisongelo-bomi zikawonke-wonke-wonke, i-"iizinto ezikhoyo zexesha elinye, ukuchasana, ukungakhathaleli, ukungakhathaleli, nokungaqiniseki kwangaphakathi kokuphendula. Ikamva lamatheko liza kulungiswa yimiqatha, ukutshintsha kwemibutho lemibutho, ukuhambelana kwemibutho, ukutshintshana, ukutshintsha kwemisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo. [F1] [F1], kunye neqela lamahlelo amaqela ahlukene ahlukene eenkqubo eenkqubo zolawulo-demokhtiki.[1] [F]]