Ukwazisa: Utshintsho lwamanani lolawulo-melo

Ii-ccut zezentlalo-ntle iye yatshintsha indlela abemi be-intanethi ababandakanyeka ngayo kwiinkcazelo zezobupolitika, abatsha abaza kufunda kunye. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, amaqonga anjenge Facebook, Twitter (ngoku engu-X), i-Instagram, i-YouTube, ne-Tik Tok baye bakhula besuka kumanxuwa e-web site yee-web site baye bawafaka kwiminkile yencoko yasesidlangalaleni. Namhlanje, amawaka ezigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke zixhomekeke kwimithombo yezentlalo-luni ukugqiba iindaba, ukuvakalisa iimbono zezobupolitika, kunye nezenzo zeqela. Oku kuveza iziphumo ezintsha zokuthatha inxaxheba ngexesha elinye ngoxa kusungulwa i-medipo yoluntu. Ukuqonda ukuchaphazamkelo lwentlalo-ndaba-ndaba kuyimfuneko kubenzi-matheki, abafundisa, abemi bakarhulumente, kunye nabantu abanqwenela ukuqinisa imikhosi yedemodemokhrasi.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-media yezentlalo nedemokhrasi aluchananga. Kwesinye isandla, eziqonga zisezantsi ezithintela ukungena kwintetho yezobupolitika, zibangela ukuba amazwi acuthekileyo afikelele abaphulaphuli bomhlaba wonke. Kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-manani, ukungakwazi ukulinganiswa, nokungaqondakali kokusebenzisa impumelelo, nokungagunyazi ukuyekelela kunokwenza ukuba abantu bathembeke kunyulo, ukuphehla ipetroli, ukusasaza ipetroli, kunye nokusasaza iimfundiso eziyingozi eziyingozi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa onke amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wolawulo-medipocralitive kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuzoba neziphumo zophando, kunye nohlalutyo. Ngokulinganisela iinzuzo nxamnye neengozi, sinokufumana iindlela zokusebenzisa iziphumo ezintle zoburhulumente zentlalo-ntle ngoxa libeka imiqondiso yayo kwimpilo yedemo-demokhrasi.

Amathuba Anikelwa Ngamaziko Entlalo Afuna Ukuzinikela Kwidemokhrasi

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana ngekhompyutha zivule amajelo amatsha okuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika awayengenakucingwa kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo. La mathuba awangokuba nje yingcamango nje kuphela ```aye aboniswa kwintshukumo ephumelelayo, umvoti othe wanda, kunye neencoko zikawonke-wonke ezahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, sihlola iindawo ezine ezingundoqo apho unxibelelwano lwezentlalo luqinisa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukufumaneka okuthe kratya: Imida yokukhupha ulwazi

Umgangatho wenkqubo yezosasazo zezentlalo-ntle wenza ukuba ungenele ulwazi lwezopolitiko ngokulwenza lufumaneke kuye nabani na one-intanethi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi ingeniso, imfundo, okanye indawo. Amajelo eendaba ngokuqhelekileyo “‘ amajelo amatsha, iindaba zikamabonwakude, unomathotholo, usoloko ufuna iindleko zomrhumo, iilayisensi, okanye abagcini-sango bomhleli abanomda abanokuvelisa baze baluchithe ulwaneliseko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ijelo-lwazi lwentlalo-ntle livumela abantu ukuba balandele abezobupolitika, intatheli, amaqela eentatheli, amaqela amaqela afunda ngee-akha-sangqa, kunye nabemi abasebenza kunye nabo ngokuthe ngqo. U. U-2022222 U.U.S. Ulutsha lufumana ubuncinane iindaba zalo maxandumlo lusuka kumaziko olwezo kwimithombo-ndaba, kwanawabantu abasemagqabini, kwanawasebandla aphezulu.

Oku kufumaneka kuye kwaguqula ngokukhethekileyo kwizicwangciso zolawulo olungqongqo okanye ezingoosomashishini abalawulayo borhulumente. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa ii-apps ezifihliweyo zothutho olufihlakeleyo kunye nolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu ukuba babelane ngolwazi oluza kuqwalaselwa. Umzekelo, ebudeni bovukelo lwaseHong Kong, i-Telegram kunye neTwitter zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokulungiselela nokusasaza ngexesha lokwenene. Noko ke, ufikelelo lodwa alwanele: ngaphandle kokufunda ulwazi olufihlakeleyo, ukuvula ulwazi olufanayo lungenza abantu bachayeke. Eli thuba lisekungeneni kunye nemfundo.

Unxibelelwano lwexesha lokwenene: Ukukhuthaza Intetho Enamandla Yezobupolitika

Ukwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo zentlalo-ntle kwenza abemi bakwazi ukusabela kwinkqubela-phambili yezobupolitika njengoko zenzeka. Ukuhlala uhlolo lwengxoxo, iintlanganiso zepalamente, okanye iziphumo zonyulo kuvumela uphando olukhawulezileyo noluyingxubusho. Le santya singakhulisa ukuphendula: abezobupolitika bayazi ukuba nayiphi na intetho ephosakeleyo okanye isenzo esithandabuzekayo singabanjwa, sabelwe, sahlulwe, kwaye sahlulwe ngemizuzu nje embalwa. Ngexesha le 2020 U.S. unyulo lomongameli, unyulo lwenyaniso lwexesha lokulondolo lweziphazamfashoni neFacebooka yanceda ukupheliswa kwemilo debking epheleleyo, nangona umgudu unokuba ungenayo ngokupheleleyo.

Unxibelelwano lokwenene lwexesha lukwanceda ukudibana ngqo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo kunye namaqumrhu. Iiholo zedolophana, ezazikhe zathintelwa yimeko-bume, ngoku zenzeka, zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba beve ngokusuka kwicandelo elibanzi elinqumla uwonke. Iplatforms ezifana neInstagram Live kunye neYouTube ephilayo isetyenziswa ziinkokeli zezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi ukuphendula imibuzo ngokuzenzekelayo, zidala ingqiqo yokukhanya. Noko ke, isantya sezentlalo-ndaba singayigqitha inkcaciso ebanzi, ikhokelela kwintshukumo ekhawulezayo kunye nentebo esasazekileyo kunezisombululo.

Iintsebenziswano Ezineentambo: Ilizwi labemi abavunyiweyo

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana zezentlalo-ntle zaziinjini zezenzo zobungcakacha zale mihla. Iinkampani ezisenokuba zahlala zikho kwindawo okanye zingaziwa zingafumana ingqalelo yesizwe nezizwe ngezizwe ngemingeni yentsholongwane, iividiyo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zilungelelaniswe kwi-intanethi. # BlackLives Matter[ umbutho, oqale ngo-2013 emva kokugwetywa kuka-George Zimrman, osetyenziswa ukudibanisa uxwebhu lwamapolisa ugonyamelo nokuquququzelela ukulwa kwe-qhalo ngaphaya kwe-United States kunye nangaphaya. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:]# [[FLT] uMeo[FLT] o [FLT:]] oxhotyiswe ngabasi bohlaselo lwezopolitiko, okhokelela ekuguquleni ngokwabelaneni kwezomthetho nempucuko kumazwe amaninzi.

Le ntshukumo ibonisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwezentlalo lungabhidliza ubundlobongela besithethe sempembelelo. Ummi omnye onebali elinyanzelisayo kunye ne-cell phone angabangela incoko evakalayo nezigidi. Ngaphezu koko, i-media yezonxibelelwano inciphisa ukuxhomekeka kubagcini-sango bezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zonxibelelwano, ivumela abaxhasi bolwakhiwo ukuba bamisele iingxubano ngqo. Noko ke, intsebenziswano zengca nazo zijongene nomngcipheko: ukubonakala kwazo kungatsala ukushukuma kweminxeba, kwaye ihlombelo ye-intanethi ayisoloko iguqulela ekubeni iqhubeke ingekho intanethi. Eli thuba liyinyaniso, kodwa kufuneka ukuba kubekho umanyano olulungeleyo ngaphandle nje kokuhamba kwemigca.

Ubandakanyeko lomkhosi: Ukuhlasela nokuthundeza iElectorate

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle adityanise izixhobo ezicetyiweyo ngokukhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukunyusa ubhaliso lwabavoti kunye nokujika. Umzekelo, iFacebook, iphumele "Fuma i Vote" izikhumbuzi, ngelixa i-Instagram kunye ne-Snapchat indulule iziqhoboshi zobhaliso kunye nezihluzi. Ngokutsho kovavanyo lwama-20202020 lwe-am kuphandi kwiYunivesithi yase California, i-San Diego, iBcebook yandisa izikhumbuzo zomvoti wabasebenzisi ngokumalunga nomlinganiselo we-0.3.3 amanqaku ancinci kodwa anentsingiselo anikwe umlinganiselo weqonga. Kukhetho lwama202020. US, phantse ukuba abantu abazizigidi eziyi 17 abasebenzisa umbhali kwivoti.

Ngapha kwezikhumbuzo, uthetho lwezentlalo luvumela ukuba kujoliswe kakhulu izibhengezo zezobupolitika. Inkampano ezisemngciphekweni onxulumene nento encinci ebhekiswe kwimibutho yamanani yabemi esekelwe kwimfuno, indawo, kunye nehambo edlulileyo. Oku kulunga kungenza ukuba abavoti bafikelele abangenamdla okanye abangenamdla ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, eIndiya, iBharatiya Janatata Partice isebenzise i-App kunye neFacebook ukufikelela abavoti-zi abasemaphandleni, nto leyo inegalelo kwiimpumelelo zabo ezinkulu zonyulo. Kodwa oku kungasetyenziswa ekucazululeni okanye ekuvoti, njengoko kubonwa kwihlazo lovoti yeCambridge Analytica. Ithuba lokuvota kufuneka livavanywe ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kwe-Rokice.

Iingozi ezinxulunyaniswa noondaba-ndaba beNtlalo kwiiNkqutyana zeDemocratic

Ngoxa amajelo eendaba enikela iingenelo ezicacileyo, icala lawo elibi libeka izisongelo ezinzulu kumaziko edemokhrasi. Ezi ngozi azikhange zibonwe ```zibonelelwe kunyulo ehlabathini lonke, ukusuka kukhuphiswano lomongameli wase-U.S. ukuya kunyulo lwase-Brazil lowama-2019 kunye nangaphaya kwalo. Ukuqonda ezi ngozi linyathelo lokuqala ekuphuhliseni imilinganiselo esebenzayo yokuzithelekelela.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokungaqiniseki: Ukutsho Bathembane

I-Mistinfo/Inkcazelo yobuxoki eyabelweneyo ngaphandle kwenjongo eyingozi", kwaye idiliza ulwazi olububuxoki ngokugqithisileyo . ingasasazeka njengomlilo wequmrhu lokusebenza. Uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka-2018 olusuka kwi MIT lufumanise ukuba amabali eendaba obuxoki kuhambo oluthe ngqo olukwi-Twitter kumgama ongaphezulu, okhawulezayo, nobanzi kakhulu kunamabali okwenyaniso, ngokwenxalenye kuba zintsha kwaye zichaphazelekile ngokweemvakalelo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVHOVAD-19, amaqhathanga nonyango olungeyo oluzinzileyo lwanda kwi-Facebook, Instagram, ne Whats App, zikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuphatha nokunyusa kwemingeni empilweni.

Kumongo wedemokhrasi, ii-Platforms zinokulwenza buthathaka ukholo kunyulo. Emva konyulo lwama-2020 e-U.S., izibhengezo ezingenasiseko zomvoti osasazekileyo osasazwa ngokubanzi kumajelo eendaba oluntu, ezifikelela kwisiphelo kuhlaselo lwe-U.S. Capitol. Platforms ezilwisana nokulungelelanisa ulwaneliseko, ezibanjwa phakathi kwemigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nemfuneko yokuthintela umonakalo. Imigudu yokuzikhusela, njenge-European Digitable Minity Services Act, enenjongo yokuba namaqongalathisi amele abekwe eendleko enkqubo e-nkqubo, kodwa ukuchasana kuselk'ukulwa kwemiqatha.

Ukwehla Kwemitha: Ukuqhekeza Indawo Eqhelekileyo

Utyekelo lwe-algorithm yenkqubo yezentlalo yonxibelelwano ukubonisa abasebenzisi be-algorithm abanokubandakanyeka nabo bangenza amagumbi eentloko-sandi kunye nee-aseafrom ezihluza izihluzi. Abasebenzisi bachanabeka kakhulu kwiimbono eziqinisa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo, ngoxa iimbono eziphikisanayo zihluzwa okanye zibekwe ngendlela engathandekiyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunokubonisa ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika, ukulalanisa nokuqondana okunzima ngakumbi. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lweZiko lophando lwasePew lufumanisemngciphekweni wokudibana noonontlalo-ntle enxulumene nembono yabo, kwaye lubonakalisa ubutshaba obukhulu nezinye iinjongo zabo.

Ucoselelo asiyonto nje ye-intanethi; luchitha ixesha kwintsebenziswano yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nolawulo. Kumazwe anjenge-United States, Brazil, kunye neIndiya, unxibelelwano lwezentlalo ludityaniswe kwintiyo ekhulayo kunye nokuncipha kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi efana nokwamkela iziphumo zonyulo. Abanye abaphandi baphikisa ngelithi ukudityaniswa kommandla womhlaba luphawu lokuyila, hayi isiphene: imithetho-algorithmes ezinika imvuzo nongquzulwano. Ii-Platformation ziqalisile ukunciphisa amanani okwandisa ukwahlukana kokuqulethwa yi-temvo, kodwa iziphumo zidityaniswa. Abahlali befuna ulwazi olwahlukileyo kwaye babandakanye kwintetho yemi ukuchasana kule ngxaki.

Ukusebenzisa Impembelelo: Imithetho Yokwenza Izixhobo

Abadlali bezobupolitika baye bafunda ukusebenzisa iprojekthi yezentlalo yoluntu ukuze balawule uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ngexesha lonyulo lwase-U.S. Ngonyaka ka-2016, amagosa aseRashiya asebenzisa iingxelo zenkohliso kuFacebook, kwiTwitter, nakwi-Instagram ukuhlwayela ukungavumelani kunye nokuphembelela abavoti. Badala izinto ezidibeneyo kwimibandela efana nohlanga, ukufuduka, kunye nokulawula imipu, ukwandisa ulwahluko. Ngokufanayo, kunyulo lwase-201919 lwe-Nigeria, ukulungelelanisa ukuziphatha okungachananga kwingxelo zobuxoki ezimalunga nabatshati. Le misebenzi idla ngokuba ziinkqubo zobushicilo, umntu oyinkohliso, kunye nezibhengezo zokubhengezo ezifuna ukufikelela usukelo lwazo.

Ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kweminye imimandla, abezobupolitika basekhaya nabo benza izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle. KwiPhilippines, ulawulo lukaRodrigo Duterte wasebenzisa uthungelwano lwezintlola kunye nabaphembeleli abahlawulwayo ukuze bahlasele abagxeki kwaye basasaza ingcamango echaphazelekayo. Ukungabikho kokubonakala ngokucacileyo kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika kunye nokungajoli manani okungathandekiyo kwenza kube nzima kubemi ukuvavanya ulwazi abalufumanayo. Amaqumrhu anjengeZizwe ezimanyeneyo aye abiza iqonga elikhulu, kuquka ukuvela kwemali esetyenziswa kunye nokuvavanywa kwemithetho-algoricki. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa kusoloko kusenza kube nzima ukuba abekho abantu abakwazi ukupheka kwemithetho ephezulu.

Izisongelo Zokunganqabiseki: Ukukhusela Ingqibelelo Yokoyisa

Amaqonga ee-intanethi ngamaxesha amaninzi amaxhoba okuhlaselwa kwe-intanethi okunokuchaphazela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ukupheliswa kwamaphulo ezobupolitika, amaphulo onyulo, ii-akhawunti zabachongi, okanye ii-database zobhaliso zingakhokelela ekuvuleni ulwazi lwabucala, usetyenziso logcino-lwazi, nokulahlekelwa kukuthembeka kwinkqubo. Ngonyaka ka-2016, i-imeyili ye-imeyili ye-Dmocratic National Committee Committee echaphazelekayo ekhutshweni lonxibelelwano oluneemvakalelo edlula kwii-WikiLeaks, epheaks. Ngo-202020, inani lee-ofisi zokhetho lwasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni zajongeneenkuphelo-yo zentlawulelo, nangona kungekho nanye i-votiloventi eyaphazamisayo.

Kwakhona i-intanethi yezonxibelelwano ikhusela ukhuseleko lwezisongelo zekhompyutha ngokukhawuleza ngokusasazeka kwezinto ezigotyiweyo. Nokuba uphatho lwakudala alunxulumene ngqo nezibonelelo zokuvota, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolwazi ezibiweyo kungaphembelela uluntu. Unyulo lwezikhuseli ezinamandla, iiplagi ezamkelekileyo, iinjongo zeziganeko, kunye nokusebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente ukukhusela ezi zisongelo. Kwakhona amajelo asebenza ngamandla, enza ukuba kuqinisekiswe iziphumo ezikhulu, nokungaqiniseki kokuvuza okuxhobisayo kunokukunceda. Ingqibelelo yovoteko ixhomekeke kwizinto zobugcisa zombini ezikhusela kunye neendawo zikawonke wonke ezichasa ulawulo.

Ukulungelelanisa Amathuba Nengozi: Indlela Engaphambili

Impembelelo yezentlalo ye-intanethi kwidemokhrasi ayimiselwanga kwangaphambili. Kwala maqonga abangela ukuba iingca eziphekweyo zikwazi ukwasasaza inkcazelo. Isikhokelo kukudala iinkqubo zokuyila nokuhlakulela imikhwa ekhulisa iinzuzo ngelinye ixesha inciphisa umonakalo. Oku kufuna ukuba abaxhasi bee-atkinoloji, oorhulumente, uluntu, nabantu ngabanye bathathe inyathelo elifanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo sokubuyisela ulawulo

Oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele bazama ukunciphisa iingozi zezentlalo-ntle. UMthetho weNkonzo ye-EU we-Digital [ ubeka iimbopheleleko kwiiqonga ezinkulu ukuvavanya nokuhlisa iingozi ezikhoyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, kuquka ukuphazamisa konyulo kunye nenkcazelo egqwethekileyo. Kwi-UK, i-ONNN ye-Safety Bill iyalela amaqonga okuqulungela okungekho mthethweni nokukhusela abantwana. Okwangoku, i-U.S. ibicotha ukuthatha inyathelo, ngecandelo elingaphezulu kwama- 230 loNkcukatho loMthetho woluthetho-mthetho wokucima utshintsho. Umthetho olungelelaniso kufuneka ugcine ukuthethwa ngesisa ngethuba lokwenza ulawulo lwe-algastic nogcino-data.

Imbopheleleko yeplatform

Iinkampani zobugcisa kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo okuphucula impilo yedemokhrasi yeqonga. Oku kuquka ukuphucula iindlela zobungcathu zolwakhiwo, ukwandisa ukubonakala okucacileyo kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika, ukuhlenga-hlengisa imigaqo-manani yokunciphisa ukwanda kwengingqi, kunye nokuveliswa kwemirhumo ye-algorith-type. Amanye amanyathelo, anjenge-Meta’s OverSight Board, anika umzekelo wokuzihlola ngokwawo izigqibo ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi iqonga elisoloko lingenisa inzuzo kuluntu, njengemivuzo yokuzibophelela ekufumaneni okugqithisileyo. Uxinzelelo lwabasebenzisi, abanindibaniselwa i-mali, nabalawuli abatsha bafanele batshintshe izinto eziphambili.

Ukubhala nakulwazi olukwindawo ebanzi

Ukunika abemi amandla okuhlola inkcazelo ye-intanethi ngokunzulu kuyinto ekwaziyo ukuzikhusela kwiingozi ze-intanethi. Iinkqubo zezobugcisa zokubhala kwizikolo nakuluntu zingafundisa abantu ukuqinisekisa imithombo, ukuchonga iindlela zokusebenzisa iziyobisi, nokucinga ngaphambi kokwabelana. Amazwe afana neFinland athe achitha imali eninzi kwizixhobo zobugcisa kwaye asoloko ekwizikhundla ezinamandla zokuphelisa ulwazi. Ukukhuthaza ukuphuma koondaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, nokuphepha okuthelekelelwayo kunakho ukwakha ubuchule obungakumbi bokukhetha ingeniso. Ithala leencwadi, iitalebhusayithi, iiprojekthi ezingazingeniso, kunye namacandelo eedipopayidi afundisayo anokusebenzisana ezi zinto.

Isiphelo: Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoluntu

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana ngentlalo azilungile okanye azilungile ngokwemvelo okanye azilungile kwidemokhrasi; sisixhobo esiphelisa utyekelo olukhoyo kwibutho labantu kunye namaziko. Amathuba esiwanikayo anyusa ufikelelo, ukuganana ngokwenene, ukurhoxa kotyani, ukurhoxa kotyaniswe ngengca, ukuqokelela kunye nokuvota (kuyinyaniso kwaye kuxabisekile. Kodwa iingozi `misformation, ukuqhatha, ukuphatha, kunye nezisongelo zekhompyutha ezikhoyo/ukungalinganiyo kwaye eziyingozi. Ikamva lolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwisizukulwana samanani liza kuxhomekeka kukhetho esilwenza njengeqela: indlela esilawula ngayo amaqonga, indlela esiyila ngayo iinkqubo zazo, nendlela esizisebenzisa ngayo kwaye sibela ngayo ulwazi.

Ukuze sikhusele idemokhrasi, kufuneka siluchase ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ulawulo lwezobugcisa kunye nethemba elingenangqiqo. Unxibelelwano lwentlalo aluzukuzenza luqinise idemokhrasi, kwaye aluyi kuyitshabalalisa ngokungenakuphepheka. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka sisebenzise indlela elungeleleneyo, esekelwe kubungqina evuma ukuba inokwenzeka kunye nengozi. Ukuveliswa kolwazi kwimithombo-ndaba, ukunyanzelisa iqonga, nokuxhasa ubujolisi bobujongo bobujoni bubalulekileyo. Ngokwenjenjalo, singenza ukulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wamathuba kwaye sidedemodemokhrasi, siqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lunokuba ngumoya ohlaziya idemokhrasi kunokuba luye.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] Iziko lophando loMmandla lophando lwe-Phondo elichaza ukusetyenziswa koosomashishini ngokwezentlalo , ufundo kukusasazwa kweendaba zobuxoki, kunye ne Commission yeze-Euron yeSebe lezezemali .