Idemokhrasi, kwiintlobo zayo ezininzi, ihlala iyinkqubo ephambili yolawulo lwehlabathi lonke, ukanti iindlela ezisetyenziswayo xa izigqibo zedemokhrasi zenziwa ngomahluko omkhulu. Imizekelo emibini eyahlukeneyo .(consenusus demokhrasi) kunye nedemokhrasi yolawulo-moya oluphambili(iiidemokhrasi).Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela ezithandwayo kwimigaqo kawonke wonke. Ukukhetha phakathi kwezi ziko le nkqubo kusebenza kungekuphela nje kwesantya kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yokwenza kodwa kwanempumelelo yayo, ukufaneleka kwayo, kunye nokuzinza kwayo ixesha elide. Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha zemodemodeli ezimbini, iimodeli, amandla, ubuthathaka, kunye nezicelo zehlabathi zokwenene ezisetyenziswayo ekwenzeni inkqubo. Ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo nganye esebenzayo, abenzi benkqubo, abaphengululi, kunye nabemi banokuyiqonda bhetele ngayo intengiso ezisemfazwe kwimibutho yedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo - melo Olumanyeneyo

Idemokhrasi ye-consenus yimodeli efuzisela ukulawulwa okubeka phambili isivumelwano esibanzi kunye nokufakwa kwezazi zezobupolitika kunye nezoluntu ngeenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Kunokuba kuxhomekeke kuninzi oluqhelekileyo ukugqiba iziphumo, le ndlela ifuna ukwakha imvume ekufuphi nomhlaba wonke, ngokufuthi ngentsebenziswano, kunye namalungiselelo alawulayo. Iziseko zentelekelelo zesivumelwano sedemokhrasi zicaciswe kakhulu yinzululwazi yezobupolitika eArendimphart, ekwaziyo ukuye yahlula nedemokhrasi enkulu kumsebenzi wayo onempembelelo enkulu [[FLT:]. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezilawula amandla olawulo-melo zixhaphane kakhulu ngokwezizwe, ngokwezolwimi, okanye ngonqulo, apho ulawulo lwezonqulo lodwa lunokukhokelela kwidemokhrasi eqeletini nakumaqela angophini angongophini angoothu.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zedemokhrasi

  • Amandla adibanisa iminqophiso: Oorhulumente basekwa ngamaqela amaninzi amele amaqela ahlukeneyo ebutho, kunokuba abe liqela elinye eliphumelele uninzi.
  • Ipropati yomelo olukhoyo lomelo (PR) iinkqubo zokhetho: Iinkqubo zomsebenzi ezifana noluhlu lweqela PR okanye uvotelo oludlulisiweyo olunye luqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwepalamente kuboniswa usasazo lwevoti, inika amaqela amancinane ilizwi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhabhathi ye-Multiparty: amandla oLawulo oluPhezulu asasazwa phakathi kwamaqabane ahlangeneyo, ngokufuthi ngezivumelwano ezisesikweni ezabela inkonzo kunye nemigaqo yecawa.
  • Ukwenziwa kwentengiso kunye nolawulo: iiyunithi ezisezantsi (amazwe, amaphondo, iicantons) zineenkululeko ezibalulekileyo, kwaye izigqibo zenkqubo zisoloko zenziwa kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente.
  • UbuBicameral kunye neevetoes ezincinane: amagumbi esibini angadlula ngaphezu kwemimandla emincinci, kwaye amaqela amancinane ngamanye amaxesha anegunya phezu kwemiba engundoqo efana nokutshintsha komgaqo-siseko okanye amalungelo olwimi.
  • uhlolo olulawulayo: iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko zisoloko zisalathisa umthetho wokukhusela amalungelo amancinane nokuqinisekisa ukunamathela kwimigaqo esisiseko.

Amandla Olawulo-melo Olumanyeneyo Ekwenzeni Komgaqo-nkqubo

Umzekelo wokuvumelana unika iingenelo ezininzi ezibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiingingqi ezintsonkothileyo, ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ivelisa iinkqubo ezisemthethweni: ngenxa yokuba iinguqu ezininzi zabagcini-matyala ziye zajongwa kwaye zavunyelwana nesiphumo, ukuzalisekisa kujongene nenkcaso encinci kwaye kuxhaswe kakhulu. Okwesibini, ukuvumelana kwedemokhrasi kunciphisa ubungozi bokuthamba kunye nogonyamelo lwezobupolitika ngokunika amaqela amancinane umthi kwinkqubo. Okwesithathu, imigaqo-nkqubo ithambeka ngakumbi (eyethutyana), ekubeni iziphumo zokulalana, azinanzekanga ziguquke kakhulu emva kokutshintsha korhulumente. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-demokhrasi esekelwe kwimithetho ephakamileyo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho evelisa inkxaso eninzi.

Ubuthathaka Bolawulo - melo Olumanyeneyo Ekumisweni Komgaqo - siseko

Ngaphandle kokungadibanisi kwayo, idemokhrasi evumelanayo inokuba noxanduva. Imfuneko yokuncokola phakathi kwabadlali abaninzi idla ngokukhokelela kwiqhina eliphambili, ingakumbi ngexesha leengxaki xa kusenziwa izigqibo ngokukhawuleza kuyimfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhutshwa kwamandla kungafihla ityala: abavoti bangakufumanisa kunzima ukufumanisa ukuba liliphi iqela okanye iqabane lombutho elijongeneyo elijongene nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo ethile. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuxhasa isimo esithile, njengoko naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lucace iingongoma ezininzi. Kumazwe anjenge Belgium, ukwenziwa kombutho oludelweyo olunexesha elide, ``inyanga okanye iminyaka edibeneyo' ithatha ulawulo lwabemi okanye i-athoblo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeDemocracy

Amazwe amaninzi abonisa ukuvumelana kwedemokhrasi, kuquka Switzerland, apho urhulumente wequmrhu esebenza khona ngamaqela asixhenxe ayintloko; iBeligium[, kunye nezivumelwano zayo ezintsonkothileyo phakathi kwemibutho yamaDatshi neyamaFrentshi; kunye iJamaniny[[FLT:], apho isakhiwo sombuso worhulumente kunye nenkundla yezomthetho elawula iinjongo ezinkulu. Namazwe anjenge-Norway kunye ne-Sweden adibanisa iziqalelo zohlobo lokudibana phakathi kohlobo, kunye nentlalo olubanzi. [FT][5][5] [F][5]

Ukuqonda Ulawulo - melo Lwezikhundla Ezikhulu

Idemokhrasi ye-Majortinari, eyaziwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi yaseWestminster emva kwemodemon yaseBritane, yakhiwe ngomgaqo wokuba izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu abaninzi zifanele ziphumelele. Kwesi sixokelelwano, iqela okanye umbutho ofumana izihlalo ezininzi kwipalamente ubumba urhulumente kwaye uyakwazi ukwenza ucwangciso lwawo ngokuqwalasela ulawulo lwawo oluncinane kumandla awo. Le modekhnthisi ivuzwana lokugqibelela, ubuchule, kunye nokuziphendulela ngokucacileyo iimbopheleleko zawo, kwaye ulawulo lweqela elilawulayo lungavuza okanye lohlwaya eBritane kunyulo olulandelayo. Iinkqubo zobubhishophu eziphambili ziqheleneyo kumazwe ahlala abantu abahlala kunye nabemi abahlukene abahlukeneyo okanye izithethe ezinde zokhuphiswano, njengoBuhlangane, i-New Zealand, i-New Zealand (de 1990), kunye namazwe amaninzi ama-British.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zolawulo-lawulo-lawulo lolawulo-moya lwamaNadita

  • urhulumente onecathulo elinye okanye umnqongo omncinane: elinye iqela lidla ngokufumana izihlalo ezaneleyo zokulawula yedwa, okanye umnqongo omncinane wenziwe neqabane eliphetheyo.
  • Ukuqala-phambili-umva we-post (FPP) inkqubo yonyulo: isithili esinye esinamalungu kunye novoto oluninzi sidla ngokuvelisa inkqubo yecandelo elibini kwaye sibandeza isabelo sesihlalo somphumeleleli.
  • Amandla aphezulu aqwalaselweyo: Ikhabhathi ikhutshwa phantse ngokupheleleyo kwiqela elilawulayo, yaye umphathi-mikhosi ulawula ngokubalulekileyo kucwangciso lwemithetho.
  • I-Unicameralism okanye ubukho be-bamral: amagumbi esibini, ukuba akhona, anamandla alinganiselweyo okuvala umthetho, kwaye umphathi usoloko elawula ixesha lepalamente.
  • Ulawulo olubekwe ngokwezentengiso: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanaziqu zincinci, kwaye inkqubo igqibekile kakhulu kumgangatho wesizwe.
  • Uhlolo lwetyala oludityanisiweyo: Iinkundla ezisoloko zibambe ipalamente kwimicimbi yezomthetho, ingakumbi apho kungekho mGaqo-siseko ogunyazisiweyo (njengakuManyano).

Amandla Olawulo-melo Lwezolawulo-moya Olukhulu

Imodeli engundoqo ingumzekelo ophezulu xa kukhawulezile, kuthe kwathatyathwa inyathelo elibalulekileyo. Ngamaxesha emfazwe, amanqam ezoqoqosho, okanye ungxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke, urhulumente omnye anganyanzelisa ngomthetho ngaphandle kokuthethana okude. Umzekelo, ukukhawuleza kwe-roodom yoMbuso we-United Kingdom ukukhupha amanyathelo okuzimela ngesantya esiphezulu ngexesha le-COVID-19 ikhuselwe ngurhulumente omnye onamandla. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphendula kucacile: abavoti bayazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngubani obeke ityala okanye umvuzo weziphumo zenkqubo. Oku kunakho ukomeleza i-demokhrasi ekwayo kwaye kukhuthaza amaqela ukuba anikezele kwizithembiso zephulo. Iinkqubo zoomatilo-omatili zikwane zidla ngokuvelisa inkqubo eqinileyo yokuba urhulumente omnye onamathelela inkqubo elungeleneyo kwimithetho equlukileyo kwisigaba sootimenti.

Ubuthathaka Bolawulo - melo Olukhulu Ekwenzeni Inkqubo

Icala elibi lokuzimisela kukuthoba ityala leqela elincinane kunye namazwi aphikisayo. Ngenxa yokuba iqela eliphumeleleyo lingazibetha ngoyaba iimfuno okanye amalungelo amaqela akhoyo abantu. Oku kungakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi soluntu, njengokuba kubonwa eNyakatho Ireland ngexesha lolawulo lwamaProtestanti-majorthist ngenkulungwane yama-20. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe nazo zithambeka ekufumaneni “iindawo ezithatha izithuba zonke” imigaqo eguqula umsebenzi karhulumente wangaphambili, ukuqhaqhaqhatha kunye ne-TPPPP. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo ye-FPTPPPothorateraldal isoloko ivelisa iziphumo ezingaphezulu kakhulu ngenkulungwane yama-20. Ipesenti zevoti ingaphumelela uninzi lwezihlalo-----instrust, kunokuba i-omatike ngolawulo lwenyani.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeDemokhrasi yeMajoni

Imizekelo edityanisiweyo iquka [[[FLT: 0] i-United Kingdom, apho iQela eliququzelelayo okanye elingumnqwazi lilawula khona kuphela; i-Canada, esebenzisa i-FLTP [iiiphelo loMkhosi], elivelisa uninzi lweLiteral okanye i-Conservative; [FLT:] [FLT:]] [[FLT: 4,]] iD [[FT:5], apho iBharatiya ininzi yeSivataya kwi Lob Sabbatata's.[9] umendo olukhawulezayo lwendlela yezoqoqosho, [FT][10] [FT]

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa kwinkqubo

Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwemodeli nganye, kufuneka siqwalasele ulawulo lwenkqubo, umongo wentlalo, kunye nemigaqo yempumelelo. Okona kubalulekileyo korhwebo-lungekhoyo kuphakathi [[FLT: 0]] kolwaphulelo nesantya. Idemokhrasi ye-consenus ithanda ukuvelisa iinkqubo ezamkelekileyo nezihlala zihleli, ngexa idemokhrasi engundoqo imisela iinkqubo-nkqubo ngokukhawuleza kodwa ingenaluxanduva. Ngaphantsi sithelekisa iimodeli ezimbini ngaphaya kwemiqatha eliqela lenkqubo.

Isantya Nokuzimisela

Idemokhrasi ye-jornariodec ifumana uncedo olucacileyo xa ixesha liyimo yemografi. Urhulumente omnye ongakhupha uqingqo-mali, angakhupha imeko yongxamiseko, okanye aphumeze utshintsho lwesakhiwo ngeveki. Kwinkqubo yokuvumelana, ingxubusho edibeneyo kunye nemfuneko yenkxaso enqamlezayo ingenza ulibaziseko lweenyanga. Umzekelo, ukwakhiwa kukarhulumente waseBelgium kwathatha imihla engama-494/20202020 yengxaki enzima ngexesha lobhubhani. Noko ke, isantya ngaphandle kokuthenga okubanzi singaba neziphumo: ukugqithisa imithetho emikhulu edluliselwe ngokukhawuleza okanye ivavanywe enkundleni, ekugqibeleni, kuthatha ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

Ulwalamano kunye nomelo

Idemokhrasi ye- Consensius ixhaphakile kakhulu kwinani eliphezulu lokungalawuleki. I-propotion iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela amancinane amele amaqela asezantsi `njengeqela elincinane lesizwe, amabhinqa, okanye amaziko eemeko- bume) ahlala etafileni. Oku kungakhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo engqinelanayo engakumbi, njengamalungelo olwimi oluncinane okanye amanani obufana namadoda ahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo ephambili, amaqela ajolise kwimimandla ethile yengingqi ethile angafumana umelo, kodwa asasazekileyo asoloko engahoywa. Isiphumo yimigaqo ebonisa iinjongo zovoti-mastator kwiqela elininzi, ejonge iimfuno zabanye abantu.

Ukuzinza nokuxelwa kwangaphambili

Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo zoorhulumente zingavelisa zombini uzinzo nokungazinzi. ESwitzerland, zinika oorhulumente abanobudlelane obuzinzileyo ngexesha elithile, kodwa inkqubo yokutshintsha emva kokwenza unyulo SEPHN(/onke urhulumente omtsha angawulungisa umsebenzi wakhe ongaphambili. Iinkqubo ze Consensius, ngokwahlukileyo, zikhuthaza ukuqhubekeka kolwamkelo oluye lwahlala luhleli kurhulumente. E-Switzerland, iinkqubo ezininzi zihlala zihambelana namashumi eminyaka kungakhathaliseki ukuba imibutho eguqukayo iyaguquka. Kwelinye icala, ulungiso lweenkqubo ezingundoqo zenkqubo ze-agcityhafizi zinokunganekwa, ukuba iimpazamo ziziva zikhutshiwe ngokusisigxina, njengokuba kwenzeka kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika emva kozimele.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Idemokhrasi ye-jonia elawulayo inikela imigca ecacileyo yokuziphendulela: abavoti bangamohlwaya iqela elilawulayo kunyulo olulandelayo. Kwinkqubo yokuvumelana, amaqabane asebenza kunye angagxekana, okwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba banike imbopheleleko. Noko ke, ukuphendula kwequmrhu kuxhomekeke kwixabiso: kuba iqela elilawulayo lilawula amaphepha, ngokufuthi akubikho ndawo ininzi yokuhlola nokuphikisana ngemithetho. Iinkqubo zeConsensus zinikela ii-as zophames ukuqwalasela (ikomiti ezingqukuva, amabhunga eengqungquthela, amabhunga eenkume, amabhunga eencwadi eencwadi karhulumente, amaphondo eencwadi e-ooma) anokunyusa ukubonakala kodwa zicothelela phantsi kwezigqibo.

Isisombululo Songquzulwano Nokumanyana kweNtlalo

Kumazwe ahluleke kakhulu, idemokhrasi evumelanayo ijongwa njengeyona iphakamileyo ekulawuleni ingxabano. Ngokunika onke amaqela abalulekileyo umnqamlezo wokulawula, inciphisa intshukumisa yogonyamelo okanye i-secession. I-Good Wearver Agreement yase-Ireland ekhuthaza amandla alwayo eyaphelisa amashumi eminyaka emfazwe yamahlelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ulawulo-demokhrasi lwamaphondo eFiji ngexesha lowebhuda e-1990adender ingxube-ia phakathi kweminye i-Fijian kunye ne-Fidofician, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubhukuqeni. Noko ke, ukuvumelana akuyokuko ukudibaniswa kwegunyaza: ukudibeka okungapheliyo kunokubangela unxunguphako, kwaye iinkqubo eziphambili kwintlalo-ntle ezinxulumene noluntu phakathi kwentlalo (g. Denmark)

Ukwenza Uhlolisiso Lomthetho

Impendulo yePandemic: Isantya somthetho

Isifo se-COVOID-19 savavanya zombini iinkqubo. Oorhulumente bamaMajorteria eUnited Kingdom, eMzantsi Korea, kunye ne-Israel bamisela ukuvalwa komsebenzi, ukuvalwa kohambo, kunye nemiyalelo yokugonya ngokukhawuleza. Ubuchule babo bokuthatha inyathelo eliqinisekiyo basindisa ubomi babantu ngexesha elifutshane. Noko ke, amanye amanyathelo ajongene neengxaki zomthetho-mthetho okanye ukunyanzelisa uluntu xa uhlolo lwenkqu lwabelo. Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olufana noMzantsi Afrika, uMzantsi Korea kunye ne-Israelraels (owenza inkqubo ye-quasi-sensius phantsi komthetho wonyulo-mthetho wolungiso-mthetho) wabona ukuphunyezwa okucothayo kodwa kulula ngenxa yokuba imigaqo ephuhliswayo imigaqo-mthetho yezoshishino ephambili iphuhliswayo kwimibutho yabasebenzi, amaqela ezamashishini, oorhulumente bamaphondo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Ugcino-maxesha amade

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo idla ngokufuna ukuzinikela okude kunye nesivumelwano sentlalo esibanzi .Indawo apho kuvuleka khona ulawulo-mpukane. Ukuguquka kwamandla aseSwitzerland, kuquka ukuphuma ngokuthe ngcembe komkhosi wenyukliya, kwafunyanwa kwiminyaka yengxoxo kunye nee-codenderums, okuphumela kwinkqubo eqinileyo eyasindayo kurhulumente. Iinkqubo zeMaritarian Capitarian zingayidlulisa imithetho efuna ingcelo, njenge-UK’s Climate Change Act (2008), kodwa umthetho onjalo unokuba buthathaka ukuphinda utshintshe ukuba iqela elilawulayo litshintsha. Umzekelo, inkqubo yekharbon i-parimenti yekharbon yatshiselwa ngurhulumente olandelayo, kwandukubuyiselwa ngomnye, kudala ukungaqiniseki ukuqinisekiswa kwabangenisi bemali.

Utshintsho Lwezoqoqosho: Urhwebo

Iinkqubo zolawulo-mthetho zibonakala zilunge ngakumbi xa kusenziwa utshintsho lwezoqoqosho olubuhlungu kodwa oluyimfuneko, umzekelo, ukusika inkxaso-mali, ukuphelisa iimarike, okanye ukunciphisa amatyala kawonke-wonke . ngenxa yokuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukuxhamla iindleko zezopolitiki aze anyanzele ngomthetho. I-Chile phantsi kolawulo lwePinochet (kungekhona idemokhrasi) ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo, kodwa amatyala olawulo-demokhrasi aquka amaza e-United Kingdom’s priquality ngaphantsi kukaMargaret Learch. I-Democracracy ifumana iinguqu ezinjalo ezinzima: imigudu yemali e-mali ehlayo iphinde ingaphumeleli ngenxa ye-drunethi. Noko ke, iinguqulo ezidlulayo kwinkqubo yokuvumelana kwe-Punivants . I-Netherlands idla ngokuxhaswa zixhaswa ngabasebenzi abaninzi.

Isiphelo

Akuvunywanga nakugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi okanye kwedemokhrasi enkulu ngokusesikweni; nganye inika iingenelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuphuma-phambili korhwebo oluxhomekeke kumongo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezisebenzayo ziphumelela kakhulu ekudibaniseni amalungu omgangatho olawulo-lwazi oluthe tyaba, azimeleyo, angaziguquguquki, kunye neemfazwe ezilwayo, ezenza ilungele imicimbi yoorhulumente abahlukeneyo, isantya solawulo-demokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yolawulo-melo inika isantya, ukuphendula, nokugqibelela, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwibutho labantu okanye ezijongelwa phambili ngexesha likarhulumente. Njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo-demokhrasi zisoloko zixuba ngokuqhelekileyo zidityanisa amalungu oonobumbanobumba, umzekelo, zisebenzisa umelo olulungele ukuchola umgangatho onamandla wolawulo lwemeko-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko solawulo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko solawulo-mthetho-siseko soluntu, imbali, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezimele zibonise ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemeko ezifanelekileyo.