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Ukuqonda iziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko: Isikhokelo esinetyala kuxwebhu oluphilayo lwaseMerika

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lumela enye yezona ndlela zinamandla zokutshintsha ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Olu tshintsho lusesikweni kumthetho omkhulu wesizwe luye lwayila ikhondo lembali, lwandisa amalungelo abantu, kwaye lwachaza kwakhona ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo. Ukuqonda indlela inguquko esebenza ngayo, isizathu sokuba ibaluleke, kwaye oko bakuthethayo kumntu wonke ofuna ukuqonda isiseko somGaqo-siseko.

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owabhaliswa ngo1787, waseka inkqubo karhulumente eye yanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kodwa abaseki abasunguli baqonda ukuba alukho uxwebhu, nokuba lubhalwe ngobuchule, olunokukhangela phambili naluphi ucelomngeni lwezizukulwana ezizayo. Bakhela kumGaqo-siseko inkqubo yamabom yokulungisa , kwaye bafaka utshintsho olukhawulezileyo oluqhutywa ziintshukumisa zokwexeshana, kodwa lunokubhetyebhetyebhetye-the ngokwaneleyo ukuze luvumele uxwebhu ukuba luguqulelwe kuhlanga olulawulayo.

Lo mkhokeli ubanzi uhlola eyona mibuzo iqhelekileyo malunga notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, unika iimpendulo ezicacileyo ngolwimi olufikelelekayo. Enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi, ummi oxhalabileyo, okanye ufuna ukwazi indlela umthetho osisiseko waseMelika onokutshintsha ngayo, eli nqaku liza kukunceda uqonde inkqubo yokulungisa, imbali, kunye nentsingiselo yayo eqhubekayo kubomi baseMelika.

Yintoni Uhlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko?

Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko kukuhlaziywa okanye ukongezwa okusemthethweni komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, onokudluliselwa ngoobhishophu abaqhelekileyo nonokutshintshwa lula, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lutshintsha umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, --uxwebhu olumisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente, luchaza amagunya esebe ngalinye, luze lukhusele amalungelo asisiseko.

Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ingawandisa okanye iwacacise amalungelo abantu ngabanye, iguqule isakhiwo okanye amandla amasebe karhulumente, ithethe ngemibandela enxulumene nonyulo kunye nolawulo, okanye iphendule kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo enqwenela ukubhukuqwa okanye ukulungiswa yimithetho-siseko.

UmGaqo-siseko ngokwawo mfutshane ngokuthelekisa nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe okanye amaxwebhu alawulayo ezinye iintlanga. Oku kufutshane kusenziwa ngenjongo `````Ivulel' imigaqo ebanzi kunelimimiselo enenkcukacha.' Izinyuso zivumela le migaqo ukuba icociswe, yandiswe, okanye ilungiswe ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukwenziwa kwakhona okupheleleyo koxwebhu lwesiseko.

Ekubeni umGaqo-siseko wavunywa ngo-1788, iinguquko ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela ziye zamkelwa. Ezokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeSisombululo samaLungelo, zavunywa ngo-1791 kwaye zithathwa ngabaphengululi abaninzi njengenxalenye yenkcitho yomgaqo-siseko wantlandlolo. Izivumelwano eziseleyo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe ziye zamkelwa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, zithetha ngeembambano ezisuka kubukhoboka nakumalungelo okuvota kulandelela umongameli kunye nomvuzo wobubhino.

Inkqubo yoHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko: Indlela Esenziwa Ngayo Iinguqulelo

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ichazwe kwiGatya V loxwebhu ngokwalo. Abalawuli benza le nkqubo ngabom ukuba icebise, ifuna iinqanaba eziphezulu kwimigangatho emininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukulungisa okubanzi kuphela, inkxaso egciniweyo kulo lonke uhlanga izakuphumelela.

Isicwangciso esiceliweyo: Iindlela ezimbini ezinokwenzeka

UmGaqo-siseko unika iindlela ezimbini zokulungisa, nangona kukanye kuphela okuye kwasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ekusebenziseni.

Iprojekthi equkunjelweyo: Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ifuna ivoti ezimbini-isithathu kwiNdlu yabameli nakwiNdlu yeNdlu yeQela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane abameli abangama-290 (ukusuka kuma- 435) kunye nama-67) kufuneka bavote ukuxhasa ukupheliswa okucetyiswa. Le mfuneko iphezulu ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuba ukubuyiselwa kwendlu ye-bipartarian kunye ne-ofisi yendlu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane abameli beqela bafumana inkxaso eninzi kwaye bamele ngaphezulu kunezinto ezikhethwa ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo ngalo naliphi na ixesha elinikiweyo.

Indibano yeKhomishini: Indlela yesibini, engazange isetyenziswe ngempumelelo, ivumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizii-350 (ngoku 34 kumazwe angama-50) ukuba zimeme indibano esemthethweni ukucebisa ukubuyiselwa kwentlanganiso. Eli lungiselelo laqukwa ukunika iindlela zokukhupha iKhomishini ukuba i-projekthi yesizwe ayizange ivume ukutshintsha komgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ixhalabisa ngobungakanani obunokwenzeka bendibano enjalo (*) inokuba yindibano ekhethekileyo okanye ibe "ukubhadula" ecebisa iinguqulelo ezithe zathi zithintelwe le ndlela yokuququlungela ukuba ingasebenzi ngempumelelo.

Ukhuseleko lolwakhiwo lwemitha: Iindlela ezimbini ezinokwenzeka

Kwakuba kucetyiwe ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho, kufuneka luvunywe ngaphambi kokuba lube yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Kwakhona, inqaku V linika iindlela ezimbini, kunye nokukhethwa kweNkqutyana ukuba yeyiphi indlela eza kusetyenziswa ekulungiseni isakhiwo ngasinye.

ISimo soMgaqo-siseko woKwahlula: Lendlela, esetyenziselwa zonke iinguquko ngaphandle kwenye, ifuna imvume ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu (ngokungu 38 kumashumi amahlanu). Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye ivota nokuba ingawulungisa na ulungiso oluceliweyo. Akukho mfuneko yokuba irhuluneli ityikitye ulwaniso, njengoko oku kuthathwa njengomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko karhulumente wesizwe kunokuba kuthathwe umthetho karhulumente oqhelekileyo.

Indibano yesizwe yoMbutho weNtlanganiso: Indlela efunekayo yokudityaniswa kweendibano kwiindibano ezintathu ezine zikarhulumente. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa kanye, kuMgqiqo-mva-Msungulo wamashumi amabini, oye waphendwa. IiKhomishoni zakhetha le ndlela kuba kwakukholelwa ukuba iindibano zesizwe, zinyulwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuqwalasela ukupheliswa, zinokubonakalisa ngcono uluvo olwaziwayo kunemithetho yolwambutho wesizwe, olunokuphenjelelwa kwinginya yempempe enamandla.

Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Nexesha Elifileyo

UmGaqo-siseko awuchazi mda wexesha lokwenziwa kwemingxuma. Noko ke, ukususela ngoMphetho-mva weshumi elinesibhozo (Isigwebo), iKhomishini iye yaquka ixesha elifanelekileyo leminyaka esixhenxe kumbhalo wokulungisa okucetyiswayo okanye kwisisombululo sokufaka. Ukuba inani elifunekayo lamazwe alikhuseli ngeli xesha, ukubuyiselwa akuphumelelanga.

Umbuzo wemida yexesha waphikisana neSindululo samaLungelo esiManyano, esathi sanconyelwa ngo-1972 ngeminyaka esixhenxe yokwenziwa kwemiqathango. Xa kwakubonakala ukuba kulungiswa kungaphumeleli ukwenziwa kwento ngexesha, iKhomishini yandisa ummiselo ukuya ku1982, nangona olu lwandiso lwaphakamisa imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. I-mente ekugqibeleni yawa phantsi kumazwe amathathu afunekayo, awafinyele kwawa kunyaka wama-38.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, oluthi lunyuke umrhumo wengqungquthela, lunikela ityala elikhethekileyo. Ekuqaleni ingcebiso ngo1789 njengenxalenye yepakethe eyaba yiBhili yamaLungelo, ayizange ivunywe ngamazwana aneleyo ngelo xesha. Kodwa ke, yayingenayo imiqathango yokulungisa irhafu, kunye nentshukumo yengca eqhutywayo kwiminyaka yee-1980 nasekuqaleni kowe-1990 yakhokelela ekukhulisweni kwayo ekugqibeleni ngo-192/16 [iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200] emva kokuba icetyisiwe.

IBhili yamaLungelo: IsiHlayiso sokuqala seMerika esilishumi

IBhili yamaLungelo iquka ezokuqala ezilishumi zokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, ezagunyaziswa kunye ngo-1791. Ezi zindululo zazingeyonxalenye yomGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo njengoko kwakubhaliselwe eFiladelfiya ngowe-1787. Ukungabikho kwabo kwaphantse kwathintelwa ukuhlawuliswa komGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, njengoko amazwe amaninzi namanani anempembelelo ayefuna ukhuseleko olucacileyo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ngexesha leengxoxo zokwahlula, amaqela athetha ukuba irejista yamalungelo ayiyomfuneko kuba umGaqo-siseko wawunika urhulumente worhulumente intelekiso, amagunya adwelisweyo. Abachasi-Fedalist baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo, la malungelo anokuphulwa. Ulalanisa okubangela ukuba ukwenziwa komqathango wamalungelo kube sisithembiso sokuba irejista yamalungelo iza kongezelelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko uqalile ukusebenza.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engakukholelwanga ukufunwa kwemali yamalungelo, wakhokela ekulungiseni izivumelwano. Wacebisa ukuba athathe ishumi elinesibini ikopi yeBhunga lokuqala; ishumi lanconywa ngamaphondo laza laba yiBhili yamaLungelo. Ezi zindululo zikhusela inkululeko engundoqo amaMelika ayithatha lula namhlanje:

  • IsiHlalisi soQonda soMgqibo: sikhusela inkululeko yonqulo, yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yendibano, nesicelo
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo
  • Uhlaziyo olupheleleyo: Izahlulo-ziqu zamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume
  • [[UMTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lukhusela ekuphengululweni okungaqikeleliyo nokuxhuzula
  • FINT [Ushenxiso lweNkcubeko lweFT: lumisela amalungelo enkqubo afunekayo, ukhuseleko ekuzichasa, kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi se-xx2: siqinisekisa amalungelo eejaji, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza kunye nesiluleko esisemthethweni
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-phantsi weshumi elinesixhenxe: Ibonelela ngeemvavanyo zabachopheli-tyala kwiimeko zamakhaya
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mbindi: Izakhono zebheyile ezigqithisileyo nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga
  • UHlaziyo lweNtsimbi: Ii-States ezithi amalungelo angabalwanga kumGaqo-siseko agcinwe ngabantu
  • UHlaziyo lweThala leeNcwadi: Amagunya anganikwanga kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu

IBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi koorhulumente bakarhulumente. Noko ke, emva kokumkelwa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngo-1868, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yasebenzisa uninzi lweziKhuselo zaMalungelo kumazwe ngokwenza inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "luHlahlulo-mali" okuthetha ukuba namhlanje oorhulumente nabo babotshelelwe ngoninzi lwaloo miqathango yezomgaqo-siseko esebenza kurhulumente wesizwe.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zohlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko

Izilungisi ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kumGaqo-siseko zingabekwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ezibanzi ngokusekelwe kwinjongo yazo ezingundoqo nakwisiphumo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda ekukhanyiseni imixholo engundoqo kuphuhliso lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Izilungiso eziliqela zinyuse ilungelo lokuvota, ziguqula iMelika kwiriphabliki apho ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe kwidemokhrasi ebanzi yabamhlophe.

IsiHlanzi soMphetho-mda se-Fiffenth (1870) salela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka. Ngelixesha lenguquko yamkelwa ngexesha lokulungisa kwakhona emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, isithembiso sayo sasingafezeki ngokupheleleyo phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yoqheliselo lokukhuphela ulwazi olufana novavanyo lokubhalisa, irhafu, kunye nogonyamelo ngokuchasene noBlackvota.

IsiHlanzi seNyakatho ye- (20]) salela ukukhanyela ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo, ukuphumela emashumini eminyaka ezenzo zobugqwesi bombutho wamabhinqa. Oku kulungisa kwaphinda-phinda unyuso olunokwenzeka kwaye kwamela ukutshintsha okungundoqo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.

IsiHlaziyo esiThathu-----Ayipheliyo (1961) sanika abemi beSithili saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli, nangona bengekawufumani umelo olupheleleyo.

[[NKQUBO:0] UHlaziyo lweNkcubeko olungamashumi amabini-ne (1964) lwalela irhafu yokuvota kunyulo lwamazwe, ukususa umqobo wezoqoqosho oye wasetyenziselwa ukukhusela abemi abangamahlwempu, ingakumbi ama-Afrika ase-South, ekuvoteni.

IsiHlalisi-solwe-Sixtith (1971] sihlisa iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya ku-18, ubukhulu becala siphendula iimpikiswano zokuba ukuba abantu abaselula babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangabizelwa eVietnam, babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangavota.

Ukulungisa Ubukhoboka Nemiphumo Yabo

Izilungiso ezintathu, ezaziwa ngokuba ziZiko lokuHlayishwa kwakhona, ngokusisiseko zawuguqula umGaqo-siseko emva kweMfazwe Yamakhaya.

UHlaziyo lweThirete (1865) lwaphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kupheliswa kwaphelisa eyona mpazamo inzulu yokuziphatha komGaqo-siseko kwaye kwaphelisa isiko elalikho kuMntla Merika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

[[NKT:0] UHlaziyo lweNtlanganiso yeMimiselo yeMiqathango yeNkundla (1868) luyenye yezona zindululo zibalulekileyo nezifikelelekayo. Yaseka ubumi bobuzibulo, yaqinisekisa ubumi obulinganayo, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye yafuna amazwe ukuhlonela inkqubo efunekayo. Le njongo iye yaba sisiseko sezigqibo zeNkundla eziPhakamileyo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

[[NKQUBO:0] I-Fiffenth Amendment (1870), njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, yalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, nangona isithembiso salo sasingenakufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo de kuqukunjelwe amalungelo abantu kwii1960.

Ukulungisa Izakhiwo Nezenzo Zorhulumente

Utshintsho oluninzi luye lwaguqula indlela urhulumente welifa lesizwe asebenza ngayo okanye indlela abakhethwa ngayo amagosa.

UHluliso lweNkqutyana [1804] lwaguqula inkqubo yeElectoral College yokunyulela umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli, ifuna iibhola zokwahlukana kwiofisi nganye. Olu tshintsho lwabangelwa lunyulo olunesiphithiphithingo lwango1800, olwatyhila iimpazamo kwinkqubo yokuqala.

Ukuhlaziywa kweMpanzi-mda (1913) yamisa unyulo oluthe ngqo lwabaphathi-mikhosi ngevoti ethandwayo, ithabathel' indawo inkqubo yokuqala apho iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zikhetha abaququzeleli. Oku kupheliswa kwaba yinxalenye yokunyanzeliswa kweXesha leNkqubela-phambili kulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluthe kratya.

I-Twentieth Amendment (1933) yatshintsha imihla yokuqalisa kwemithetho yengqungquthela kunye neyomongameli, isusa ixesha elide "elimnyama" phakathi konyulo nonikezelo olwalukho phantsi komGaqo-siseko wokuqala.

Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini--Ulwenzeko (1951) olusikelwe oomongameli kumagama amabini aseofisini, bemisela isithethe esasungulwa nguGeorge Washington kwaye sophulwa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt.

Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini-F5th IsiHlaziyo (1967) olucacisa ukulandelelana komongameli kunye neenkqubo ezimiselweyo zokuqhubana nokukhubazeka komongameli, ukuthetha ngeengxaki ezibangele iingxaki kubaphathi bangaphambili.

I IsiHlanzi-sonyaka esingamashumi amabini (1992) sithintela umrhumo wombutho wokuhlanganisa unyuke ungabikho kumsebenzi de kube emva konyulo olulandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eBhunga akanakuvota ukunyuka kwemali ngokukhawuleza.

Amandla Omanyano Anyukayo

ISANTENTSMENT [ [1913] ivumela iKhomyutha egunyazisa irhafu yengeniso ngaphandle kokwabela yona phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Le nguqu yasiguqula isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yanika urhulumente ingeniso ethembekileyo eyabangela ulwandiso lweenkqubo zikarhulumente kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Ukusingatha Iingxaki Zentlalo

[[FLT: 0] UHlaliso lweNguqu-guquko lweNtlalo-ntle (1919) lwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nezithuthi zeziselo ezinxilisayo, ukungenisa kwixesha lobuNtobongela. Oku kusekuphela kwenguquko eyamkelwayo ekuthinteleni ukuziphatha kobuqu kunokuba kwandise amalungelo okanye utshintsho lwesakhiwo sikarhulumente.

[[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini-Okuqala [1933] lwaphinda lwabuyiselwa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesibhozo, lokuphelisa iGama. Lo ngumzekelo wolungiso olupheleleyo, olubonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungazilungisa iimpazamo zawo.

Ngaba Izicombululo ZomGaqo-siseko Zinokuhlaziywa Okanye Zitshintshwe?

Ewe, ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lungabuyiselwa okanye lulungiswe, nangona oku kwenzeke kanye kwimbali yaseMelika. Uhlaziyo lwama-20 lokuqala, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1933, lwaphinda lwayiphinda ngokucacileyo iSigqibo seshumi elinesibhozo, esasiseke iProjiko. Oku kuqulunqwa kwabonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awuthath'a ndawo.

Ukulungisa okanye ukulungisa okukhoyo, utshintsho olutsha kufuneka lucetyiswe luze luqinisekiswe ukulandela inkqubo efanayo esetyenziselwa nakuphi na ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Utshintsho olutsha kufuneka luchaze ngokucacileyo ukuba luyaphinda okanye lufake utshintsho lwangaphambili. Le nkqubo inzima kanye njengokufumana ulungiso kwindawo yokuqala, ifuna iinkcubeko ezinkulu kwiBhungazelo kunye nokwenziwa kwemiqathango emithathu yesine yamazwe.

Ubunzima bale nkqubo buthetha ukuba inguquko ayisoloko itshintshwa. Endaweni yoko, ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko kuvela kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ezinokulungisa ngokunempumelelo indlela eziqondwa ngayo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngayo ngokusesikweni kwaye zingatshintshwa ngokusesikweni. Umzekelo, intsingiselo "yokulungisa kunye nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-jiko-siseko weNkundla ePhakamileyo uye waguquka ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngesigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuba intsingiselo yentele yokulungisa mayitolikwe ngokwemigangatho elungeleleneyo yesidima."

Abanye abaphengululi nabaxhasi baye bacela ukubuyiselwa okanye ukuguqula iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiminyaka edluleyo. Iinkqubo ziye zaquka ukuhlaziywa koMphetho wesiBini, ukutshintshwa kwenkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral eyamiselwa yiTwelfth Amendment, okanye ukuphinda kuhlaziywe kweSindululo seSinethi sokuHlaziywa kweNkcubeko ukuze kupheliswe irhafu yengeniso. Noko ke, akukho nanye kule migudu efikeleleke kufuphi ekufikeleleni impumelelo efunekayo.

Kutheni Kunzima Kangaka Ukuhlaziywa Komgaqo - siseko?

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko benza inkqubo yokulungisa ngabom yaba lucelomngeni. Babefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osisiseko awuzukulawulwa ngokungxama ziinguqulelo eziqhutywa ziintshukumisa zokwexeshana okanye izinto ezinkulu ezimxinwa. Kwangaxeshanye, baqonda ukuba ubuchule obuthile bokuguqula buyimfuneko ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko ekubeni uphelelwe lixesha okanye ulungise iimpazamo.

Imfuno ze-majornal kwizicelo zombini kunye namaqondo olwakhiwo kuthetha ukuba ulungiso olunempumelelo kufuneka lube nobubanzi, inkxaso eqinileyo enqamleza imimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye neembono zezobupolitika. Ivoti ezimbini kwiBhunga ifuna intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan, ngelixesha i-radiation ngentsebenziswano yesithathu sesine seendawo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukulungisa kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe kunokuba kubonakalise ukhetho lwamazwe ambalwa athe kratya okanye ummandla omnye.

Le ngxaki inazo zombini iinzuzo kunye nezingemi kakuhle. Kwicala elilungileyo, ikhuthaza uzinzo kwaye ithintela umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungiswe ukuze kungenelwe abalawuli okanye uphendule kwiimeko ezinzima zokwexeshana. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko esizinzileyo amaMelika anokuxhomekeka kuso, esazi ukuba imithetho engundoqo ayinakutshintsha ngotshintsho ngalunye kumoya wezobupolitika.

Kwicala elingalunganga, ubunzima bokulungisa bungenza ukuba umGaqo-siseko ucothe ukusabela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo okanye ekulungiseni iingxaki. Iingxoxo ezinokuxoxwa ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kwamanye amazwe kufuneka zisombululwe eUnited States ngokutolika komthetho, umthetho, okanye utshintsho olungacwangciswanga. Oku kuye kwakhokelela abanye abaphengululi ukuba baphikisane nokuba inkqubo yokuzinzisa inzima kakhulu kwaye umGaqo-siseko kufuneka kube lula ukuguqula.

Amanani abonisa indlela enzima ngayo le nkqubo. Ukususela ngowe-1789, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba kulungiswe iprojekthi, kodwa ngu-33 kuphela oye wafumana ivoti efunekayo ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini izindlu. Kuzo 33, 27 kuphela, umlinganiselo wempumelelo ongaphantsi kwe-0.25 ekhulwini kuzo zonke ezicetyiweyo.

Uhlaziyo Olungaphumelelanga: Izahlulelo Ezingakhange Ziyenze

Ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi iinguqulelo eziye zasilela kungaba luncedo njengokufunda ezo zaphumelela. Izilungiso eziliqela ezicetyisiweyo ziye zasondela ekudityanisweni okanye zabangela ingxubusho ebalulekileyo kawonke-wonke.

UMthetho Othe Tye

I-Aumelt Rights Amendment (ERA), eyayiya kulwalela ngokungqalileyo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini, yacetyiswa yiKhomishini yowe-1972 yaza yakhawuleza yagunyaziswa ngamaphondo angama-35. Noko ke, yawanqanda amaphondo amathathu angama-38 afunekayo ukuze akhuliswe, nangona ulwandiso lwemiqathango yokubekwa kwemiqathango ukususela ngowe-1979 ukuya kowe-1982. I-ERA ihlala ingumbandela wengxoxo, kunye nabanye abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yephondo lakutshanje kufuneka kufikeleleke, nangona le meko ijongene nemiqobo engoko esemthethweni.

IsiHlomelo Sokusebenza Kwabantwana

Le migaqo yamiselwa ngo-1924, ukuba le migaqo-nkqubo iphenjelelwe ukuba inike iNkundla amandla okulawula ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana. Yacetyiswa ukuphendula kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziwisa imithetho yempatho yabantwana. Kodwa ke, yavunywa ngamaphondo angama-28 kuphela, ithoba inani elifunekayo. Le mbambano ekugqibeleni yathethwa nge-Fair Labor Standard Act ka-1938, eyathi iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ukuchazwa okubanzi kwamandla engqungquthela.

ISithili saseColumbia Esinikela Inkxaso KuMthetho Wamalungelo

Ngonyaka ka-1978, le ntshukumo izakunika iSithili saseColumbia umelo olupheleleyo kwiBhunga, siyiphatha ngokungathi yimeko yokumelwa. Ngamazwe ali-16 kuphela agunyazisa phambi kokuba iminyaka esixhenxe iphele ngonyaka ka-1961, kufutshane kakhulu kweyama-38 efunekayo.

Uhlaziyo Lohlaziyo Loqingqo - mali Olulungeleleneyo

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolungiso olufuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo lwezwe lwacetyiswa amaxesha amaninzi, ingakumbi ukususela ngo1980. Ngelixesha ezi zindululo zisondele kufutshane neKhomishini edlulayo, akukho nanye ephumele kwimfuneko yamawaka amabini anesithathu kwizindlu zombini.

Ukupheliswa Kwefulege

Emva kwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezikhusela ukutshiswa kweflegi njengentetho efuziselayo phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko, iKhomishini iye yaqwalasela utshintsho oluphindaphindiweyo ukuze ivumele ukuthotywa kweflegi. Ezi zindululo zisondele ekudluleni, enye inguqulelo ingaphumeleli kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ngo- 2006, kodwa akukho nanye eye yafikelela efunekayo ekuthini kungahlawuli.

Ukuhlaziywa KwemiHlonzo Kuwachaphazela Njani AmaMerika Yonke imihla?

Utshintsho loMgaqo-siseko lunempembelelo enkulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMerika, kwanaxa loo miphumo ingacacanga ngoko nangoko. Amalungelo nokhuseleko oluveliswe kukulungisa lubumba yonke into ngoko sinokukuthetha nokupapasha ngendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nomthetho, ukusuka ekubeni ngubani onokuvota indlela akhethwa ngayo amagosa ethu anyuliweyo.

IsiHlanzi soMphetho-mda sokuqala sikhusela inkululeko yokuqhelisela unqulo, yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, yokupapasha iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ukuhlanganisana ekuvuleni, nokucela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe. Le nkululeko yenza ukuba iingcamango ezibalaseleyo zibonise ulawulo-mpumezo lwaseMelika. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lokuqala loMphengululo, i-Internet njengoko sisazi ukuba ayinakubakho, ubujenga bobuzwisimkeli bobuzwilamli be-jengxe-mvume bunganyanzeleka kakhulu, kwaye ingxwano ekuba noxolo lunganyanzeleka ukuba lucinenolawulo lukarhulumente.

IsiHlanzi soMphetho-moya sikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, kufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana imvume esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo phambi kokukhangela amakhaya okanye ukuthatha izinto. Oku kuthintela yonke into ukusuka ekumesweni kwezithuthi ukuya ekuzinzeni kwamanani, kwaye iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zixhathisa indlela ukhuseleko loMphetho-jikelezo lwesine olusebenza ngayo kubugcisa obutsha obufana necell phone, iGPS, umzila we-msting, kunye nothungelwano lwe-Inter.

[[NTL:0] Fati kunye neSithandathu soHlaziyo lumisela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala ethulile, ilungelo kwigqwetha, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokukhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Olu khuselo, oluqhelekileyo kuye nabani na obukele inkqubo yamapolisa kumabonwakude, luqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni yolwaphulo-mthetho isebenza kakuhle kwaye urhulumente makangqine ukuba umele abonise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo.

[[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sokuzinziswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo sisekelwe kwizigqibo eziphawulayo zokungavumelani kohlanga, ukukhusela amalungelo amabhinqa, kunye nokwandisa amalungelo kuLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Oku kunyuswa kuchazwe njenge "umgaqo-siseko wesibini," ngokusisiseko ukubuyisela ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu kunye norhulumente.

Ukuncitshiswa kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwaguqula ulawulo-bulungqwla lwamaMerika ngokuya kwanda idemokhrasi. Namhlanje, nawuphi na ummi oneminyaka eli-18 okanye ngaphezulu unokuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, isini, okanye ubuchule bokuhlawula irhafu yokuvota, yaye ingaqinisekiswanga kwimbali enkulu yamaMerika.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ekutolikeni IziHlawulo

Ngeli xesha izilungiso zitshintsha umbhalo womGaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba zithetha ntoni ezo zigqibo ekusebenzeni. Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko asiyonkqubo yobuchule yokusebenzisa imithetho ecacileyo kwiimeko ezithile. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka abagwebi babambe imigaqo ebanzi, umongo wembali, kunye neemeko zentlalo ezigqwethayo.

Abagwebi abahlukeneyo nabaphengululi bomthetho bamkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. i-Orialists iphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ufanele utolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, `anto leyo ithethwa ngamagama abo bayigunyazisayo. abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ivela ngexesha elingaphaya kwexesha kwaye ukutolika kufuneka kubonise amaxabiso neemeko zalexeshana.

Ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo ngokuphawulekayo. Umzekelo, abaququzeleli benkqubo banokuthi umthetho wesiHlazo seNguqulo sesibhozo kufuneka utolikwe ngokokohlwaywa okungaqhelekanga.

Ukuchazwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwezilungiso kusenokuba neziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu njengokulungisa ngokwako. Ukutolikwa kweNkundla koMgangatho we-14 wokuKhuselwa koMlinganiselo ka-Claus wakhokelela ekupheleni kokwahlulelwa ngokwasemthethweni Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[. Ukutolikwa kwayo kweSinyuso sokuqala kukhusele ukuthetha okudityanisiweyo, ukusuka ekutshisweni kweflegi ukuya kwimidlalo yevidiyo enogonyamelo.

Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela iiNkqutyana namazwana ezingavumelaniyo nazo, isicombululo esisemthethweni kukuphelisa isigqibo somGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima benkqubo yokulungisa, oku akufane kwenzeke. Okuthe kratya, iNkundla ngokwayo iyaphinda iphinde ivakalise iinkcazelo zayo zangaphambili, okanye amasebe ezobupolitika afumana iindlela zokusebenza kwizigqibo zogwebo.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente ayivumelani. IziHlaziso zoMgangatho

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa ekulungisweni komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, kwaye le mithetho-siseko yorhulumente iqhele ukuba lula kakhulu ukutshintsha kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Imimiselo yezorhulumente ikwanobundlobongela obude kakhulu kwaye bunenkcukacha ezingakumbi, ithetha ngemicimbi eshiyeka ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe kumthetho okanye kumthetho oqhelekileyo.

Izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe zisoloko zicetyiswa kwaye zivunywa ngeendlela zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo njengeenyathelo zombutho, zivumela abemi ukuba bagqithe ngokupheleleyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Oku kwenza ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uthabathe intsabelo engakumbi ekutshintsheni uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa kwanombandela ongakumbi wokulungiselwa iinjongo ezimxinwa okanye ezokwexeshana.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kufuneka uvumelane nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.-_________anokunikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kodwa lungakwazi ukunikela ukhuseleko oluncinane kunemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko karhulumente kucwangcise umgangatho, hayi isilingi, ukwenzela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ungalikhuseli ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuzifunela, imiqathango emininzi yemithetho-siseko yesizwe yenza njalo.

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho-siseko worhulumente noworhulumente luntsonkothile yaye luye lwaba ngumthombo weengxaki kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesithoba kumazwe awawuphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe, kodwa iSupremacy Claus yenza umthetho wesizwe ube ngowona uphakamileyo xa kukho ingxabano. Ukuhlaziywa okufana nokuLandlwa kweMinyaka Elishumi elinesine kuye kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla karhulumente ngendleko ye-i-IMPIFracy, ingakumbi kummandla wamalungelo abantu.

Impikiswano Elandelayo Mayela NeziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Izilungiso eziliqela ezicetyiweyo zomGaqo-siseko ziyaqhubeka zibangela impikiswano kwiipolitiki zanamhlanje zaseMerika. Ukuqonda ezi zicelo kunye neempikiswano ezikhoyo kunye nezichasene nazo kunika ukuqonda kwiingxaki eziqhubekayo kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika.

IElectoral College Reformation okanye Ukukhuselwa

Inkqubo ye-Electoral College yonyulo lweenkokeli incitshiswe kakhulu, ingakumbi emva konyulo apho umnqolobi we-Electoral College waphulukana novoti ethandwayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inika amandla alinganayo okujika i-Electoral College ngokupheleleyo ukuze ikhethele indlela ekwabelwa ngayo amavoti akhethiweyo. Abaxhasi benkqubo yangoku baphikisa ukuba ikhusela iminqweno yamazwe amancinci kwaye ifuna abathathi nxaxheba ukwakha iminqongo engqutheleneyo. Abagxeki bathi inika amandla aphezulu ukujinga-jinga, kwaye banokuvelisa iziphumo eziphikisana nokuthanda koninzi.

Iphulo Lokuzitshintshwa Kwemali

Emva kwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge ICIIisens United v. FEC, eyaphelisa imiqathango yezemali ethile njengezophulelo zentetho ekhululekileyo, abanye abaxhasi baye bacela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze bavumele ulawulo oluphezulu lwemali kwezobupolitika. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa okungenamiqathango ngabantu abazizityebi kunye namaziko orhwebo bonakalisa ulawulo-demokhrasi. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukuchitha imali ukukhuthaza iimbono zezobupolitika kuluhlobo lokuthetha okukhuselweyo kwaye imiqathango iya kungquzula uLawulo Lokuqala.

Imida Yemithetho Yongqungquthela

Izicelo zokubeka imida emiselwe amagama kumalungu eBhunga bezixhaphakile kuwonke-wonke kodwa azizange zihambele phambili kwiBhunga ngokwalo, apho amalungu angoongangamsha kumele avote ukuze abeke umda kwimisebenzi yawo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi imida yegama iya kunciphisa impembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kwaye izise iimbono ezintsha kurhulumente. Abahlalutyi bathi imida yamagama iya kwandisa amandla abasebenzi abangagwebiyo nabaxhasi abanikela ulwazi olusemthethweni, kwaye unyulo sele lunika inkqubo yokususa imigaqo engasebenziyo.

Imfuneko Yoqingqo-mali Elungeleleneyo

Izindululo zokufuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo lukarhulumente ziye zaphikiswana kangangamashumi eminyaka. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi utshintsho olunjalo lunganyanzela ingqeqesho yemali luze luthintele ukunyuka kwamatyala okungalawulekiyo. Abahlalutyi balumkisa ukuba lungathintela ukusetyenziswa kwemali efunekayo ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho kwaye kusenokuba nzima ukunyanzelisa, ingakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni kungunobangela "olungelelene" nendlela yokusingatha izinto ezingxamisekileyo.

Ukuba ngummi Nokuzalwa

ISinyusi seshumi elinesine siyavuma ukuba nabani na ozalelwe eUnited States ngummi. Bambi baye bacebisa ukuba eli lungiselelo lingakhutshwanga ngabantwana abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga okanye abatyeleli bokwexeshana. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kuya kunciphisa intshukumisa yokufuduka okungekho mthethweni. Abahlalutyi bathi ubuzibulo bungumgaqo osisiseko waseMerika yaye ukubutshintsha bekuya kwenza ukuba buhlale buhleli phantsi kwabantu abangenarhulumente.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuhambisana Ngayo Nomgaqo Wokuhlaziywa

Ngoxa inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna ukuba kwenziwe yiNgqungquthela kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, abemi abaqhelekileyo banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinguqulelo ezicetyiweyo nokuba bayaphumelela kusini na. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa le nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko.

Abameli abanyuliweyo: Amalungu eBhunga kunye nabamisi-mthetho borhulumente baphendula kwimibandela edibeneyo. Amaphulo alungelelanisiweyo oonobumba, ii-imeyili, kunye nemfonomfono anokuphembelela enoba abalawuli bomthetho-mthetho baxhasa inkxaso ecetyiweyo. Amagosa acetyiswayo asengozini yokuxhasa ukulungisa xa ekholelwa ukukhathalela kwawo okunxulumene nomba.

Iqumrhu lobugcisa: Amaqela afana ne-American Civil Liberties Union, iBrennan Center yeJaji, kunye neentlangano ezahlukeneyo ezizizo eziqulunqa iimbambano zisebenza ukukhuthaza okanye ukuchasa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko. Le mibutho yenza uphando, abalawuli bemithetho-mthetho, kunye nokukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Icandelo kwimfundo kawonke-wonke: Abaninzi abacetyisiweyo balungisa iziphumo abangaphumeleli ngenxa yenkcaso elungelelanisiweyo kodwa ngenxa yokungakhathali kukawonke-wonke okanye ukungaqondani. Abami banokunceda ngokuzifundisa bona ngokwabo nangemiba yomgaqo-siseko, ngokubhalela amaphephandaba, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kuluntu, nangokusebenzisa amajelo okugcina ulwazi oluntu ukukhuthaza ingxubusho enolwazi.

I- I-Vote: Ngelixesha abemi bengavoti ngqo kwizilungiso zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, banyula abameli abacebisa nabafaka imvume. Ukuxhasa abo banembono enye kwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko kuluhlobo olubalulekileyo lokuganana.

Icala elikwimigudu yomgangatho karhulumente: Ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini-ntathu zikarhulumente zibiza indibano yomgaqo-siseko, enye kufuneka ibanjelwe. Ngexa oku kungakhange kwenzeke ngempumelelo, imigudu emininzi ecwangcisiweyo iye yazama ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukucebisa ulungiso. Abami banokubandakanyeka nazizizo imithetho-siseko zabo ukuba baza kuxhasa na iimfono.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo NgeziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Ukucacisa ezi ngxaki kunceda abantu bafune ukwazi oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente.

I-Misction: UmGaqo-siseko ungatshintshwa ngomyalelo okanye umthetho olawulayo. Inyaniso: Yinkqubo yokulungisa okusesikweni kuphela enokutshintsha umbhalo womGaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo kunye nomthetho wegunya kufuneka uhambelane nomGaqo-siseko njengoko kuchazwe ziinkundla. Ngoxa ezi zenzo zinokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo, azinakuwususa umgaqo-siseko.

I-Miscword: Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zilungisa umGaqo-siseko.[FT:1] Inyaniso: izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zitolika umGaqo-siseko kodwa aziwutshintshi umbhalo wawo. Noko ke, ezi nkcazelo zinokuba neziphumo ezifana nokuguquka ngokutshintsha indlela eziqondwa ngayo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngayo izicwangciso zomgaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo nokulungiswa kwemigaqo-siseko, iinkcazelo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zingatshintshwa yiNkundla yamva.

Ubalo lwe-Misc: onke amalungelo kufuneka achazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko ukuze akhuselwe. Inyaniso: Ulwahlulo lweSimiliselo lweNinth luchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ubalo lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko alubathethi ukuba amanye amalungelo akakho. Iinkundla zamkele amalungelo ahlukeneyo angamkelekanga, kuquka ilungelo lokuhamba, kwanamalungelo okutshata.

Intelekelelo: Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zingamkelwa yi-arhenteum yesizwe. inyaniso: UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuniki mvume yokunika ingcebiso yesizwe. Izindululo mazicelwe yiBhunga okanye indibano yomGaqo-siseko kwaye zigunyaziswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye iindibano zikarhulumente. Akukho nkqubo yokuvota ngqo ekhokelelweni oluqhelekileyo kwimithetho-siseko.

I-Miscwotion: Xa zivunyiwe, izilungisi zisebenza ngoko nangoko naphi na. Inyaniso: Ngoxa inguquko iba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko othe wagunyaziswa, uzalisekiso lwazo olusebenzisekayo lufuna umthetho owongeziweyo, ukutolikwa kwenkundla, kunye nenkqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho. Iziphumo zokulungisa zinokuthatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ukuze zifezeke ngokupheleleyo.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko

Ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kuthatyathelw'ethathu kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Utshintsho lokugqibela lwavunywa ngo-192, kwaye phambi koko, inguquko yangaphambili yavunywa ngo-1971. Eli lixesha elide kakhulu elingenakutshintshwa ukususela kwiminyaka ephakathi koMphetho-mda weTwelfth (1804) kunye noMphetho-Mdathi weshumi elinesithathu (1865).

Oothunywashe abaliqela bachaza oku kuthotha. Izobupolitika zaseMelika ziye zahluka-hluka kakhulu, zenza ukuba imimandla ye-bipartisan ephezulu efunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe ubunzima. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathatha indima esebenzayo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko, inika enye indlela yokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko engafuni ukupheliswa okunzima. Ngaphezu koko, umahluko wale United States yenza kube nzima ukufikelela ukulungelelaniswa okubanzi okunqamlezileyo kwimimandla nakumanani aphumelelayo afuna ukupheliswa kwemiqathango.

Phezu kwayo nje le mingeni, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kusanokwenzeka. Ulungiso lweziNguqulo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 lubonisa ukuba ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kungaphumelela ngomgudu ozinzileyo. Iingxaki ezivelisa inkxaso ebanzi, i-bipartisan kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye namanani abantu zisenokukhokelela ekuphuculweni okuphumelelayo.

Ukukhangela phambili, oothunywashe abaliqela banokuphembelela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ulungiswe njani. Utshintsho lokwesizukulwana lungaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimiba enjengeElectoral College okanye inkxaso-mali yelizwana. Uphuhliso lobugcisa lungadala imibuzo emitsha efuna ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko kunokuba ichazwe. Iingxaki ezinkulu ./umgaqo-nkqubo, ukhuseleko olunxulumene, okanye imekobume-bume, zinokuvelisa ingqiqo yongxamiseko efunekayo ukoyisa imiqobo eqhelekileyo ekulungiseni.

Abanye abaphengululi baye bacebisa ukuba le nkqubo ilungiswe lula, besithi inkqubo yale mihla inzima gqitha kwiintswelo zanamhlanje.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi NgeziHlanziso ZomGaqo-siseko

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, kukho oovimba abaninzi abakhoyo. Abalawuli belizwe bagcina amaxwebhu angaphambili kwaye banika ubuncwane bokufundisa malunga nomGaqo-siseko kunye neenguquko zawo. [ UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ ePhiladelphia unika imiboniso edityanisiweyo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo eziphengulula imbali kunye nengxoxo yexeshana.

Iincwadi zomthetho ezixhaswa ziinkonzo ziquka iincwadi zomthetho, abaphengululi neembono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ezinikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngendlela eziye zachazwa zasetyenziswa ngayo. Izikolo ezininzi zomthetho neeyunivesithi zinikela izifundo zesisa kwi - Internet ezibandakanya inkqubo yokulungisa nokuphuhlisa komgaqo - siseko.

Abo banomdla kwimithombo ephambili, inika izimvo zokulungisa ingqungquthela. Iingingqi zembali zinika unikezelo kwingxoxo edityanisiweyo malunga nokulungisa iingxoxo ezicetyisiweyo, ngelixa i- inika ukuqonda kwi-webhthi yeNkundla ye- ichaza izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko. Iingingqi kunye noovimba bagcina amaxwebhu anxulumene nokudityaniswa kwee-mente ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo enika ukuqonda kwiingxoxo kunye neempikiswano ezijikeleze ukuthathwa kwazo.

Ukusebenzisa obu buncwane kunceda abemi baqonde kungekuphela nje oko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa isizathu sokuba ikuthethe, indlela intsingiselo yayo eye yaguquka ngayo, nendlela eqhubeka ibubumba ngayo ubomi baseMelika. Oku kuqonda kubalulekile ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi olunolwazi kunye nokuthelekisana ngokuqhubekayo ngeenguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko.

Isiphumo: UmGaqo-siseko ophilayo noLawulo loBume

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zimela eyona ndlela isisiseko yokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi,(-) ukukwazi kwabantu ukudibanisa imithetho esisiseko abaza kuphila phantsi kwayo. Inkqubo yokulungisa ilungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso ngobubhetyebhetye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uyakwazi ukuguquka ngeli xesha uthintela iinguqu ezingxamisekileyo ezingenankxaso ebanzi.

Iziphelo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ezamkelwa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zithetha ibali lokwanda kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nendaleko. Zixilonga uhambo lwesizwe ukusuka kwiriphabliki apho uvotelo lwalulinganiselwe kwidemokhrasi ebanzi epheleleyo apho bonke abantu abadala banokuvota khona. Zingqina ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, ukwanda kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo wokwakha "umanyano olugqibeleleyo olupheleleyo."

Ukuqonda utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, indlela esebenza ngayo, oko bakuthethayo, nendlela obuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwaye kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ezi ziphengululo aziyongcamango engokomthetho kodwa yimigaqo ephilayo elawula yonke into ngoko sinokukuthetha ngendlela esinyula ngayo iinkokeli zethu, ukusuka kwindlela amapolisa aqhuba ngayo uphando ngendlela iinkundla eziqhuba ngayo iinkundla.

Ubunzima benkqubo yokulungisa buthetha ukuba iinguqu ezisemthethweni zinqabile. Kodwa kwakhona le ngxaki ithetha ukuba xa utshintsho luphumelela, lumela ukuvumelana kwesizwe ngemibandela engundoqo. Utshintsho ngalunye lubonisa umzuzu xa amaMerika enqumla imimandla, amaqela, kunye nabemi bemgaqo-siseko evumelana ukuba umGaqo-siseko kufuneka utshintshwe.

Njengokuba amaMerika eqhubeka ephikisana ngamalungelo okuvota, inkxaso-mali, kunye nesakhiwo sikarhulumente, inkqubo yokulungisa ihlala ikhona njengenkqubo yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko. Nokuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziza kusebenzisa le nkqubo rhoqo njengoko zazinjalo ngaphambili, okanye enoba indaleko yomgaqo-siseko iza kuqhubeka ngokuyintloko ngotoliko lwezomthetho kunye notshintsho olungacwangciswanga, kusafuneka ibonakale. Okuqinisekileyo kukuba amandla omGaqo-siseko okulungiswa (ukutshintshwa /) njengoko inkqubo leyo isenokuba njalo //inkqubo ihlala ibalulekile kumsebenzi wayo oqhubekayo nobuchule bokwamkeleka kwihlabathi eliguqukileyo.

Ngokuqonda indlela ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olusebenza ngayo, abemi bangangenelela ngokungcono kwingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nomthetho osisiseko waseMelika kwaye banokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo iinguqulelo abazikholelwayo. Le ngqiqo iguqula umGaqo-siseko ukusuka kuxwebhu olukude lwembali ube sisixhobo esiphilayo sokuzilawula ngedemokhrasi.