Amagama asemthethweni akha amathambo enkqubo yokusesikweni. Kubafundi, kubafundisi, nakubani na ozimisele ukusebenza kumthetho okanye kumsebenzi osemthethweni, ukuyiqonda ngokuqinileyo la mabinzana kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje xa kudlula iimviwo kodwa kwisicelo sehlabathi lokwenene. Ukungaliqondi igama elinye . Elifana "nobangela ongenakufezeka" okanye "umquluna" unokuba neziphumo ezinzulu. Olu khokelo lwaphula iziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetyenziswayo kumthetho, iinkqubo zenkundla, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nesibheno-bheno. Igama ngalinye lichazwa ngolwimi olucacileyo ngomongomongowo, linceda ukuba ulungelelanise amaxwebhu asemthethweni, iinkundla zenkundla, kunye neengxelo zamapolisa ngentembelo.

Amagama Asemthethweni Angundoqo Anyanzeliswa EMthethweni

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho asebenza kwindawo ephakamileyo apho ulwimi oluchanekileyo luchaza imida yegunya lawo. Ukusukela ngelo xesha igosa lirhanela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwinqanaba lokubanjwa nokubhaliswa kwencwadi, amagama akhethekileyo alawula yonke inyathelo. Ukuqonda la magama kubalulekileyo ekuthobeleni ngokusemthethweni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

[[FLT: 0] Ukubanjwa komntu kuyenzeka xa igosa lomthetho lithatha umntu ebanjwa, limisela inkululeko yakhe yokuhamba. UMthetho wokuLandlisela wesine ufuna ukuba ubanjwa usekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo okanye kwisiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa libona ubusela, bangabanjwa ngoko nangoko. Ukubanjwa kwahlukile ekuvalweni okwethutyana (ngokusoloko kubizwa ngokuba yi-Terry misa), nto leyo efuna ukukrokrelelwa kuphela.

Isizathu esiqinisekileyo: Le yinkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala nakwimeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ethile. Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho ofunekayo wokufumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela okanye ukuvalwa okungenasiqinisekiso. Ngumda ophezulu kunothandabuzeko olusengqiqweni kodwa osezantsi kuno "ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni". Umzekelo, igosa elinuka umba ophuma emotweni linosizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphendla inqwelo - mafutha.

[[FLT: 0] Ukukhangela: Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela yimvume yenkundla egunyazisa umthetho ukuba uphengulule indawo ethile `njengekhaya, imoto, okanye ishishini'''. Kufuneka ichaze indawo efuna ukuphendwa kunye nezinto ezizakuthinjwa ngokuziindawo ezithile, njengoko kufuneka yiSinyusi-Mpanziso-Mbindi wesine. Ngaphandle kwemvume, uphengululo ludla ngokuthathwa njengongaqiniyo ngaphandle kokuba imvume isetyenziswe (umz., imvume, iimeko ezichaphazamisayo, okanye isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa).

Amalungelo eMiranda: Ifumene kwinkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. ityala imanda v. Arizona [1966], la malungelo kufuneka afundwe kumntu orhanelwayo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Isilumkiso sixelela umntu ukuba unelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka, nokuba nantoni na athi isenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nabo enkundleni, kwaye anelungelo lokufumana igqwetha. Ukuba la malungelo akanikwanga kakuhle, nawaphi na amaxwebhu afunyenweyo anokufumaneka kwityala.

[[NTL:0] Ukuhlawuliswa: Ukungxengxeza kubandakanya ukuncitshiswa komntu orhanelwayo ukuba afumane ulwazi lobutyala. Kwahlukile kulwazi oluqhelekileyo oluhlanganisayo kwisiganeko. Ukuphendula makuqhutywe ngokuvisisana noMirenda kunye neminye imigaqo esemthethweni ukuphepha ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukuvunywa kwezono zobuxoki. Amagosa omthetho afumana uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwiindlela zokuncina ngokusemthethweni, ezinjengendlela yeReid.

Incwadi: Emva kokubambekile, ukukrokrela kusiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa kwaye "kwencwadi" yindlela equka ukushicilela ulwazi lobuqu, ukuthatha iminwe kunye nemifanekiso, nokungena ezityholweni kwinkqubo. Ukubhala inyathelo lolawulo, hayi ukugweba ngetyala.

Bail: nguBail isiqinisekiso semali sokuba ummangalelwa uza kuvela kwityala lexesha elizayo. Isixa sibekwa ngumgwebi ngexesha lokubonakala kokuqala, iqwalasela ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho, umngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuthenga ibheyile, bangahlala entolongweni okanye bafune ukukhululwa kwisiqinisekiso sabo sokufumana kwakhona (isithembiso sokuvela ngaphandle kokuhlawula).

Ityala: Isimangalo esisemthethweni esikhutshwe ngabachopheli-mthetho abakhulu, sifumanise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ityala. Ithatha indawo yetyala kwaye iqalise inkqubo esesikweni yetyala. Kwamanye amazwe, umtshutshisi angafaka ifayile "inkcazelo" endaweni yoko, intetho efunweyo yetyala ngaphandle kwejaji enkulu.

Imithetho Engundoqo Kwimiqathango Yenkundla

Inkundla ithetha ulwimi lwayo, isetyenziswa ngabagwebi, amagqwetha kunye nabasebenzi benkundla.

Ityala: Imbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla emva kokuba ebanjiwe okanye egwetyiwe, apho ummangalelwa afunda ngokusemthethweni izityholo kwaye acelwa ukungena esibongozo (ityala, ingenotyala, okanye akukho mphicotho). Ijaji ikwanika ibheyile kwaye imisela isiluleko ukuba ummangalelwa ungenammangalelwa. I-Arign ingumkhuseli obalulekileyo wenkqubo efanelekileyo.

I-eding: La ngamaphepha abhaliweyo agcinwe ngamaqela etyala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, izibongozo ezingundoqo sisikhalazo (ingxelo yolwazi nenkcazelo) kunye nempendulo (impendulo yetyala). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, izingcelelo ziquka ukubekwa ityala okanye ulwazi, kunye nesibongozo sommangalelwa.

Intshukumo ecwangcisiweyo: Yisicelo esisemthethweni esicela inkundla ukuba ithathe isenzo esithile. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo iquka intshukumo yokugxotha (ukucela ijaji ukuba ilahle ngaphandle kwetyala), intshukumo yokugweba ngokufutshane (iimeko zevil kuphela), kunye nentshukumo yokucinezela (ukufaka ngaphandle kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni). Intshukumo zisoloko zigqitywe ngumgwebi ngaphandle kokuba ikho ijaji.

Intsingiselo: Isigaba sangaphambili sovavanyo apho amacala omabini etshintshiselana ngobungqina nolwazi olunxulumene nemeko. Izixhobo zolwazi oluchaphazelekayo ziquka ukudityaniswa (okanye ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo), ukuncina ngemibuzo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Injongo kukuphepha ukumangaliswa ekuvavanyweni nokukhuthaza okusesikweni.

[[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa: Isiqinisekiso singubungqina obufungiweyo obuthatyathwe ngaphandle kwenkundla yetyala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiofisi yegqwetha. Umchola-ndaba wenkundla ubhala lonke igama, kwaye iirekhodi zisetyenziswa kamva ekunikezeleni imiyalelo okanye ekugcineni ubungqina. Imithetho iqhelekile kwityala loluntu kodwa iyenzeka nakumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asenokungafumaneki ekuwisweni kwetyala.

[[FLT: 0] Icebo lokukhetha ijaji ngokubuza abaququzeleli bejaji ukuba baphawule ikhethe okanye ikhethe. I-Attorney yamacala omabini ingavavanya abachopheli-mali ngesizathu (umz., ijaji iyamazi ummangalelwa) okanye isebenzise imingeni yokukhulula (iiinqanawa ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngokomqathango wesiseko).

Isigwebo: Isigqibo esinikezelwa ngabagwebi (okanye ijaji kwityala lebheri) kwimibuzo eyinyaniso yetyala. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sibe "sigweba" okanye "singenatyala". Ityala labachopheli-mthetho elixhonyiweyo liphumele kwityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye ukutshutshiswa kungalilungisa ityala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigqibo simisa ityala kunye neziphumo zomonakalo.

[[NTLT: 0] I-Subpoena: Yiyalelo yenkundla enyanzela umntu ukuba abonakale engqina (ipopena i-secastandum) okanye avelise amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina (i-subrenaceces tecum). Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela kungaphumela ekudelweni kwenkundla, okuthwala izigwebo eziquka intlawulo okanye intolongo.

Appel: Emva komgwebo wokugqibela, iqela eliphulukana nomthetho lingacela inkundla ephakamileyo ukuba ihlole iimpazamo ezisemthethweni zenkundla echongiweyo. Izibheno azinakuphinda ziqwalaselwe ekubeni umthetho usetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo. Inkundla ye-appelte ingaqinisekisa, ibuyisela, okanye iphinde iphinde ilungise ityala ukwenzela ukuqukumbela. Izithuba zokubhena ziquka ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo yabacholi-tyala engachananga, okanye ihambo engalunganga yabatshutshisi.

Ukuqonda Igama Elisetyenziswa Ekwabelweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli - mthetho uchaza indlela yokuziphatha eyalelweyo ngenxa yengozi eyenzekayo kwibutho labantu, yaye unika isohlwayo. La magama alandelayo asisiseko sokuqonda izityholo, ukuzikhusela noxa kungumthwalo wobungqina.

Ityala elinzulu eligwetywayo ngokuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka (okanye ukufa kwamanye amazwe). Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi. IFelonies zisoloko zihlelwa ngokweqondo (ukubulala kokuqala-degree kulelona likhulu). Iifebe ezidityanisiweyo zingalahlekelwa ngamalungelo athile, njengokuvota okanye ukuphatha imipu.

I-Misdemeor: Yityala elincinci, elidla ngokusohlwaywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, ityala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Abanxaxhi abaqhelekileyo baquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukungalungelelani, kunye ne-DUI (ityala lokuqala). Ama-mixere adla ngokuvavanywa kwiinkundla ezisezantsi (umz., ikompathi okanye inkundla yephondo).

Ukwaphula-phula: Olona hlobo luncinci lwetyala, ngokufuthi ukwaphulwa okuncinane komthetho okanye umthetho, ofana nethikithi lohambo okanye ukulahlwa kwetrafiki. Ukwaphula umthetho kuyasohlwaywa ngokuhlawulelwa kuphela kwaye akuthwali xesha lasentolongweni. Akugqalwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwimiqathango emininzi, ngoko ilungelo lokuqulunqa ityala alisebenzi.

I-Devention: Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umntu otyholwe ngokuwenzakalisa. Ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala ngokungaphaya kobunyani. Banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni, lokuthetha namangqina, nokuhlala ethe cwaka (Umphetho-mda we-Fom).

Ukuchotshelwa: iqela lomthetho likarhulumente elijongene nokuzisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kummangalelwa. Ityala malingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Abatshutshisi (amagqwetha ephondo, ama-Attney) banengqiqo ecacileyo ekugqibeni ukuba ngaba uxwebhu lungabekwa na, ukuba kumele kubekwe ntoni na, nokuba baza kunikela na ityala.

Ilungu elisemthethweni elimele ummangalelwa. Ukuzikhusela kusenokuba ligqwetha labucala okanye umkhuseli kawonke-wonke (omiselwe yinkundla ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukunikela isiluleko). Indima yokhuselo kukucel ’ umngeni ubungqina bengxengxezo, kuphakamise ukhuseleko olusemthethweni (ngokufana nozikhusela ngokwakhe okanye nokuphambana), kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa ayakhuselwa.

Iqanda i-Anobritice eCwangcileyo: Umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina obufunekayo kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho banobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni ngetyala lommangalelwa, kufuneka bakhululwe. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela abantu abamsulwa ekuvumeni okuphosakeleyo. Isoloko ichazwa njenge "ukuqiniseka" ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala.

[[FLT: 0] I-Plea Bargain: Isivumelwano phakathi komtshutshisi nokhuseleko apho ummangalelwa ecela ityala (ngokufuthi athethe ityala elincinane) ukutshintshiselana ngesigwebo esilula okanye ukurhoxiswa kwezinye izityholo. IPlea ithetha ukusombulula uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba bangabanyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngetyala, kodwa kwakhona balondoloza oovimba kwaye banciphise ukuxilonga kwenkundla.

Umgaqo-siseko wokhuseleko oluphinda-phindiweyo: Ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko (uMphetho-siseko weNkqutyana) othintela umntu ukuba avinjelwe kabini kwityala elifanayo emva kokungagwetywa okanye ukunyanzeliswa. Lo mthetho awusebenzi ukuba ityala lokuqala liphele kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye ukuba ityala libandakanya ii-odestration ezahlukeneyo (umz., urhulumente kunye netyala lorhulumente lokwenza isenzo esinye).

Inkcazo Ebalulekileyo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya usingatha iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abanobulungu, amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente — apho unyango ludla ngokuba lumonakalo wemali okanye isiqabu semali. Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngeendlela eziphambili zokwaphula umthetho.

[[NTLT: 0] Upoltiff: Iqela eliqala ukumangalelana kwabemi ngokubala isikhalazo. Ummangalelwa uthi ubenzakala aze afune imbuyekezo okanye enye ingxwabangxwaba. Kwimeko embi yomntu ozolileyo, ummangalelwa ngumntu olinxebayo; xa ephule kwisivumelwano, liqela elachaphazelekayo.

I-Defentant (I-civil): Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa ngummangalelwa owenziweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa kwityala loluntu akamangalelwanga ngolwaphulo-mthetho, batyholwa ukuba baphule umthetho okanye isivumelwano. Umgangatho wobungqina ngu "ugxininiso lobungqina" (ngokunokwenzeka kunangenjalo), umgangatho osezantsi kunasematyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Imali ebhatalayo: Imbuyiselo enikwa ummangalelwa ngenxa yelahleko eyenzekayo. Iilahleko zinokuba yinkokhelo (ilahleko ekhoyo, njengemali yezamayeza, ingeniso, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka) okanye isohlwayo (ezimisele ukumohlwaya ummangalelwa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga). Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla inganika imposiso (umlinganiselo omncinci) xa isohlwaywa ngokwewodwa kodwa kungekho lahleko yokwenene.

[[NTL:0] Imfanelo esemthethweni yokubangela umonakalo. Ityala linokusekelwe ekungakhathalini (ukungaphumeleli ukwenza ngendlela efanelekileyo), ityala elingqongqo (ukunganyaniseki nokuba kukho impazamo ekhoyo, njengakwimveliso enesiphene), okanye ngempazamo ezenzekelayo. Ijaji imisela ityala elisekelwe kubungqina obunikelwe ekucinyweni.

Isivumelwano sokuzithandela phakathi kwamaqela ukusombulula ityala ngaphandle kwetyala. Ukuhlala phantsi kudla ngokubandakanya ukuhlawulwa kwemali kwaye kusoloko kuyimfihlo. Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa ngenxa yokuba amacala omabini aphepha ukungaqiniseki kunye nenkcitho yokulingwa. Ukuzinza kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqonga, nasemva kokuba kufikelelwe kwisigqibo (ukubhenela isibheno).

I-Injuct: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze (okanye liyeke) isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo. Umzekelo, ijaji ingakhupha umyalelo wexeshana wokuthintela (TRO) ukuthintela inkampani ekukhupheni imfihlo yorhwebo. I-Injctionations zimayeza angenakuthelekiswa nanto, intsingiselo inikwa xa ilahleko yemali inganelanga.

[[NTL:0] I-Tort: Yimpazamo yamakhaya ebangela umonakalo kumntu othile, ekhokelela kwityala elingokwasemthethweni. I-tort iquka ukungakhathali (ingozi zecar), ii-torts ngengozi (i-assault, ukunyelisa), kunye netyala elingqongqo le-torts (imveliso ezichaphazelekayo). Umthetho womthetho wokwaphula umthetho wahlulwa kwisivumelwano kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isenzo sobuqhophololo: Ityala elibekwe lityala linye okanye likhulu ngenxa yeqela elikhulu (i-"klasi") elinenxaxheba ezifanayo. Izenzo zodidi ziqhelekile kwiimeko ezibandakanya iimveliso ezinesiphene, iityala, okanye ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi. Inkundla mayiqinisekise udidi, ithetha ukuba imicimbi eqhelekileyo ingaphezulu kweyomntu ngamnye. Izenzo zifuna inkundla nesaziso kumalungu eklasi.

Umthetho olawula izithintelo: ngumthetho omisela ixesha elipheleleyo emva kwesiganeko apho ityala limele liqaliswe khona. Xa ummiselo uphelile, ityala livalelwe. Imida yexesha iyahluka ngokohlobo lomzekelo (umz., ukumangalelwa komntu ngokobuqu kukwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemitha emithathu). Olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho (njengokubulala) alunammiselo wemiqathango.

Amagama Ayintloko Asebubungqinani Nasemthethweni

Imithetho yobungqina ichaza ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo enokunikelwa enkundleni nendlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda la mabinzana kubalulekile xa kusenziwa ityala.

Ubungqina obungagungqiyo: Ubungqina obufikelela iimfuno zomthetho nobuvumelekileyo ukunikwa abachopheli-mthetho okanye abagwebi. Ubungqina kufuneka bufaneleke, buthembeke, kwaye bufumaneke ngokusemthethweni. Ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo. "obufana nolumfama okanye ubungqina obubanjiweyo ngaphandle kwemvume" bungakhutshwa ngaphandle kokuchasa."

indlebe iyasitsho: Umba wengxelo engaphandle kwenkundla ukungqina inyaniso yento eqinisekisiweyo. Ukuphulaphula akunakwenzeka ngokuba umntu okhupha ityala (umntu owenze le ngxelo) akanakuphindwa ngokunqamlezayo. Kukho iingxelo ezininzi ezingafaniyo, ezifana nezingezo zophando lwezamayeza, amazwi ovuyo, okanye iingxelo zezoshishino.

[[FLT: 0] Ibherin yobungqina: Imbopheleleko yokungqina ityala likabani ngokomlinganiselo othile. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutshutshiswa kuthwala umthwalo ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, i-paltiff ithwala umthwalo ngokuqwalasela kobungqina. Abanye baphembelela ukhuseleko (njengoko kuzenza) uxanduva oluncinci kummangalelwa.

Ubungqina: Umntu ongqina phantsi kwesifungo ngezibakala ezinxulumene netyala. Amangqina abekwa phantsi anokungqina kuphela oko bakubonileyo ngokobuqu; amangqina ochwepheshe anganikela iimbono ezisebugqiqweni bawo, ezifana nabahlalutyi be-fontestic okanye oogqirha bezamayeza. Onke amangqina afanele anqamleze ahlole.

[[NTLT: 0] INgqina elinobuchule, ubuchule, uqeqesho, okanye imfundo evunyelweyo ukunikela ubungqina boluvo. Inkundla kufuneka ifanelekele uchwepheshe kwaye iqinisekise iindlela zayo zinokuthenjwa phantsi kwemeko ezintsokothileyo ezibandakanya iDNA, ingozi, okanye impilo yengqondo.

Imfihlelo: sele ikhankanyiwe kwiinkqubo zenkundla, kodwa ikwaligama elingundoqo lobungqina. Ukufunyanwa kwamacala omabini kuqinisekisa ukuba afumana ubungqina phambi kokuvavanywa, ukuthintela "ukuvavanywa ngokulaliswa" kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ityhile ubungqina bokucalula phantsi Brady v. Maryland

Amagama aqhelekileyo kwisigwebo nakwii-asethi

Emva kokuvalwa kwetyala, inkundla ibeka isigwebo. Izibheno zingalandela. La magama agquma iinkqubo zasemva kwetyala kunye nocelomngeni lokuvavanya.

Ityala: Isohlwayo esiyalelwe yinkundla emva kwesigqibo setyala okanye isibongozo. Isigwebo singaquka ukubanjwa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukuhlawuliswa, iihlawuli, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye uhlawulo. ABagwebi balandela izikhokelo zomthetho baze baqwalasele izinto ezibangela ukuqengqeleka okanye ukuvala. Kwezinye iimeko, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo ziyasebenza.

Isiqinisekiso: Ixesha lokwalathisa kuluntu endaweni (okanye emva) yokubanjwa. Ummangalelwa kufuneka athobele iimeko ezifana nokuxela igosa elilungisa ityala, ukuphepha iziyobisi, nokugcina umsebenzi. Ukwaphula iliso kungenza ukucinywa nokuvalelwa entolongweni.

[[FLT: 0] IParole: Ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni kwintolongo ephantsi kolawulo, okunikwa yibhodi yokukhulula emva kwesabelo sesigwebo esinikezelwayo. IParole yahlukile kwisiqinisekiso sokuvavanywa/ukugwetywa yinye indlela kwintolongo, ngelixa iparapolo ikhululwa emva kwentolongo. Imithetho emininzi iye yasiphelisa isivalo setyala elithile.

`I-Habeas Corpus'': Isenzo esisemthethweni esivumela ibanjwa ukuba licel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa kwalo. Izicelo ze-habyeas zinokugcinwa kwinkundla yephondo emva kokuba unyango lwezorhulumente luphelile, isithi ukwaphula umthetho okufana noncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko okanye ukunikezelwa kobungqina obungachananga.

.Remand: Xa inkundla edityanisiweyo ithumela ityala emva kwinkundla yetyala ukwenzela ingcebiso ehambelana nomthetho wayo. Umzekelo, ukuba inkundla yedemollete ifumanise ukuba ubungqina buvunyiwe ngokungafanelekanga, bungabuyiselwa kwityala elitsha. Imiyalelo ye-Remand idla ngokukhankanya ukuba zeziphi imibandela ezimele ziphinde zithathwe kwakhona.

Isiphelo

Ukwazi amagama asemthethweni akuyonto iphambili yenkcazelo; kukuqonda indlela amagama amile ngayo, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela umsebenzi womthetho okanye ukugcinwa komthetho, umfundisi- ntsapho ochaza inkqubo yokusesikweni, okanye ummi ohamba ngemeko esemthethweni, ukuqhelanisa la magama kukunika amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo nokuxhasa okusesikweni. Oku kugqubuthela onke amabinzana abalulekileyo kumthetho, iinkqubo zenkundla, ulwaphulo-mthetho, umqondiso wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokubhena. Ufundisiso olugunyazisa, izinto ezikhoyo ezifana [[FLT: 0]] [FLT]] [FLT:] [FLT: 1] [1], , [FL:] [12].US]