Imithetho yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke wonke yenza isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi. Xa amagosa karhulumente esebenza ngengqibelelo, afumana ukuthenjwa ngabemi, aqinisekisa ukuba oovimba bobunyani, kwaye agcina ukufaneleka kwamaziko karhulumente. Kwixesha lokwanda kokuqhekeka kwezobupolitika nokungaqiniseki ngegunya, ihambo yokuziphatha ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukubaluleka okusisiseko kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke wonke, lihlolisisa imigaqo ekhokela ukuziphatha okuhle, lichaza iingxaki eziqhubekayo, lize linikezele namaqhinga asebenzayo okukhuthaza ukubonakala nokuphendulelwa kobucala kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kurhulumente

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke wonke ayiyonto nje ethethwayo qha qha qha, inokuba nemiphumo ecacileyo kumgangatho wobomi bommi ngamnye. Xa abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni bethobela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, badala imeko-bume apho ubuncwane busetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yabo, apho imithetho isetyenziswa rhoqo, nalapho izigqibo zikarhulumente zinokuqwalaselwa. Ngaphandle kokukhotyokiswa, ukuqhatha, ukukhuthuka koluntu kuyaphelisa, kwaye isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo siyadodobala.

Ezi zizathu ziphambili ziquka:

  • Ukuthemba Ulwakhiwo: Yimali yokulawula. Abami kufuneka bakholelwe ukuba ii-dola zabo zerhafu zichithwa ngobulumko, ukuba iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zinikezelwa ngokulungileyo, kwaye amagosa akazandisi ngeendleko zikawonke-wonke. Ukuziphatha kobunzululwazi kulwakha ngqo olu themba. Ngokutsho kwe i-OECD Cateoctic Personal Framework [, amazwe anezithethe ezintle ezinomgangatho ezithekileyo anandipha imigangatho ephezulu yolwaneliseko kunye nozinziso lwezoqoqosho.
  • I-ATGP iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banokuphendula ngezenzo zabo. Xa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ecacileyo ikho, amagosa akanakuthetha ukuba akayazi into xa ephula imithetho. Iindlela zokuphendula ngokuchaphazelekayo . Ezifana nophicotho-zincwadi, iikomiti zobuveleli, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho zisebenza kuphela ukuba ziphantsi kwesithethe esinemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
  • Umahluko wobuGcisa obuPhakamisayo ufuna ulawulo olukhululekileyo. Abami banelungelo lokwazi indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, abangenelwa kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, nesizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo zamkeleke. Ukubonakala gca kuthintela ukuziphatha okungekho semthethweni kuba kunyusa amathuba okufunyaniswa. I-Travenmentotic Policy Perceptions Index isoloko ibonisa ukuba amazwe anemigangatho ecacileyo esezantsi yokunganyani.
  • Intembelo epheleleyo: Ukuthembana kumaqumrhu karhulumente kubalulekile ukuze kubekho uxolo kunye nokuthobelana ngokuzithandela nemithetho. Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ilungile, batyekele ekuhlawuleni irhafu, balandele imimiselo, babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Ihambo yoluntu oluziphetheyo luqinisa olu ntembelo.
  • Inkonzo Enika Isiphumo Isibonelelo: Isimilo esingesiso sidla ngokukhokelela kuhlobo olungenayo kunokuba inikezele kuncedo olufanelekileyo, izibonelelo zikhutshwa ngaphandle ngenxa yokuzisebenzisela, kwaye izigqibo ezenziwe ngokusekelwe kucalucalulo kunokuba zifanele. Imithetho iqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zinikezelwa kwabo bazifuna kakhulu, ngendlela elungileyo.

Imigaqo yeQumrhu yeNkonzo kaRhulumente ePhicothiweyo

Ukuqonda imigaqo esisiseko sehambo yokuziphatha kubalulekile kumagosa karhulumente nakubantu abakhonzayo.

Ingqibelelo

Ukuthembeka kuthetha ukwenza izinto ngendlela yokuziphatha, kwanaxa kunzima okanye kubiza imali eninzi.

Ubulungisa Nokusesikweni

Ubulungisa bufuna ukuba bonke abantu baphathwe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho nokuba izigqibo zikarhulumente zenziwe ngaphandle kokhethe okanye ukukhetha. Lo mgaqo ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla enjengokuqeshwa, ukufunyanwa, kunye nokwabiwa kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukungaququzeli kuhambela phambili ngokuqonda ukuba amaqela angenaluxanduva lwembali asenokufuna amanyathelo ajoliswe kuwo ukuze afikelele ukulingana kokwenene. Isicakamshela-wonke ngokokuziphatha kufuneka siphaphele ukungalingani kwemigaqo esesikweni size sisebenzele ukuwalungisa, singawaqhubeli phambili.

Ukuhlonela Abantu

Intlonelo ithetha ukugqala isidima esizuzwe njengesiqu somntu ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yakhe, isikhundla okanye iimbono zezobupolitika. Abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni basebenzisana nabemi abasenokuba ngamaxhoba, abakhungathekile, okanye abajongelwa phantsi. Igosa lemilinganiselo yokuziphatha liphatha umntu ngamnye ngentlonelo, liphulaphule iinkxalabo zabo, lize likhusele nemicimbi yabo yezobuqu. Intlonelo ikwanabela abantu abasebenza nabo nabangaphantsi kwabo, likhuthaza isithethe sasemsebenzini esingenako ukukhathazwa okanye ucalucalucalucalulo.

Ukucaca nokuvuleka

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi kungumkhwa wokuqhuba ishishini likarhulumente ngokucacileyo. Kuthetha ukupapasha ulwazi oluthe gqolo malunga nezigqibo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nomsebenzi; ukwenza iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo; nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zeerekhodi zikawonke-wonke. Ukubona gcawu akufuni ukuba kufuneke ukuba kutyhilwe ulwazi lomntu ngamnye okanye lokhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa kufuna ukuba uluntu luqonde indlela eqikelelwayo yokwenza izinto zikarhulumente. United Office yeZithintelo lweziyobisi neCrime (UNDC) igxininise ukukhanyisa njengesixhobo esingundoqo ekuthinteleni ukunganyaniseki.

Imbopheleleko Noxanduva

Imbopheleleko ithetha ukuba ubani abe neesigqibo kunye nemiphumo yaso. Xa kusenzeka impazamo, isisebenzi soluntu esinemilinganiselo esesikweni siyayivuma, siyayichaza into engalunganga, size sithathe inyathelo lokulungisa. Ukuphendula kudlulela ngaphaya koxanduva lomntu ngamnye ukuze kuqukwe iinkqubo zequmrhu. Ngokufana nokuhlola umsebenzi, ii-ofisi ze-ombuds, kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo achasene norhwebe-lu, aqinisekisa ukuba ukuphambuka kwihambo entle kuyachazwa kwaye kubhekiswa. Umzekelo, i-Ombudsman, uphando lwezintlawulo olungekho mthethweni zimaziko e-EUNICOM kwaye ubabeka aba necala kubemi.

Iingxaki Eziqhelekileyo Kurhulumente

Phezu kwayo nje imigaqo ecacileyo, izicaka zikawonke wonke zisoloko zijamelana neemeko ezivavanya isigqibo sazo sokuziphatha.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokunyoba

Ukunganyaniseki kusesona simo sibonakalayo sokungaphumeleli kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Kuquka ukunyoba okuncinane ngokunyoba ngokugunyazisa igosa ukuya kurhwaphilizo oluquka izigidi zeerandi ekufumaneni ingeniso. Ukunganyaniseki kugqwetha iimarike, kunciphisa ukuthembana, kwaye kwenza umonakalo ongathethekiyo kumahlwempu. Ngokutsho i-Stratency International[, ukunganyaniseki kuphambukisa ubuncwane obusuka kwinkathalo yempilo, kwimfundo, kunye nesiseko ngqo kwingxowa yenkohlakalo.

Iingxaki Zomdla

Ingxabano yomdla iyenzeka xa isicaka sikarhulumente sifumana izilangazelelo zaso zobuqu, ifayinali, okanye ezopolitiko. "iimeko zemfazwe zingenza umonakalo kuluntu. Imizekelo iquka umphathi wenkampani okhetha inkampani yesalamane, okanye umphathi-mikhosi othatha umsebenzi kwishishini ebekulindeleke ukuba ajonge ishishini lakhe. Imigaqo-mthetho eqinileyo ifuna ukutyhilwa kweengxaki ezinokwenzeka kunye nokubekwa ityala kuso nasiphi na isigqibo apho kukho ingxabano.

Uxinzelelo Oluvela Kwabalawuli Okanye Ababanjiswayo

Izicaka zikawonke wonke zisoloko zijongene nengcinezelo yokwenza izinto ngendlela engekho mthethweni ngezantsi, ngokusuka kumntu ozimiselayo kwezobupolitika ofuna ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo ngumniki-zibopho, kumntu ezisebenza naye ocela ukuba zingakuboni ukwaphulwa, okanye kumntu ocela uncedo. Abasebenzi be-Whistletle abanikela ingxelo ngengcinezelo enjalo basoloko bejamelana nempindezelo, nto leyo eyenza kube yimfuneko ukuba nemithetho yokhuseleko eyomeleleyo kunye nemijelo yokunikela ingxelo ekhuselekileyo.

Ukungalumki

Ukwaphulwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okuninzi kwenzeka kungengenxa yenjongo embi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi boluntu bengayiqondi ngokupheleleyo imithetho. Imithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha inokuba nzima, kwaye ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa rhoqo, abaqeshwa bangayaphula ngokungaqondanga. Umzekelo, ilungu elincinane labasebenzi lingasamkela isipho esivela kumthengisi ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba inkqubo yabo ithintela nasiphi na isipho sexabiso. Imfundo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha eqhubekayo ibalulekile ukunqanda ukwaphula umthetho okunjalo ngempazamo.

Inkcubeko yeNkcubeko kunye nokuHlanganisa

Kweminye imibutho, ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni kuyafaneleka. Abaqeshwa basenokubona abo basebenza nabo bephosa imithetho ngaphandle kweziphumo zesigqibo sokuba imithetho ingeyoyamkhethe. Ukucinga ngeqela kungakuthintela ukungavumelani, kubangele ukuba kwanabantu abazimiseleyo bahambisane nezenzo ezithandabuzekayo. Ukutshintsha izithethe ezinjalo kufuna ukhokelo olunamandla kunye neenguqu ezingokwenkqubo ezinika ingqeqesho yokuziphatha nokubetha umthetho.

Ukwakha Isithethe Sesithethe: Ubuchule Nomatshini

Ukukhuthaza imigaqo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke wonke akuyomfuneko nje ukuba kubekho imigaqo ebhaliweyo yendlela yokuziphatha, kodwa kufuneka uphande ngendlela ephangaleleyo ukuze ukhusele idilesi, uphande, uze unyanzelise abantu.

Yamkela Umntwana Womtshato Uze Uthethe Ngemilinganiselo Ecacileyo

Imithetho yokuziphatha kufuneka ingaphezulu kunemithetho egcinwe kwidrowa. Kufuneka ibhalwe ngolwimi olucacileyo, olufikelelekayo, olusasazwa kubo bonke abaqeshwa, luze luqiniswe ngokunconywa ngonyaka. Le mithetho kufuneka igubungele iimbambano zenzala, izipho kunye nokubuk ’ iindwendwe, ukusetyenziswa koovimba boluntu, imisebenzi yangaphandle, nemiqathango yemisebenzi yasemva korhulumente. Oorhulumente abaninzi bapapasha imigaqo yabo kwi-intanethi ukuze abemi baqonde imilinganiselo abanelungelo lokuyilindela.

Nikela Uqeqesho Lwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Efanelekileyo Ngokuthe rhoqo

Uqeqesho akufunekanga lube sisiganeko esinye ngexesha lokubopha. Kufuneka luphindwe minyaka le kwaye lulungiselelwe iingozi ezithile ezijongene neendima ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, abaphathi-mikhosi abafuna uqeqesho ekuxhobiseni nokurhwebelana, ngelixesha abasebenzi bezinto zorhwebo befuna ukhokelo kwi-nethingi kunye nemisebenzi yokuqesha. Uphando olungenamsebenzi kunye nemfundo yentelekelelo ziphumelela kakhulu kunezifundo ezisekelwe kwintelekelelo ekuncedeni abasebenzi basebenzise imigaqo yokuziphatha kwiimeko zokwenene.

Fumana Iziqhagamshelanisi Ezikhuselekileyo neziFikelelekayo

Ababhexeshi baluluhlu olubalulekileyo lokukhusela ukunganyaniseki. Oorhulumente kufuneka benze amajelo amaninzi okuxela ukungalungi kakuhle okukrokrelekileyo . njengokungahambelani nemigaqo-mthetho ekwi-intanethi, kunye nabaphathi bemigaqo-mthetho abatyunjweyo (* kunye nokuqinisekisa imfihlo ukukhusela iintatheli ekuziphindezeleni. Imithetho efana neWhistleter Protection Act ibonakalisa ukuzimisela ukukhusela abo bathethayo, nangona ukuvelisa kuhlala kungangqinelani. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo, anjenge-UK’S Independent Office for Police I, anokufumana izikhalazo ezisuka kubemi.

Ukukhokelwa Ngomzekelo Ovela Emantla

Ukuzinikela kwezobukhokeli kubalulekile ekubekeni isandi phezulu. Xa amagosa aphezulu ebonakalisa ingqibelelo . Ngokula ukwamkela iiperks, ukuchaza iingxabano ezinokubakho, nokuvuma iimpazamo, bathumela uphawu olunamandla lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iinkokeli zijongwa njengezinganyanisekiyo okanye ngaphezulu komthetho, ziyasijongela phantsi sonke isiseko sendlela yokuziphatha. Amanyala amaninzi angokokuziphatha angafunyanwa emva kwisithethe sokungafumani miphumo enzulu.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwabemi Noluntu

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke asiyonto nje engaphakathi. Izakhono, intatheli, nemibutho yoluntu yenza indima ebalulekileyo njengee-odogi. Ukuncedisa uqingqo-mali, ukuva indlebe, kunye nokukhuthaza abemi basekuhlaleni kunika abantu abaqhelekileyo isibonda sokulawula kunye nendlela yokugcina amagosa ephendulekile. Ukuvula amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi `ngokupapasha izivumelwano zikarhulumente kunye nenkcitho yogcino-lwazi lwemali `iintathemis' kunye nabaphandi bophandi bokuhlalutya nokuchonga imali esetyenziswa nokuchonga ii-amomalies.

Iziphumo Ezinyanzelisayo Ngokuhambelana

Akukho siseko somthetho ofanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa. Ukuchaswa kufuneka kuphandwe ngokucokisekileyo, kwaye izigwebo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokungaguqukiyo, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla okanye ukumanyana kwezobupolitika. Izenzo zoqeqesho zingasuka kuqeqesho nakuhlawulo ukuya ekuphelisweni nasekugqwesini. Ubukho bomsebenzi ozimeleyo wokuzimela ubuqhetseba, njengeKhomishoni eLawulayo Against Corruption eHong Kong, iboniselwe ukuthi ipheza ukuziphatha okubi xa isebenza ngaphandle kokugxagxagxanyiswa kwezobupolitika.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yolawulo olububucukubhede olusebenzayo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala acacileyo kusinceda sibone indlela enokusetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo yokuziphatha ngendlela ephumelelayo nendlela onokusilela ngayo.

Ukuziphatha Kwamanzi Acocekileyo Nengqibelelo Yokusingqongileyo

UMthetho we-U.S. Clean Water Act ka-1972 waseka inkqubo yokulawula efuna uphandle ugcino-lwazi longcoliso kwaye ivumela abemi ukuba bangenise ityala. Le ndlela yokubonakala yaluncedo ekugcineni amasebe karhulumente neenkampani ezizimeleyo ziphendulelwe imilinganiselo yobunjani bamanzi. Esi senzo sibonisa indlela ezisemthethweni ezithi zibangele ukuba kubekho ukukhanya nokuthathi-nxaxheba koluntu ekulawuleni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekukhuseleni imekobume.

Imithetho yokukhusela nokuphendula yoMgaqo-nkqubo

IWhistlepuller Protection Act (19989) eUnited States inika ikhusi elisemthethweni kubasebenzi borhulumente ababika inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Nangona lingagqibekanga, eli nyathelo liye lanceda abantu abafana noMark Klein, owayeyingcali ye-AT&T eyavelisa iinkqubo zokuhlola okungekho mthethweni korhulumente, ukubhenca isenzo sobubi ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo. Imithetho efanayo kwi-European Union nakwamanye amazwe iye yakhuthaza abavumi bomkhalazo kwicandelo labucala kunye noluntu ukuba baphumele phambili, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko olusemthethweni lwendlela yokuziphatha.

Imisebenzi yemithetho yoLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Oomasipala abaninzi baye bamisela iikhomishini yemigaqo yokuziphatha ezimeleyo yokuvelela ihambo yamagosa anyuliweyo nabasebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, iSixeko saseNew York Conflicts of Infation Board sihlola ukuphulwa kwemithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yesixeko, sikhupha iimbono ezikhuthazayo, kwaye sibeka iintengiso. La maqumrhu asekuhlaleni azisa ulawulo olusondelelene nabemi kunamaziko esizwe, ewenza amkeleke ngakumbi kwaye afikeleleke.

Ucoselelo lwase Canada

I-Ofisi yeZibonelelo i-Ombudsman eKhanada ihlola izikhalazo ezivela kubalungiseleli malunga noqheliselo lomthetho wokwenza izinto kwaye incomela izenzo zokulungisa. Ngokunika i-astum engenamkhethe yokucombulula iingxwabangxwaba, i-Ombudsman inceda ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni nokubonakala ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yokufumana, edume ngokuchanekileyo kwinkohlakalo. Eli lungiselelo libonisa indlela iqumrhu elinobuchule bokuvelela elinokuphucula ngayo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kummandla ophezulu.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezemfundo kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke asiyonto ibalulekileyo kodwa iyimfuneko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo semilinganiselo yokuziphatha, amaziko karhulumente alahlekelwa kukholo, iinkonzo ziyaphelelwa, kwaye abemi bayadimazeka. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yengqibelelo, yokungagwebi, intlonelo, ukubonakala, nokuphendula ityala, abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bangafumana ukuthenjwa abakufunayo ukulawula ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, ukulondoloza impucuko kudinga umgudu oqhubekayo: imigaqo ecacileyo, uqeqesho oluqinileyo, imigaqo ekhuselekileyo, ukhokelo olunamandla, nokugcinwa kweziphumo zeziphumo. Imizekelo yolawulo olunempumelelo oluphezulu lwezempumelelo lwemithetho elungele ukulawulwa kwe-"ukusebenza kwemithetho entle yasekuhlaleni-" ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka xa oorhulumente besenza inkqubela ekubalaleni nasekuphenduleni. Ummiminyamganelo ngamnye uyaqhubeka kwihambo entle kulawulo lukawonke wonke, kwaye umnini-wonke wonke umnini wenkonzo.