Umsebenzi Osemthethweni Ngaphantsi Kohlaziyo Lwesine

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lumisela ukukhuselwa kwe-litye elinqanda ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Umbhalo wayo ufuna ukuba imiyalelo ikhutshwe kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekileyo, ixhaswe sisifungo okanye isingqiniso, kwaye ichaza indawo emayiphandwe kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Kwiziqinisekiso zokubiwa kwamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, uphando lwe-elektroniki kunye nolwemali lobungqina bubangela ukuba ezi mfuneko zibaluleke ngokukhethekile. Umthetho kufuneka ulungelelanise imigaqo entsonkothile phakathi kwemigaqo yeSine soLawulo-mendo kunye nobugcisa obusebenzisa ingcacingo.

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo olusengqiqweni kubo bonke abakhangeli nabaxhuzulayo. Xa imvume ifunyenwe, ukukhangela kusengqiqweni. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso, umthwalo wehlela kurhulumente ukuthethelela ukukhangela phantsi komahluko oqaphelekayo. Kumatyala okuqhathayo abandakanya iirekhodi zamanani, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igxininise ukuba imfuneko yesiqinisekiso ikhusela ugcino-lwazi lwezombane olusemthethweni kumaqela amathathu afana neebhanki, abanikezeli be-imeyili, kunye namaqonga eewentlalo. Isigqibo sophawu olukwi [FLT: 0] [FLT] [FT:1]. [[FLT] [12] [20] [20] [20] [20] ukulindela okusemthethweni kweseli- embalini sinolwazi oluneencwadi yezosasa.

Umthetho uquke uMthetho we-ECPA woNxibelelwano lwe-ECPA kunye noMthetho woThungelwano logcino-lwazi (SCA), omisela iimfuno zomthetho zokufikelela kunxibelelwano lwezombane olugciniweyo kunye neerekhodi zentengiso. Umzekelo, abaphengululi abafuna okuqulethwe yi-imeyili ndala ngaphezu kweentsuku ezili-180 jikelele bafuna isiqinisekiso, ngelixesha ufikelelo lokwenene kwothungelwano lufuna umyalelo wengcingo-cingo. Ukuqonda lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolwaleko lwemithetho kuyingozi ekwenzeni ubungqina obunokufumaneka kwisazi solwazi kunye nentelekelelo yamakhadi okurhwebela.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Wophando Lobuqhetseba

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumqobo womgaqo-siseko omele uhlangatyezwane phambi kwemiba yesiqinisekiso. Kwimeko yobusela ubukho bamagama kunye nokuqhatha kwamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, mhlawumbi kubangelwa kukudityaniswa kweengxelo zamaxhoba, ukuxilongwa kwemali, uhlalutyo lwamanani, kunye neengxelo zokungqinelana. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kucace inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile kwaye ubungqina buza kufunyanwa kwindawo ethile, njengekhompyutha yasekhaya erhanelwayo, i-mfolom, okanye ingxelo ye-imeyili.

Umgangatho olindelekileyo worhwebo awunyanzelisi kakhulu kunobungqina obungaphaya kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni kodwa ufuna okungaphezulu kunesixhobo esixhasayo. Affidavits ezixhasayo izicelo zesiqinisekiso kufuneka zimiselwe iinkcukacha, ezingezozintlukwano. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wentengiso engagunyaziswanga ulandelelwa kwidilesi ethile ye-IP, idityaniswe nokuqwalaselwa kwexhoba, ingamisela unobangela olindelekileyo. Iinkundla zikwaqwalasela ukugqibelela kweemeko, kuquka uqeqesho lomphathi kunye nobuchule bokuphanda ngobuqhophololo.

Ubungqina Bamanani Nemfuneko Yokuzimela

Imfuneko yoMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesine ifuna ukuba iimfuno zokoqobo zichaze ngentelekiso iindawo ezimele zihlolwe kunye nezinto ezimele zifunyanwe. Kuphengululo lwamanani, le mfuneko inzima ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba izixhobo ze-elektroniki ziqulathe ubuninzi bedata engahambelaniyo. Iinkundla zivelise imithetho elandelwayo yokuthintela jikelele, uphengululo lobuphengululi. Ii-affidavits kufuneka zimisele umlinganiselo wobungqina obunxulumene nodweliso lobuqhetseba, njengamagama efayile, imiqokozo yomhla, iingxelo zengxelo, okanye iintlobo zeendidi zeerekhodi (umz., amanani emali emali encwadi, amanani e-mali yeNculo, ii-email ezixubusha ngentengo yokukhohlisa).

Umthetho wakutshanje wetyala karhulumente, onjengo United States v. Blake, ugxininisa ukuba isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuxhuzula kwekhomputha okanye i-cell phone asivumi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba kufunyanwe ngokupheleleyo i-osizers zomcimbi wefayile nganye. Endaweni yoko, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka basebenzise imithetho yokukhangela ejolise kubungqina obuchaziweyo. Ezinye izithuba zifuna inkqubo yenyathelo elibini: okokuqala, ukuthatha isixhobo; okwesibini, ukufumana isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa uvavanyo lwe-ensensic. Ukunamathela kwezi zikhuseli ezithile kubalulekile ukunqanda ukuciselwa kobungqina.

Indima yeengxelo zemali neebhanki

Abaphandi basoloko bexhomekeke kwiingxelo zemali ukuseka unobangela olindelekileyo. Ngaphantsi kweQumrhu lokuSebenza iNgxelo yoMsebenzi (RFPA), ukunyanzelisa umthetho jikelele kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso okanye i-othoba elilawulayo ukufikelela iirekhodi zebhanki yabathengi. Kwimeko zokurhwebelana ngetyala, ii-logs ezibonisa ukuthengiswa okungagunyaziswanga okanye ukuqhatha-mali okukhoyo kungayila isiseko sesizathu esilindelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, iingxelo zemali ye-bhusayi exeliweyo kunye neengxelo zorhwebo zingabonisa iipakethi zetyala lomntu okrokrexoko.

Xa usebenzisa ii-suppoenas, amagosa kufuneka abanike isaziso esifanelekileyo kumthengi ngaphandle kokuba akhutshwe ngumyalelo wenkundla. Inkcaso phantsi kwe-RFPA iquka iimeko apho kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isaziso siza kuphumela ekutshabalalisweni kobungqina okanye ekubhabheni. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zitshintshiweyo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bemali buhlala bungenakusetyenziswa kwaye abuphuleli kumalungelo eSine SoLawulo-Mmiselo wamakrokrozo okanye amaqela amathathu.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Nangona imfuneko yemvume inamandla, imizekelo emininzi emiselwe kakuhle yenza ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukwenza ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezithile. Ezi zimvo mazisetyenziswe ngocoselelo kwizaziso kunye nophando lwamakhadi okurhwebelana ngetyala, njengokuba ubungqina bamanani budla ngokudlula okanye bulula ekucimeni kude.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Umahluko ocacileyo uyasebenza xa abaphathi benezibakala ezifanelekileyo kwaye bejongene nemfuneko ekhawulezileyo yokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, ukukhusela ubomi, okanye ukukhusela ukuphuma. Kwimeko zokuqhatha, umkrokreni usenokuba ucima ii-imeyili, udlulisa imali, okanye asebenzise imiyalelo ebharhileyo kwifowuni. Igosa elichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ubungqina busengozini ekhawulezileyo linokwenza uphando olungagunyaziswanga phantsi kolu mahluko. Iinkundla zivavanya ubusengqiqweni benkolelo yegosa-ofisi esekelwe koko kwakwaziwa ngelo xesha. Umzekelo, ukuqwalasela ukuvala i-laptop xa ubona amapolisa ekhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kungakuthethelela ukuxhuzula.

Noko ke, umahluko awuvumeli ukukhangela jikelele. Naphantsi kweemeko ezixeliweyo, uphendlo kufuneka lupheleliselwe koko kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela uxakeka. Emva kwesiphelo sobunyani, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso sokuvavanya okuqhubekayo. [FLT]] Riley v. California[FLT][2014] [2014] [20], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe iziphumo zeselfowuni zecell isenzeko ezingenakusetyenziswa jikelele azinanto ezidityaniswe kwimeko-mfono zomfono.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuphengulula okuqhutywa ngemvume yokuzithandela akufuni siqinisekiso. Kuphando lobuqhetseba, amagosa angacela i-laptop okanye ilungu lesithathu (elifana nomfaki-msebenzi okanye ilungu lentsapho) ukuba afumane imvume yokuphendla isixhobo okanye i-akhawunti. Imvume kufuneka ibe yazi, ilumkile, kwaye inikwe ngesisa, kungekhona iziphumo zesinyanzelo okanye inkohliso. Umlinganiselo wemvume unokuba nomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo .

ISithathu-Party Conant Doctrine ivumela umntu onegunya elifanayo kwimpahla ukuba avume ukuphanda. Kwimeko zobusela. Kwimeko yokubawa komntu othile, umntu ohlala naye okanye iqabane lomtshato angavuma ukuphengulula iikhompyutha ezahlulweyo. Kodwa, ukuba omnye umbangi uyavuma kwaye akavumi, amapolisa adla ngokungakwazi ukuphengulula ukuchasa into efunwayo. Le mfundiso inokuba ntsokothile xa abasebenzisi abaninzi bebelana ngeengxelo okanye izixhobo, njengakumatyala okuqhatha kweentsapho.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ngaphantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo, umphathi unokufumana ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba oko kuboniswa ngokukhawuleza ukuba le nto bubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo yokusebenza. Umzekelo, igosa eliphumeza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni ngekhadi letyala ebelweyo lingabona incwadana enee-PIN ezibhaliweyo namanani e-akhawunti ebonwa ngokucacileyo. Le mfundiso iyasebenza nakumongo zamanani: ukuba umphathi ufumana ngokusemthethweni ingxelo ye-imeyili erhanelekayo (umz., ngemvume esemthethweni) kwaye abone umyalezo ochaza ngentengiselwano olungekho mthethweni, ukuba i-imeyili inokuba yi-admismis ecacileyo phantsi kwembono ecacileyo. Noko ke, iintsomi ilumkisa ukuba imfundiso ayivumeli "ukukrola kwe-agediations kwaye imele ibekwe ngokusemthethweni."

Uphando lokukhangela lokubanjwa noxanduva lokukhangela

Isiganeko sokukhangela ukuvalela ukuchana kweminxeba sivumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule i-data yeselfowuni kunye nendawo ephakathi kolawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Emva kokuba Riley v. California, oku kunxaxhina akusavumeli ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwe-data yecell data yeselfowuni ukuba ibanjwe, kodwa abaphathi-majoni bangasenophendla isixhobo esiphathekayo (umz., yithathe ukujonga ukucinezela kwe-menu yefono-mfono.

Olu luhlu lunye uphendlo lomahluko: xa lugquma inqwelo-mafutha okanye iprojekthi ekhusela, amapolisa angenza uphando oluqhelekileyo lokukhusela impahla yomniniyo aze akhusele isebe ekuthenjweni ukuba liba. Ukuba ngexesha lokuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha efakwe imposiso emva kokubanjwa okunxulumene nokuqhatha, abaphathi-mikhosi bafumana i-laptop okanye amaxwebhu anolwazi olungachananga, ubungqina bungafumaneka nangaphandle kwemvume, ukuba uludwe lubhalwe ngokwemigaqo esesikweni.

Iimfuno Ezikhethekileyo

Kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa uphando olungenasiqinisekiso olusekelwe "kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo" ngaphandle kokugcinwa komthetho, njengokuphengululwa komda, ukuxilongwa kwesikhululo senqwelo-moya, nokuphengululwa kwetyala. Uphando lobuqhetselene noqhatha-mali lwamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, umahluko womda ufanelekile: urhulumente angaphendla ngezixhobo ze-elektroniki kumda ngaphandle kwemvume, nangona iinkundla zibeke imida ethile kumgangatho wokuphengulula okunjalo. Ngokufanayo, amagosa asezikolweni angakhangela amaqela ombane abafundi ngaphandle kogunyaziswa ngokusengqiqweni ukuba banokukrokrexeza ukucha. Ezi zinto zimxilo oluqhelekileyo azikhothoza uphando lobuqhotho lobuqhololo.

Isicelo sokuchaza ityala lobuqhetseba nekhadi lokurhoxisa ngetyala

Ukwebiwa kwengxelo yomntu kusoloko kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga kolwazi lomntu ngokobuqu (PII) olunjengamanani oKhuselo lweNtlalo-ntle, amanani ekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala, iinkcukacha ze-akhawunti yebhanki. Ukuqhatha ngetyala kuquka iifomu ezindala ezifana nokubawa kwamakhadi omzimba kunye neefomu ezintsha ezifana nokuqhatha-makhadi okungangeni manani nge-intanethi. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, ubungqina busoloko bugcinwa ngabantu besithathu: iibhanki, abasebenzi benkqubo yokuthenga ngetyala, abarhwebi, abaxhasi, abaxhasi benkonzo ye-intanethi, abameli be-imeyili, kunye namaqonga e-medi e-mediograph.

Xa kuphengululwa olu lwaphulo-mthetho, abanyanzeli bomthetho kufuneka bagqibe ukuba basebenzise isiqinisekiso, ipesenti, umyalelo wenkundla phantsi koMthetho woTshenxiso loThungelwano, okanye umdibaniso. Umzekelo, ukufumana idilesi ye-IP enxulumene nentengo ye-intanethi ekhohlisayo, abaphengululi bangathumela i-custopenanate kumthengisi, kodwa ukufumana ulwazi lomxhasi womxhasi we-intanethi, bafuna isiqinisekiso phantsi kwemithetho yokufuna I-Carpententer[ ukuba ugcino-data luquka iirekhodi zeseli ezingekho mthethweni. Imvume zokuphengulula i-elective zifuna uncedo lwabahloli ukuba baqinisekise ukuba imithetho yokuphendla ihambela i-intanethi ihambelane.

Ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo yimfuneko yokugcina ubungqina phambi kokuba ufumane isiqinisekiso. Abarhwebi bangakhupha ugcino-magama ngaphantsi ko18 U.S.C. 7623 (f) ukunyanzela abanikezeli ukuba bagcine iirekhodi iintsuku ezingamashumi asibhozo ngexesha imvume ifunyenwe. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina ubungqina ngokukhawuleza kungakhokelela ekukhupheni okanye ekutshabalaleni, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokungaqiniseki apho abakrokreni banokucima iinyawo zamanani ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi kogcino lwemiqathango kunye nemfuneko zesiqinisekiso kuyimfuneko ekwakheni imeko eqinileyo.

Impembelelo Yezigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Zakutshanje

Imithetho emibini yemiqondiso ilungise ubume bomthetho ukwenzela ubungqina bemivo yophando lobuqhetseba. Riley v. California yathi ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla iziqulatho zemipu zefowuni yeselula ebanjiweyo kwisiganeko sokubanjwa. INkundla yaqonda ukuba iicell phone zale mihla ziqulethe ulwazi olunzulu lwasese kwaye azikho kwizinto zomzimba ezifana neepoki okanye iibrikethi. Esi sigqibo sisebenza ngqo ekuphengululeni, apho ifowuni idla ngokugcina imiyalezo, ii-logs, ii-imeyili, ii-mali, kunye neziqinisekiso zokuqinisekisa.

[[Nkundla:0] ifuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswa ngunobangela olindelekileyo. United States Ukhuseleko lwesine Lonikezelo lokhuseleko lolwazi lwembali lweseli---CSLI) olubanjwe ngabanikezeli beseli. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukufikelela kwe-CSLI kubumba uphendlo kwaye ifuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yimeko elindelekileyo. Le sigqibo sichaphazela uphando lwenkohliso oluxhomekeke kwindawo ekubekeni ukrokrezo kwiprojelo yobuxoki. Emva Cardenter [, iinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi zifuna imvume yogcino-lwazi olufanayo, kuquka uphando lokwenene lwexesha kunye ne-data esuka kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ezisebenzisa iiselula.

Ezinye iimeko ezinxulumeneyo ziquka iUnited States v. [FULT:1] (iqabane [[FLT:]] I-Riley), ecacisa ukuba ukukhangela ukubhalisa akusebenzi kugcino-lwazi lwemfono-mfono- mfono, kwaye [[FLT]] United States v. Graham, eyakhankanya iimfuno zembali yeCSSLI. Ezi mizekelo zidityanise zinyusa ibhari yokubelwa komthetho: urhulumente kufuneka afumane amanqaku amaninzi ayimfihlo olwazi lwabucala, eshiya iindlela ezikhawulezayo (njengeedepotrans) kuphela kwiinkcukacha ezingundoqo zokuqesha.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Ukuqonda iimfuno zogunyaziso asikokufundiswa nje; kuchaphazela ngqo ukufaneleka kobungqina kunye nempumelelo yokutshutshiswa. Amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka aqeqeshe amagosa kunye nabaphandi ngokulandelelana komthetho wobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka. Kumaqela okuqhatha, kuqhelekile ukuba kubekho amaqela amisela i-intanethi asebenza ngokusondeleyo nabatshutshisi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-affidavits elungele ukufikelela kwimilinganiselo ethile nenokuba ngunobangela.

Uqheliselo olulunge kakhulu luquka:

  • Ukushwankathela izicelo ezichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba loo mntu urhanelwa ukuba ungumqhathano kubungqina obukhethekileyo obuvela kumanani, esebenzisa iingxelo ezithile zamaxhoba, iingxelo zentengiselwano, iidilesi zeIP nodliwano - ndlebe lwamangqina.
  • Ukucela imvume yokusebenzisa "imifanekiso eshukumayo" izixhobo ezenza iikopi ezidala iikopi ngaphandle kokutshintsha iifayile zoqobo, ezinemithetho engqongqo yokunqanda ukugqitha ubungakanani bomgunyaziso.
  • Ukusebenzisa isiqinisekiso phambi kokubamba umkrokreli, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezingalunganga zikhona, ukunqanda unyanzelo phantsi Urhuqo.
  • Ukusebenzisa izicelo zogcino ukukhusela ukukhutshwa kwemali ngexesha ufumana isiqinisekiso, ingakumbi kumatyala obusela abandakanya ii-akhawunti zebhanki neenkonzo ze-imeyili.
  • Ukubuza abatshutshisi ekuqaleni kophando ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ezikhethiweyo zomthetho (ii-athom, inkundla yezomthetho) zilingana nohlobo logcino-lwazi olufunwayo nomgangatho osemthethweni ofunekayo.

Enye indlela esebenzisekayo yokuqwalasela kukuphathwa kobungqina obubanjiweyo ukusuka kumafu. Xa imvume igunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwekhompyutha, abaphandi bangafuna isiqinisekiso esahlukileyo sokufikelela kwi akhawunti zamafu arhanelekayo ukuba ikhompyutha ngokwayo ayiqulathanga data yamafu. Umthetho wonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo zongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukutyhilwa okunyanzelisayo kokuqulathwe ngamafu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukhuselekile ukufumana isiqinisekiso esinye sokuphendla esigquma zombini isixhobo esiphathekayo neengxelo ezithile zamafu ezichazwe kwi-ffidavit.

Ekugqibeleni, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kuqonde ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho phakathi kwemeko kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho egqitha ukhuseleko lweSine soLawulo lwezindululo. Umzekelo, urhulumente angafuna isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi lwendawo yeseli naxa umthetho karhulumente ungenako. Abaphathi-mikhosi abasebenza kunye umsebenzi okanye amatyala okuqhatha okugwetywa komthetho kufuneka baqaphele umgangatho okhuselwa ngakumbi kwaye bawusebenzise ngokuqhubekayo ukunqanda ukucinezelwa kobungqina.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yemiyalelo efuna imvume ekwaziwa nakulwazi ngetyala lokurhoxisa ityala letyala letyala yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa uphando olunempumelelo nemigaqo-siseko. Izizathu ezinokuchazwa zihlala zililitye lembombo, kwaye imfuneko ekhethekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwamanani luqwalaselwe kwaye alugqithiseli. Okungafaniyo njengeemeko ezichanekileyo, imvume, imbono ecacileyo, kunye nophengululo lokuhlola amakhadi lunika ubuchule obufunekayo, kodwa lucaciswe ngokungqongqo yinkundla. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla zakutshanje zigxininise imfuneko yokufuna imvume kwisizukulwana soluvo, yenza ibe yimfuneko yokuba umthetho uqhubeke uluvo olukhoyo ngemfundiso ejikelezayo.

Ngokunamathela kule migangatho, abaphengululi bangakhusela ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo kwaye baphakamise ingqibelelo yenkqubo yobulungisa. Nayiphina into egqithiweyo . "isiqinisekiso esinesiphene, ukuphengulula okungaphaya kolwandle, okanye ukunxaxha okungaziwayo"ikhokelele ekucinezeleni ubungqina obuchanabileyo kunye nokubeka engozini umtshutshisi. Ngoko ke, ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo isiseko somthetho asiyonto ekhethelwayo; kubalulekile nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekulweni nokungabikho kwekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala ngokunempumelelo nangokusemthethweni.