Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sabahlali EMthethweni Wentsapho

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lusebenza njengendawo esisiseko yemfuneko yokugunyazisa iintsapho kuzo zonke iinkalo zomthetho, kuquka umthetho wentsapho kunye neempikiswano zokugcina umntwana. Lukhusela abantu ekuphandweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzulweni ngokufuna ukuba amagosa omthetho afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba angenele kwikhaya lomntu okanye athabathe impahla. Oku kukhusela kudlulela ekhaya, kwanaxa ukuphengululwa kuthe kwabangelwa kukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ukutyeshelwa, okanye ugonyamelo lwasekhaya oluvela kwimibandela yokugcinwa kwabantwana. Iinkundla zikudala ziqonda ukuba izilangazelelo zobuqu zinelungelo elingqongqo lokukhusela, kwaye imfuneko ayinakubekwa bucala ngenxa yokuba ityala libandakanya ukuxanduva komthetho weentsapho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ikholelwa ukuba ukungena ngokoqobo ekhayeni bububi obuyintloko obuyalelwa kuMphetho-mvandedwa wesi-45. Kumthetho wentsapho, oku kuthetha ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo kufumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla indlu ukuze kufumaneke ubungqina bokuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe umahluko omiselweyo. Ikhaya lithathwa njengesona sithuba sobuqu somntu, kwaye nasiphi na isigxa esingekho mthethweni singaba neziphumo ezinzulu zokuhlaziywa komthetho. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso bungagwetywa kwinkundla yentsapho eqhubeka, iziphumo ezinokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zokugcinwa kwetyala okanye ukutyelelwa.

Ngaphezu koko, ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesi-4 lusebenza kungekuphela nje ekuphandweni kwabezolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa nakumthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa inkundla yentsapho iyinkundla yoluntu, ukuveliswa kobungqina obuququzelelweyo ekuphunyezweni koMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-sine kusenokucelw'ukwenziwa imiqathango yokucinezela. IiNkundla zahluka-hlukeneyo ekuphatheni kwazo ubungqina obunjalo, kodwa kwimimandla emininzi, umthetho wokuzikhulula, othiwe ngokungekho mthethweni, usetyenziso lokusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (applies) kumatyala amakhaya kunye nabanga alwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukongezelela, umgaqo-siseko wazo usenokuba nomthetho-siseko onika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunoMphetho-mda wesi-5 wesizwe. Ezinye iinkundla zelizwe zifuna imvume yokuphengulula kwiimeko apho umthetho wesizwe uza kuvumela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso. Abasebenzi bomthetho wentsapho kufuneka baqhelane nomthetho wolawulo lwabo, kuba imithetho ecacileyo karhulumente ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela obuqokelelwa ngayo nokuvunywa ngayo ubungqina. Imvelaphi egunyaziweyo kwiSihlaziyo sesine, [iQURL] iCenell Information Information Institute ebanzi ye-mthetho .

Kunini Xa Kufuneka Abameli Kumthetho Wentsapho?

Kwiimeko ezininzi, amagosa agunyazisa umthetho afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ikhaya lentsapho okanye ukuthatha ubungqina obunxulumene nokugcinwa kwetyala okanye ukutyholwa ngokuxhatshazwa. Imfuneko yemvume ngumthetho ongagqibekanga, kwaye umthwalo wenzelwa urhulumente ukubonisa ukuba imfuneko iyasebenza ukuba akukho gunya lifunyenweyo. Iimeko zomthetho wentsapho zisoloko ziveza iimeko apho iimvakalelo ziphezulu khona kwaye isilingo sokuzidlulisa iinkqubo ezisesikweni sinamandla. Kodwa ke, iinkundla zinyanzelisa imfuneko yokugunyaziswa, ingakumbi xa imicimbi yabantwana nabazali ibo ibotshelelwe esichengeni.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Enye yezona zinto zingaqhelekanga kwimfuneko yomtshato kukuvuma. Ukuba umntu onegunya elifanelekileyo okanye elicacileyo uyavuma ngokuzithandela, unyanzelo lomthetho lungaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Kwimicimbi yomthetho wentsapho, imibandela evumelanayo inokuba nzima. Umzekelo, ngexesha loqhawulo-mtshato oluxanduva, omnye umzali angavuma ukuphengululwa kwekhaya lomtshato. Kodwa ke, ukuba umzali unegunya lokuvuma. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu onegunya eliqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo angavuma, kwanaseluvulweni lomnye umntu ohlala kunye nomnye umntu. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba "ubhaliso-oclenting'i" umthetho. Noko ke, ukuba omnye umzali ukho kwaye akavumi, ukuphendla kusenokuba kufanelekile. Inkundla ihlolisisa imo epheleleyo, kuquka nonxulumano lwamalungu oqhelekileyo.

Kuvela enye intsingiselo xa umthetho ucela umntwana okanye umntwana ukuba avume ukuphengulula ikhaya. Amancinane anqabile ukuba abe negunya lokuvuma ukuphengulula ikhaya lomzali ngaphandle kokuba anikwe ulawulo oluzimeleyo kwindawo ekhangelwayo. Umzekelo, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo angavuma ukuphengululwa kwegumbi lakhe lokulala ukuba asebenzisa ulawulo olupheleleyo, kodwa akanakuvuma ngokuqhelekileyo ukuphengulula yonke indlu. Kwiimpikiswano zokugcina umntwana, amagqwetha kufuneka abuhlolisise ngenyameko nabuphi na ubungqina obukhoyo ngokuvuma okuqinisekisa ukuba bubobobobobobobobobodwa kwaye bunikwe ngumntu onegunya elifanelekileyo.

Intlekele Okanye Iimeko Ezimaxongo

Ukungabikho komthetho ongxamisekileyo, okwaziwa ngokuba ziimeko eziyingozi, uvumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kungene ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume xa kukho imfuneko yokukhusela ubomi okanye ukukhusela intlungu enzulu. Kwimeko zomthetho wentsapho, oku kusoloko kusebenza xa umthetho uphendula ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ingxelo yomntwana osengozini ekhawulezileyo, okanye imeko apho ubungqina buza kutshatyalaliswa. Umzekelo, ukuba umzali ubiza umntwana ukuba uhlasela umntwana ngaphakathi, amagosa asenokungena ngaphandle kwemvume yokuphelisa ugonyamelo nokukhusela imbonakalo.

Uvavanyo lweemeko olucacileyo lufuna ukuba umphathi akholelwe ukuba kukho ungxamiseko kwaye imfuneko yenyathelo elikhawulezileyo ingaphezulu kwenzala yasese. Iinkundla zivavanya ubungcathu benjongo yenkolelo yegosa. Kwimeko zolawulo, ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungena ekhaya phantsi kocalulo longxamiseko, kufuneka babhale ngenyameko izibakala ezithi zithethelele ukungena. Kungenjalo, ubungqina obufunyenwe ngexesha lokungena bungacinezelwa.

Umahluko onxulumene nolo khetho "umchaphaza-mdla wokuphatha" umsebenzi, ovumela amagosa ukuba angene ekhaya ukuze akhangele intlalo-ntle yomntu othile ngaphandle kokukrokreleka ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, lo mahluko mxinwa kwaye awuvumeli ukukhangela okucacileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa aya ekhaya kuba ummelwane ukhalaza, angangena ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ukhuselekile, kodwa abangepheli iidrowa kunye nezivalelo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye imvume. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngexesha lokukhangela intlalo-ntle kufuneka buwe phantsi komnye umntu, njengombono ocacileyo, ukuba angathi ume.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusemthethweni ekhayeni, basenokufumana ubungqina obucacileyo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Le mfundiso icacileyo iyasebenza xa igosa linelungelo elisemthethweni lokuba kwindawo ekujongwa kuyo ubungqina, kwaye kucaca ngoko nangoko ukuba le nto bububungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukungagcinwa. Kumthetho wentsapho, oku kungenzeka ngexesha lokungena kongxamiseko olusemthethweni apho igosa libona amayeza, izixhobo, okanye imiqondiso yokuxhaphaza phambi komntu. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa angena ekhaya ukuze aphule umlo aze abone umntwana ozele igazi kwigumbi eliphilayo, okokuba ubungqina bunokusetyenziswa kwimicimbi yelungelo lokugcina intolongo nangona kungekho siqinisekiso safunyanwa ukuba angene kuqala.

Le mfundiso ayikuvumeli ukuphanda. Ukuba igosa kufuneka lithuthe izinto, iingcango ezivulekileyo, okanye liphengulule kwiindawo ezimnyama ukuze libone into ethile, imbono ecacileyo echaphazelekayo ayisebenzi. Ii-Attorney kufuneka zihlole ukuba igosa lomthetho lalikwindawo esemthethweni kusini na xa ubungqina buqwalaselwe. Ukuba ubukho bomphathi ngokwalo babungekho mthethweni (umz., ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume okanye umahluko osemthethweni), ngoko imbonakalo ecacileyo yokuxhuzula iyadyojwa.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Isiganeko sokukhangela ukuvalelwa ngokusemthethweni sivumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule umntu kunye nendawo ekufuphi apho umbanjwa afumana khona izixhobo kunye nobungqina. Kumthetho wentsapho, oku kusenokuvela ukuba umzali ubanjiwe ngenxa yogonyamelo lwasekhaya okanye wophule umyalelo wokukhusela. Ukukhangela kusenokunwenwa kwindawo apho ukubanjwa kwakhe kunokwenzeka khona, kodwa akuvumi ukuphengulula ngokupheleleyo ikhaya liphela. Umzekelo, ukuba umzali ubanjwa emnyango wangaphambili ngenxa yokwaphula umyalelo wokukhusela, amapolisa angakhangela umntu obanjwayo mhlawumbi nommandla ojikeleze umnyango, kodwa angakwazi ukuphengulula yonke indlu ngaphandle kwemvume okanye omnye umntu.

Amagqwetha emithetho yeentsapho afanele aphawule ukuba ubungqina obuthinjwa ukubanjwa busenokubekelwa ityala ukuba ukubanjwa ngokwako bekungekho mthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ukubanjwa kusetyenziswa njengesizathu sokuphengulula ityala lokufumana ityala lokugcina umntwana, ukuphengululwa kusenokuncitshiswa. Iinkundla zinikel ’ ingqalelo ngakumbi kuphando lwangaphambi kokubhalwa kwemibhalo, ingakumbi xa impikiswano ephantsi yomthetho ikhuthaza ukugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha intelekelelo yophawu olungakhethwanga kwimeko yogonyamelo lwasekhaya, i- yesizwe ye-Servince Justice Reference Service inika oovimba abafanelekileyo.

Imilinganiselo Yokukhusela Iingxaki Zokuhlala Usemngciphekweni

Xa imvume ifunwa, imilinganiselo engqongqo ilawula imigaqo yayo engqongqo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhutshwe ngumgwebi ongathathi-nxaxheba nongahlaliyo, hayi ligosa lomthetho. Isicelo kufuneka sibonise unobangela ofanelekileyo, okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bufunyanwe kwindawo yokuhlolwa. Kwimeko zomthetho wentsapho, ngokunokwenzeka unobangela usekelwe kwizityholo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ukutyeshelwa, okanye ugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Noko ke, imilinganiselo ayingokukrokraza nje; ifuna, izibakalazo ezicacileyo ezinokukhokelela umntu onobuchule ekukholelweni ukuba ubungqina bukho.

I-Magstate kufuneka ihlolisise ukuthembeka kweemeko, kuquka ukuthembeka kwenkcazelo, ukuthembeka konozakuzaku, kunye nohlobo lobungqina obufunwayo. Kwiimbambano zobundlobongela, kukho ubungozi obukhulu bokutyholwa okanye ukuxambuliswa. Umzali angasebenzisa inkqubo ukukhathaza omnye umzali. Ngoko ke, ijaji kufuneka ayihlolisise ngenyameko i-affidavit ukuqinisekisa ukuba isiqinisekiso asisekelwanga kwintelekelelo okanye kwizinto ezingaxhaswanga.

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo ekhethekileyo ezakuphengululwa kwaye izinto eziza kubanjwa. Ngokubanzi, imvume, egunyazisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho obanzi kwimpahla yomntu, ayinyanzelekanga. Kumongo womthetho wentsapho, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ukuba ngawaphi amagumbi azakuphendwa kwaye buluphi uhlobo lobungqina obufunwayo, njengerekhodi yokuxhatshazwa, iifoto, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo. Isiqinisekiso esilula sokulawula umthetho ukuphengulula "ikhaya lomkhaya" ukwenzela "ukuxhatshazwa" sibonakala simfiliba.

Omnye umgangatho obalulekileyo lixesha lokuphengulula. Abavumi-mthetho kufuneka babulawe ngokukhawuleza nangexesha lasemini ngaphandle kokuba umantyi ugunyazise ukufunwa kwezizathu ezilungileyo eziboniswa ebusuku. Kwimeko zomthetho wentsapho, ukuphengulula ebusuku kungena ngamandla kwaye kungafuna ukuboniswa kwemfuneko. Iinkundla zingajonga ekucelweni okuqhutywa ebusuku ukuba ulungiso lubuthathaka, njengokuba ukuphazamiseka kobomi bentsapho kuyingozi.

Ngokubhekele phaya, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sixhaswe ngesifungo okanye isingqiniso. Igosa elisebenzisa imvume kufuneka likhuphe isiqinisekiso esibhaliweyo phantsi kwesohlwayo sobuxoki. Nasiphi na isivakalisi esiphosakeleyo okanye isithintelo sezinto eziphathekayo singanikezela isiqinisekiso esingekho semthethweni. Kwimfazwe yelokugcinwa kwetyala, ukuba omnye umzali unika ulwazi oluphosakeleyo kumthetho olukhokelela kwisiqinisekiso, ukuphengulula okulandelayo kungacinywa. Oku kusisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amagqwetha amela umzali nxamnye netyala elicetyiselwe ukuphembelela ityala.

Kulwazi oluninzi ngesizathu esinokwenzeka somgangatho kumthetho wentsapho, i American Bar Association inikezela ngezinto zokufundisa [[[FLT: 1]].

Ukunyamekela Ngokukhethekileyo Umthetho Wentsapho Namatyala Elungelo Lokugcina Abantwana

Umthetho wentsapho kunye namatyala okugcina umntwana azisa imingeni ekhethekileyo ngokuphathelele iimfuno ezifanelekileyo kuba zibandakanya ukudityaniswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, intlalo-ntle yabantwana, kunye nokubekwa kwetyala. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise umdla karhulumente wokukhusela abantwana namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabazali. Olu mlinganiselo udla ngokudlala kumbandela wokuphengululwa kweeNkonzo zoKhuselo-mthetho eziqhutywa yiChild Services (CPS), ukunyaniswa komthetho, okanye abaqwalaseli abamiselwe yinkundla.

Uphando lweenkonzo zokukhusela abantwana (CPS)

Amagosa eCPS asoloko ephanda ngezityholo zokuxhatshazwa okanye zokungakhathalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, abasebenzi baseCPS abangomagosa asebenza ngomthetho ngokwesithethe. UHlaliso lweSine lusenokusebenza ukuba uphando lweCPS lubandakanya ukungenelela kukarhulumente ekhaya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe ityala elingentla lizizizikhundla zikarhulumente zokulungisa abantwana xa beqhuba iPS ekhangela okanye esusa abantwana emakhayeni abo. Kwimimandla emininzi, iCPS kufuneka ifumane umyalelo wenkundla okanye isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba bangene kwinkundla yasekhaya ngenxa yokuchasana kwabazali, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezingekho mthethweni zikho.

ICPS isoloko ixhomekeke kwimvume yabazali okanye kumandla ongxamiseko ukuze ifumaneke. Ukuvunywa phantsi kwengcinezelo okanye ukuxoxiwa kusenokuba akusebenzi. Umzekelo, ukuba umgcini-tyala uxelela umzali ukuba kufuneka avumele ukungena okanye umntwana athatyathwe, imvume isenokuthathwa njengenyanzelekile. Ii-Attorney kufuneka zihlolisise ngenyameko iimeko zokutyelela kweCPS ukuze zifumanise enoba imvume iyimfuneko kusini na. Ukuba imvume iyafuneka kodwa ayifunyanwanga, ubungqina obubuqulunqwe yi-CPS bungakhutshwanga ekuhlolweni kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana.

Imiyalelo ekhuselayo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemeko yengozi

Xa inkundla ikhupha umyalelo wokukhusela, ingagunyazisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukukhangela izixhobo okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Noko ke, umyalelo ngokwawo awukuthetheleli ukuphendla okungenasiqinisekiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imiyalelo ekhuselayo inemiqathango evumela abaphathi ukuba bathathe izenzo ezithile, njengokususa iqela ekhaya okanye ukuphatha imipu. La malungiselelo asebenza ngokuqhelekileyo logama nje esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kunye neziphumo ezithile. Kodwa ugunyaziso lwengubo lokukhusela ukukhangela ikhaya ngaphandle kolunye ugwebo lungaba lungagunyaziswanga.

Ukususwa kwengxaki yomntwana ekhaya yenye indawo apho iimfuno zemvume zivavanywa khona. Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho evumela ukugcinwa komthetho okanye iCPS ukuba ingenise umntwana kwigumbi lokugcina ityala ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla ukuba kukho ingozi ekufuphi. Le yisicelo esizinzileyo somntwana. Xa sele esusiwe, urhulumente kufuneka afake isicelo senkundla ngexesha elifutshane. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngexesha lokususwa, njengeemeko eziyingozi ekhayeni, bungabonakala ukuba bufanelekile. Kodwa, ukuba ukususwa kwayo bekusekelwe kwimiba engenanto ekhoyo, ubungqina bungacinywa njengesiqhamo sokuphangwa okungekho mthethweni komntwana.

Uvavanyo lobundlobongela nokuxilongwa ngengqondo

Ababoniseli belungelo, nangona zidla ngokuthathwa njengabadlali benkundla ukuba bamiselwe yinkundla. Abaququzeleli maxa wambi baqhuba amatyelelo asekhaya okanye iirekhodi zabucala. Isicelo seSine soLawulo lokuHlaziya asicacanga kakuhle, kodwa ezinye inkundla zibambelele kwelokuba ukuba umsebenzi womqwalaseli usetyenziswa kurhulumente oqhubekekayo (njengomlomo wenkundla), uphengululo lwabo kufuneka luvumelane nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ukuba umqwalaseli wenkundla omiselweyo ungena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume okanye umyalelo wenkundla, uqikelelo lwabo lungacekiswa.

Ukungangqinelani Kobungqina Nomthetho Oyisiphelo

Kwinkundla yentsapho, ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokuchaswa koMthetho weSine woMyezo-yokuHlaziya bungathotyelwa phantsi komthetho osusiweyo. Noko ke, ezinye iinkundla zentsapho zinokuvuma ukuba zikholeleka ngakumbi yaye zisenokuvuma ubungqina kwanokuba zifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ingakumbi ukuba zithembekile kwaye zifanelekile. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithe yachaza ukuba umthetho wokuzikhulula usebenza ngokuyintloko kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente ziwudlulisela kwimibango yamakhaya xa ukuchasana kuyinto engafanelekanga okanye ubungqina busisiqhamo sokuphendla okungekho semthethweni okungekho ngqiqwele. Kwityala lokugcina ityala, abagwebi baqisa imfuneko yokukhusela abantwana kwimfuneko yokuthintela urhulumente.

Abaququzeleli kufuneka bakulungele ukuhambisa iintshukumo zefayile ukucinezela ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Nokuba inkundla ekugqibeleni ayibushiyi ubungqina, ukuphakamisa umba kungaphembelela indlela abagwebi abavakalelwa ngayo ngehambo yeqela eliphikisanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho bobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungenza ingxelo yokubhenela.

Amalungelo Ayimfihlo Abantwana

Abantwana banamalungelo obuqu phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesine, nangona besoloko besetyenziswa ngabazali. Kwiimbambano zokugcina umntwana, umzali usenokuzama ukuvuma ukuphengulula igumbi lomntwana okanye impahla yakhe, kodwa oku kunokuncinwa ngomnye umzali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nawuphi na umzali ofumana ilungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokusemthethweni unegunya lokuvuma. Noko ke, ukuba umzali ogcina umntwana yedwa ukhangela impahla yomntwana ngaphandle kwemvume, kudla ngokuvunyelwa ngenxa yokuba abazali banengqiqo ephangaleleyo yokwalathisa abantwana babo. Kodwa xa kuqukwa umthetho okanye iCPS, utshintsho oluqhelekileyo.

Kwakhona amancinane alindele ukuba umntwana abe yedwa ngokulinganiselweyo kwizikolo, kodwa oko akuchanekanga kangako kuphengululo lwasekhaya. Ekhaya, ikhomputha yomntwana, umnxeba, okanye iijenali zingabanjwa ukuba umntwana ulixhoba okanye urhanelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Abathathi-mthetho kufuneka baqwalasele enoba umdla womntwana ukhuseleke ngokwaneleyo na ngalo na naluphi uphendlo.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kumthetho Weentaka

I-Attorney esingatha amatyala okugcinwa kwabantwana apho kubandakanyekileyo ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka athathe amanyathelo aphambili:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo sokufumana kuzo zonke imfuneko, ii-affidavits, kunye nokubuya kwamaxwebhu okusebenza. Hlola unobangela olindelekileyo nonobanzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Dettemine nokuba imvume inikwe na. Ukuba imvume ifunyenwe, qinisekisa ukuba ivela ngokuzithandela kwaye ivela kumntu ogunyazisiweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] hlola ixesha leziganeko. Isiqinisekiso esiphumezwe ixesha elide emva kwe-affiant isithi ikhutshwe ingaba idala.
  • Cinga ngokufaka intshukumo yokucinezela ukuba ubungqina buqokelelwe ngokuchasene nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Oku kunganyanzelisa elinye icala ukuthethelela ukukhangela.
  • Yazi imithetho ecacileyo karhulumente malunga nomthetho osusiweyo kwiimeko zamakhaya. Amanye amazwe ngokuzenzekelayo angayifaki ngaphaya kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ngelixa amanye esebenzisa uvavanyo lokulinganisela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Bambisene nesiluleko sokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba umzali ujongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olulinganayo. Obu bungqina bunye bunokuba mbambano kuzo zombini iimeko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abaxhasi malunga namalungelo abo. Umzali akafanele avume ekuphengululeni ukuba umthetho awunyanzelisi ukuba unyanzelisekile ukuba unogunyazo, ngaphandle kokuba kucacile ukuba kuluncedo kwindawo yomxhasi nakwisandi esisemthethweni.

Ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokunzulu imiba yoMhlaziyiso wesine kumthetho wentsapho, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMasipala kaRhulumente inezibonelelo kwintlalo-ntle yabantwana kunye nokhuseleko.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezingqongqo kumthetho wentsapho nakwimicimbi yokugcinwa kwabantwana zisekelwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesine kwaye zifuna ukuba umthetho uthobele ukubekwa kwemiqathango kwekhaya. Nangona imvume engekho mthethweni, iimeko ezingafaniyo, kunye nembono ecacileyo ivumela ukuphengululwa okungagunyaziswanga kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, umthwalo uxhomekeke kurhulumente ukuze uthethelele ukungenelela ngako konke. Kwimeko erhanelwayo yezeemvakalelo, kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ukuba iinkundla zinyanzelise le migaqo ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya elisemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obunikelweyo bunokuthenjwa kwaye bufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni.

Ii-athorney, iijaji, kunye nabazali kufuneka basebenze kunye ukulungelelanisa imfuneko esemthethweni yokuphanda ngezityholo zokuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa kwamalungelo asisiseko okukhululeka ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ngokuqonda imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokugunyaziswa komthetho ingummiselo, umlinganiselo okhethekileyo, kunye nokuqwalasela okuqalayo kwimicimbi yentsapho, iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni zinokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abaxhasi bazo zize zikhuthaze iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwizigqibo zokugcina intolongo. Ubungqina obudityaniswe ngokuhlonelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngoMmiselo wesine abungomelezangapheleli nje kuphela kodwa bukwaxhasa ingqibelelo yenkqubo esemthethweni.

Ekugqibeleni, imfuneko efunekayo isebenza njengenkuselo ekuphathweni, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanakwezona ziko zichubekileyo zomthetho wentsapho, ukufuna inyaniso akuyi kubangelwa yinkululeko engokomGaqo - siseko.