Yintoni Ukruthakruthwano Lokurhwaphiliza?

Uphando oluphengululayo luyiqhinga elikhohlisayo elibonakala njengelifanelekileyo lophando. Ngokungafaniyo nokuhlola okunyanisekileyo okufuna ukulinganisa indlela yoluntu, ukunyanzelisa ukuvocago lwenzelwe ukulolonga ngokusasaza ulwazi olubi okanye olulahlekisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo oluqhutywa ngomnxeba okanye uhlolisiso lwamanani, ukunyanzelisa ukuxina okuya kubuza uthotho lwemibuzo exhobileyo efaka utshaba oluyingozi, olufana noluthi "Ukwenzeka okanye okunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uvote u-X ukuba wazi ukuba ubekwe ityala lobuqhophololo?" nokokuba akukho ngqikelelo olunjalo. Injongo ayiko ukuqokelela ulwazi kodwa ukutyala icebiso ngengqondo yomntu. Igama "uphelo oluyingozi" eliye lasetyenziswa nguphando oluqhelekileyo, kodwa imigaqo ekho kwimigaqo echaphazelekileyo "updiaise" esetyenziswa yimithetho yezo yezongamele i-Propolitive.[10]

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Zolwazi Zasemaphandleni Nezasedolobheni

Ukuze siqonde indlela uphando oluphembelela abantu abahlukahlukeneyo oluchaphazela ngayo, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa iindawo ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo wejelo leendaba neewebhsayithi zokunxibelelana apho abavoti basemaphandleni nabasemadolophini basebenza khona.

Ingxowa yasemaphandleni: Ibekelwe Imida Engafaniyo Yemithombo Yamajelo

Iingingqi zasemaphandleni zisoloko zingena ncam ngendawo zokukhupha iindaba zasekuhlaleni kwaye zingena thuba lininzi lokufumana imithombo ye-media. Iingingqi ezininzi zasemaphandleni zikhokelwa liphephandaba elinye, izitishi ezimbalwa zikanomathotholo, mhlawumbi elinye okanye ezimbini ezisasazwayo. Ukufikelela kwe-Internet yeBhanki ebanzi kusekungangqinelani kwimimandla emininzi yasemaphandleni, ekwakungavumelaniyo nokuchanabeka kwiindaba zelizwe nezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, ukupheka kwenyaniso, kunye nezinye iimbono ezingezinye izinto. Oku kuthelekisa imithombo yolwazi kusenokubonwa njengokuhlola okusemthethweni ngenxa yokuba ulwazi oluncinane olukhuphisanayo. Ngaphezu koko, abamelwane basemaphandleni, abamelwane, amaqela ecawa, amaqela eecawa, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni, ii-famathene, i-apulan, i-odolorthsss, i-ok amaqela asebenza, i-ognogcunts amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni athenwa kakhulu, amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni, athenwa kakhulu, acinga ukuba amaqela, a

Iincwadi Ezininzi Zasedolobheni: Ulwazi Oluninzi Kodwa Lwahlulahlula - jika

Ngokwahlukileyo, abavoti baseUrban, bayadada kulwazi oluninzi. Amadolobha amakhulu aneziteshi ezininzi zikanomathotholo neze-TV, intaphane egqunywe zii-atting, kunye nokufumaneka kwe-intanethi enkulu kwi-intanethi. Abahlali base-Urban bachanabeke kwimiba emininzi yembono yezopolitiko, imigaqo-nyani, kunye nemiyalezo yezonxibelelwano. Kodwa, oku kuninzi kubangelwa kukuqhekeka. Abemi base-Ostreban banokuxhomekeka kakhulu kuninzi kakhulu, ngokungekho mdla ngokungekho mthethweni, kwaye ngokwezoqoqosho, kwaye ngokwezobupolitika, kwaye imimandla esezantsi idla ngokusebenzisa imimandla ephakathi kwemimandla ephakathi kwemimandla, isenokufumana uninzi kwemithombo yezopolitiki ekhoyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zelizwe, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha ezikhoyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha ezithenezentenxa-mali-mali, ukusetyenziswa kwemiba yoluntu kusenokusetyenziswa nangakumbi solu lwabiwo-mali, ukusetyenziswa koncedo lwezentengo yemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi, ngaphandle koncedo loncedo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiba

Indlela Ukwenziwa Kwezinto Eziphazamisayo Okungasetyenziswa Kakuhle

Uphando olucinezelayo luyasebenza kuba lusebenzisa kakubi ukuchana kwengqondo okubhalwe kakuhle. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba abavoti basedolophini nabasemadolophini bathabathe inyathelo elahlukileyo.

Ukuqinisekisa I-bias kunye neCandelo elingalunganga

Ubungqina bububunyani bubuqheleke bokwenza uphando olunyanzelekileyo lokufuna, ukuchaza, nokukhumbula ulwazi olungqina iinkolelo ezikhoyo. Uphando lobugocigoci lusebenzisa oku ngokufaka amazwi angalunganga ngotshaba ngendlela ebangela ukuba ivoti ithandane nomntu ovotayo. Umzekelo, umvoti wase-crackethe othe ngcuphekweni angafumana uphando olucebisa ukuba umxhasi wedemokhrasi uxhase iinkqubo eziyingozi eziphazamisa ingini yolimo-/na elonakalisa iprojectal. Ukuba i-avtirn i-at ayinyanisekanga. Ngoku ibangela ukuba bamkele ukuchasana kweqela lento. Urban ibonisa ukuphembelela ingcelo olungalunganga, kodwa zisoloko zichaphazele ukuchasana kwemiba yomahluko kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yezo eendaba, nto enokuthi ibangele ukuba ingasebenzi kakuhle. Ngokuthelela kakhulu ekuphaka kweqela elichaseneyo kwi-Advition.[10]

Imiphumo Nemvelaphi Yokulala

Another psychological weapon used by push polls is the "sleeper effect." Over time, people tend to forget the source of information while retaining the information itself. A voter who hears a false accusation during a push poll may later forget the dubious source but remember the accusation as a fact. This is particularly dangerous in rural areas where there are fewer competing sources to counter the claim. In urban environments, the higher density of information sources and faster news cycle can sometimes "overwrite" the false memory, but if the push poll is targeted to a community with its own closed information loop (e.g., a specific ethnic social media group), the sleeper effect can still take hold. The sleeper effect is more pronounced when the message is repeated, and push poll scripts are often designed to repeat the accusatory question multiple times in slightly different forms.

Ubungqina Bokwahluka Kwamandla

Nangona uphando lwelizwe olunentsingiselo engakumbi kwimiphumo yokuhlola ijografi lunqabile, uphando oluninzi nembali yembali zinikela ubulumko.

Uphando Olubonisa Ukuba Abantu Basemaphandleni Abachanabekayo

Uhlolisiso lonyaka 2016 olwapapashwa ku Unxibelelwano lobuqhophololo luvavanye ukusebenza kwephulo elingalunganga kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zogcino-lwazi. Yafumanisa ukuba abavoti abakwimekobume eziphantsi ze-information . olusoloko luqukana nemimandla yasemaphandleni. Olunye uhlolo luphenjelelwa lukhuthazwe luzibhengezo lokuhlola nokunyathela intengo kulwazi oluphezulu. Abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba kwiindawo ezinemida elinganiselweyo, i-injini engalunganga ineziphumo ezinamandla ze-primenti, ithetha ukuba yenza imiba ekhethekileyo okanye imiba eninzi kwiingqondo zokhetho. Olunye uphengululo oluthelelwayo lunokukhutha ukunyanzela ukuthemba okuninzi. Iziko zophando oluphezulu.[FLT][FLT]

Ukuxhathisa kwedolophu kunye neziphazamiso zokulwa

Ukuxhathisa kwabavoti basedolobheni ukunyanzela uphando akusoloko kuqinisekisiwe. Uvavanyo lwama-2020 lweYunivesithi yaseMzantsi California oluvavanyiweyo lutyhalela imibuzo yophando njenge-othotho kwidolophu yaseLos Angeles County. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba nangona abavoti basedolophini babengenamathuba okutshintsha injongo yabo yokuvota jikelele, amaqela athile asezantsi (*abona abo bachaza njengee-ontakazo zomelele okanye ababehlala kwimimandla ephakathi yezizwe okanye abahlala kuzodwa.) babenochuku nje njenge-omatilokhwe. Uphando olubalase ukuba isitshixo somahluko asingo sobume belizwe lonke kodwa "ubunzima be-injini" ne "indawo ye-mibhobhozo" kunye "nethi" ne-' ye-eeeeeeprocesssssssssssssssssss elungele ukungenelwa kwemeko yasedork. Ngokuthentine ngolwa kwemeko yoluntu oluthelekelelophu.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yezibheno zophuthuzo kunye neziphumo zazo

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa amandla okunyanzelisa uhlolisiso nendlela eye yatshintsha ngayo imiphumo yonyulo kumazwe asemaphandleni nakwizixeko.

IPhondo lama-2000 eMzantsi Carolina

Enye yezona ziganeko zophando zidume kakhulu zenzeka ngexesha lika 2000 uLungu W. Bush noJohn McKain. McKain, ophumelele iNew Hampshire ephambili, wafumana isantya. Ekuphenduleni, amajoni angaziwayo aqhuba uhlolo olunyanzelisa urhulumente. "zininzi zazo ezithi zilapho zenza ukuba uMCConpe wazala umntwana omnyama ongekho mthethweni (McKaina intombi yakhe yamkelwa eBangladesh). Ukutyhala kwendlela yokukhangela kwasetyenziswa ulwimi olufana no, "Ngaba unokuba unokuba unokuba unokuba unokuba uthanda ukuvota uJohn McCain ubhete uthe umntwana omnyama ngaphandle komtshato?" Izityholo zobuxoki ezithe ngqo, kwaye inkxaso ye-Mckinston emhlophe. Bush, yafumana ngokukna ukurhoxina kwetyala ngokubanziswa kwemeko yasemaphandleni.

UPhuhliso noXwebhu loMongameli 2016

Kunyulo 2016, uphando olunyanzela ukuba lutshintshelwe kwiintlobo zamanani ezintsonkothileyo. Ubuchule obaziwa ngokuba "kukuxina amaxoki" busetyenziswa ukunyanzela ukuchola nokuzikhuthaza ukuba zifumaneke ngokufaka imibuzo ekhokelayo ngabanyulwa. Olu hlolo lucinezelo lwamanani lusoloko lujoliswe kumaphandle asemaphandleni kumaphondo afana noWisconsin, Michigan, nePennsylvania. Okuqulu luye lwasebenzisa izikhalazo zasemaphandleni malunga norhwebo, ukufuduka, nokuthomala kwezoqoqosho. Iziphumo zaba kukukhuthazwa kwenqanawa ekwalantileyo enceda ukuphembelela imida encinci. Kwimimandla yasedolophini, imincinane efanayo ijoliswe kwimibandela enjengezindlu okanye utshintsho, kodwa iziphumo zalethwa ngukhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo lusuka kukhuthulo lwe-demo-themist transkylands, ii-operatemptyy

Imijaho Yasekuhlaleni Nomphumela Othuleyo

Uphando olucinezelayo luxhaphakile nangakumbi kwimijaho yasekuhlaleni yebhunga lesixeko, ibhodi yesikolo, kunye neekomishini yengingqi, apho ijelo leendaba lithelekisa amajelo eendaba limbalwa khona. Kumaphandle asemaphandleni, iphulo elinye lokunyanzela liyakwazi ukulawula ngokunempumelelo inkqubela yolwazi kangangeeveki. Kwimimandla yasedolophini enezikhundla ezininzi zosasazo, iziphumo zisoloko zipheliswa luphando lwasekuhlaleni lwezikhundla zendaba zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, kwimimandla yasezidolophini apho amaphephandaba asemagqabini eetheni , , iindawo apho amaphephandaba alapho avingxwe okanye apho amaphephandaba ayevale okanye acuthe aving'iiiii kukhange khona ukuchola okanye ukupheka kwe-'injini yesikolo. Uphengululo lwango lweklaviya yachaza indlela e-Coluving Journalism eyasetyenziswa ngayo kwingingcutting kwingithanga yase-Atlantic kummandla wengithanga yaseOtla ee.

Ukuqwalaselwa Okusemthethweni

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyomthetho yokunyanzelisa ukuvotelwa iyahluka ngokwamandla, yaye ukunqongophala komthetho okungaguquguqukiyo kukuxhalabela ukuthembeka kwedemokhrasi.

Imithetho Yangoku

EUnited States, uphando olunyanzelisayo lukhuselwa jikelele njengentetho yezobupolitika phantsi koMphetho wokuqala, kodwa amanye amaphondo aneemfuno zokutyhila. Umzekelo, umthetho waseKhalifoniya ufuna ukuba naluphi na uhlolisiso oluqhutywa ngomnxeba lubonise ukuba i-FC) iyakuyilela ukusetyenziswa kweentetho zobuxoki ekutyhaleni izicelo. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa akunamandla, kwaye ukunyanzelisa uphando kusebenzisa imibutho yamaqokobhe okanye ii-telbastestestesteters ukupheca upha. Uqhagamshelwano lonxibelelwano lwe-mfono (FC) lumele luchase imithetho echasene nonxulumano olukhoyo olukhoyo lungakhange luvumelwanga, kodwa unyuso luye luqhutywe ngezandla okanye kumyalezo, luwe kwigophelo lomthetho. [[FLDY]

Izibizo Zokuguquka

Amaqela onyuso-mthetho, kuquka iChokodayo kunye noManyano lwaMantom, luye lwaqhubela phambili utshintsho olulumgangatho karhulumente oluza kwenza uphando oluchaphazelekayo lungabi semthethweni ukuba luqulathe iingxelo zobubuxoki. Abanye baye bacebisa ukuba kufuneke "Inyaniso ekuvoteleni" idiski. Ucelomngeni lolokunyanzela ukunyanzela iikhowudi zovavanyo rhoqo ukusebenzisa imibuzo ekhuthaza iingcinga ezingalunganga kunokuba kusetyenziswe iimposiso ezithe ngqo. U. Uk. ukujongana iingcelele oluthe ngqo lwedilesi lokuhlola. qhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhazelisa ingqhinga kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. [1][8] 01/ibsbox' ukjoyiso oluthi oluthiweyo luthiyazithiye lwazithiya ukuba zidibanise nale. Unyulo oluthi oluthiweyo, luzichasa iingxelo zonyulo-mngeni lonyulo lonyulo-okheto oluthe-luthi, njengendlela yokhetho lwezihlolo.

Ubuchule Bokukhuthaza Iingxaki Zokurhwebelana

Ukuthetha ngesisongelo sophando olunyanzelwayo kufuna indlela edityanisiweyo efuna iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota abasemaphandleni nabasebenzi basedolophini.

Imfundo yokubhala nokwenza umsebenzi wedata

Amaphulo emfundo kufuneka avumelane nenkqubo yolwazi asebenzayo. Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, imigudu yokufunda nokubhala iitadio inokudityaniswa kwiziganeko zoluntu, iingxelo zecawa, neenkqubo zikanomathotholo wasekuhlaleni. Injongo kukufundisa abavoti ukubona iimpawu zophatho olunyanzelekileyo: ukusetyenziswa kolwimi oluxinzelelweyo, ukunqongophala komntu ophilayo obuza imibuzo engobundileleyo, nokungavumi ukunikela uncedo lophando. Edolophini, unxulumano nezikolo kunye neelayibrari zemali lunganceda, kodwa iinkqubo zobugcisa zokufunda iilwimi kufuneka zithethe ngemibambo yokunyanzela ukuqhutyelwa kwemiselwa kwemiba kwii-medipolaneti. Iprojekthi ye-Playensisting inika iimpahla ezinokusetyenziswa ukuze ziguqulelwe kwimibandela yoko.

Ukuhlasela Inyaniso Nokusabela ngokukhawuleza

Inyaniso yokukhangela imibutho enjengePolitifact neFactCCC.org ineenkqubo zokukhangela amaphulo ophando, kodwa isoloko ixhomekeke kwiincam ezivela kubavoti. Ukwenza inombolo elula yokukhumbula i-frithi eshushu okanye inombolo yokubhala unxulumano olukrokrelekayo kusenokukhawulezisa iziphumo zefowuni. Iindawo zoluntu, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, zinokuqeqeshwa ukuphanda ukunyanzela amaphulo okuhlola nokupapasha kwaye zipapasha izilungiso. Isifundo seYunivesithi yaseMichigan sibonisa ukuba ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kwiyure ezingama-24 emva kwephulo lokutyhala izicelo zihlise iziphumo zayo ezithe gabalala ze-athom, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, ilungele ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza zifikelele kumaqela amaqela akwimibacuku.

Ukomeleza Imilinganiselo Engcolisayo

Iivotatori zomthetho zinomdla wokuzahlula kwimiba yokuzinyanzela. Imibutho yoshishino efana ne-AAPOR kunye neBhunga lesiZwe kwi-Polls zikawonke-wonke (NCPP) zingakhuthaza "ukwenziwa kwentetho" ukuze uhlolisiso olusemthethweni lubonise. Ii-United States zingafaka intsebenziswano ngokufuna ukuba naluphi na uvavanyo lwezopolitiko oluthi lufanele lubhaliswe kwibhodi yonyulo-mali karhulumente. Xa umvoti efumana unxulumano olungenazo zinto, kufuneka lubekw'ulwano. Ngaphezu koko, iziphathi zemfono kunye namaqonga emibhalo e-fono zinokunceda ngokuhlisa okanye ukuvala amanani aziwayo okunyusela amanani okucola izicelo. Ubugcisa bukho; uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko luyafuneka ukuwenza.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Ulwazi lwesigqibo somjikelezo-

Uphando locoselelo lusaqhubeka lungumoya oyingozi kunyulo lwaseMerika ngenxa yokuba lusebenzisa ubugxwayiba bezixhobo zekhompyutha zokusasaza kunye nocalucalulo lwengqondo lwabavoti. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba abavoti basemaphandleni bachanabeke kakhulu ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwemiqathango yolwazi nokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimizila ethembekileyo kodwa emxinwa. Noko ke, abavoti basezidolophini abakhuselekanga, ingakumbi xa bejoliswe kwiingingi okanye kwiintlango zamaphephandaba. Umsonto oqhelekileyo kukuswela ulwazi okanye ukuxinanza kwe-lwazi okanye ukurhoxaza kwe-lwazi (hjonga). Xa abavoti bengenayo intelekelela eninzi yentengiso, ukuphembelela, ukuphembelela, ukuphembelela, ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemicinelo eqinileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zedemo-democracrackies, apho bonke bephila khona, izigqibo ezingekho sigqibeko, apho benziwe khona.