Iinkqubo zothutho zenza amathambo olawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuguqulela izicwangciso zomntu ngamnye. Indlela ekubalwa ngayo iivoti nezihlalo ezibelweyo ingasibumba isiphumo sonyulo kuphela kodwa kwanendlela ebanzi yezopolitiko `````````inkqubo yokuvota''''''', ukuziphatha, nokufaneleka korhulumente. Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zisebenza njengesixhobo esisebenzayo ekubandakanyeni ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwinkqubo yonyulo nokuvavanya izicelo zotshintsho. Le sikhokelo sinikela ukujongwa ngokunzulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zokuvota ezisetyenziswa, amandla nobuthathaka babo, kunye nemizekelo yehlabathi yendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yokufudusa?

Inkqubo yokuvota . "Indlela yokuvota" ibhekiselwa kwinkqubo yokuvota"" isekwe kwimithetho emisela indlela ephoswa ngayo, ekubalwa, neguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo okanye kwiiofisi. Ichaza yonke into esuka kwifomati yebholaot (umz., ikhetha umvotelwa omnye, abaphumeleleli abaphezulu) kwinkqubo yokubhengeza abaphumeleleyo. Ukukhetha inkqubo kunokuba neziphumo ezide: ingakhuthaza okanye idibanise urhulumente, ibuyekeze okanye ibophelele amaqela amancinane, kwaye ichaphazele ukumela abanyuliweyo. Akukho nkqubo yobundiswano-nondiswa-no-luphindisho olukhoyo phakathi kobulula, ulwando olulungelelwano, nokuphendula.

Iinkqubo zobuchule zidityaniswe kumacala amabini: ubukhulu obudigitayo (inani labameli abanyuliweyo kwisithili ngasinye) kunye umgaqo wokhetho (amavoti aguqulwa kwizihlalo). Ezi zinto kunye zigqiba ukuba inkqubo ivumela umgaqo ongundoqo okanye umelo lolwahlulo.

Iindidi ezinkulu zeenkqubo zokukhupha

Ngoxa kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, iinkqubo ezininzi zokuvota zifumaneka kwiintsapho eziphangaleleyo.

Inkqubo yokukhupha imibala ejikelezayo (Yokuqala-Past-the- Post)

Inkqubo yobuninzi, eyaziwa njengeyokuqala-phambili-yokunye (FPTP), yenye yendlela ezilula zokukhetha. Abavoter bakhetha ingeniso enye kwi-ethematika yabo, kwaye umvotelwa onenkoliso yamavotimenti uphumelela/ukube bafumana iziphumo ezilula. FTP] isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United Kingdom, Canada, iIndiya, kunye neUnited States[[FTLT:1] (onke oonovote-mthetho abaphambili). Uncedo lwawo lulula: iziphumo ziqondwa lula, ziyazeka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iqhele ukuvelisa iziphumo ezizinzileyo zoorhulumente abahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, i FPTP ineempazamo ezibalulekileyo. Idla ngokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingathethekiyo, apho iqela lingafumana uninzi lwezihlalo ezinezigqibo eziziintlobo ezininzi kuphela ngokwesizwe. Oku kunganqanda ukujika kwemida yeqela elibini, njengamaqela amancinci ukuphumelela izihlalo eziqhelekileyo. Ngokudibanisa i FPP ingavelisa [FLT:] `````'''''''' ukulahlekelwa ngabanconywa okanye unyulo oluninzi lwemiqathango abangeneli abanasiphumo kwisabelo sokugqibela sesihlalo. Oku kunganqanda ukujika nokungena kwiqela le qela leqela lesibini leqela leqela, njengemizabala encinane ukuwina izihlalo eziphambili. Ngokuquka inkxaso ephambili. [FLT:]

Iinkqubo zolwakhiwo olukhulu

Iinkqubo zonyulo zifuna umkhuseli ukuba akhuseleke ngaphezu kwama-50% evoti ukuphumelela. Ukuba akukho mqobo ufikelela kulo mqobo wokuqala, umjikelo wesibini okanye [[FLT: 0]] unyulo olubalekayo [[[FLT: 1] lubanjwe phakathi kwemisinga ephezulu. I-Variers ziquka:

  • Inkqubo yeRound yesibini (TRS): esetyenziswe kunyulo lomongameli eFransi nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ukuba akukho mngeni wokungena uwina uninzi kwisangqa sokuqala, abaphathi aphezulu ababini bakhuphisana kungquzulwano lwesibini.
  • I- Runton Voing (IRV): Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-covoto-choice ephantsi (RCV), le nkqubo ifumana uvumo oluninzi kunyulo olunye. i-voterscriptions abaqalayo ngokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti unenkoliso yamavoti okuqala, umvoti wokugqibela ukhutshiwe, kwaye iivoti zabo zitshintshelwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezikhoyo. Le nkqubo iphinda de unqumle umqobo omkhulu. IRV isetyenziswa kwi House of Australia of Baclations kunye noomasipala kwimimandla emininzi.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lomntu ophumeleleyo ziqinisekisa ukuba umlandeli ufumana inkxaso ebanzi, uthintelo apho umvotelwa ephumelela khona ngobubanzi obusezantsi. Ngoko, iinkqubo ezijikelezayo ezimbini zingabiza imali eninzi kwaye zinokufumana utshintsho olusezantsi kwisangqa sesibini. IRV iphelisa imfuneko yokubaleka okwahlukileyo kodwa inokuba ntsokothile ngakumbi kubalawuli abavoti nabanyuli.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Umelo lwepropotigal luneenjongo zokwabela izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana neevoti ezifunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izabelo zeqela ngokufutshane zihambelana nesabelo salo sovoti ethandwayo. I-PR isetyenziswa kwidemokhrasi ezininzi, kuquka inkoliso yeYurophu kunye neLatin America. Iintlobo ezininzi ezingundoqo zikhona:

  • Party-List PR: ivoti yoluhlu lweqela (ngamanye amaxesha ivaliwe, apho iqela limisela khona ucwangco; maxa wambi ivula, apho abavoti banokuphembelela inkqubo). AmaSett ayabelwa esebenzisa indlela enje [[[FLT:]] icandelo[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [[FLT:]]] umlinganiselo [[FLT]], okanye iSaint-Lagë indlela. umtyathi uvelisa iziphumo ezithe tyaba kodwa uyakwazi ukukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezidityatyaniweyo kwaye zingenza uthobe phakathi koqhagamshelwano lwabo.
  • Ivote edluliselweyo enye (STV): Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimimandla emininzi. I-Candida ifikelela kumlinganiselo wamavoti azakunyulwa, kwaye ivoti eninzi iyadluliselwa. I-STV idibanisa iziphumo zolungelelwaniso kunye novoti oluphakathi, ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Isetyenziswa e-Ireland nase-Malta.
  • I-Mixed-Member Proportionel (MMP): Yinkqubo exubeneyo edibanisa imimandla enelungu elinye neqela lesizwe okanye lengingqi kuluhlu lweqela ukuze kufunyanwe ulwahlulo lolungelelwaniso. IiVoter zikhupha iivoti ezimbini: enye ye-projekthi kunye nenye yeqela. Uluhlu lwezihlalo lusetyenziselwa “ukunyusa” iziphumo zesithili ukuze ukusasaza kwesihlalo kubonise ukwabelana kweqela. I-MMP isetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye iindawo. Inika zombini ukuma komfomfono kunye nolungelelaniso kodwa lunokuba nengxaki kwaye ivelise iiklasi ezimbini ze-MP.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Ngaphaya kwe MMP, ezinye iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo zikhona ezidibanisa iziqalelo ezidityanisiweyo/indawo edityanisiweyo kunye nomelo lolwahlulo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ulwahlulo olupheleleyo. Umzekelo, uvotelo [lusetyenziswe eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, nase Russia] luqhuba iipali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo /ezodwa zisebenzisa iFPTP kunye nenye isebenzisa uluhlu lweqela PR/ ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ulungiso lomahluko orhoxiweyo. Isiphumo sisakuba nolwahlulo oluncinane kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo sisamkela amaqela. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ze-

Ezinye Iinkqubo Ezinokuphawulwa

Iinkqubo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zifanele ukukhankanya:

  • BORda Count: Abathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye iincam zinikwe indawo nganye (umz., 1 incam yendawo yokugqibela, 2 kwisesibini sokugqibela, njl. njl.). Umba ophambili onezona ndawo ziphumelelayo. Le nkqubo ikhetha ukuxhasa ngokuphangaleleyo abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphezu kwezasuntswana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Approticality: Ivota zingavotela abaza kubhaptizwa abaninzi njengoko bevuma. Umlandeli onezona zivumo zilungileyo uyaphumelela. Ukuvota okunconywayo kulula kwaye kunciphisa ukuvota okuqulunqiweyo, kodwa akuthathi mandla okukhetha.
  • Ukuvota: Izinga lomlinganiselo womntu ngamnye ongenelelayo kwisikali (umz. 0-10). Umlandeli onenani eliphezulu lenqaku eliphumeleleyo. Le ndlela ivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izinto ezikhethiweyo kodwa banokuba buthathaka kwireyithingi yeqonga.

Iingenelo Neminxeba Yeenkqubo Zokukhupha

Inkqubo yokuvota nganye iquka ukukhulula. I-methetholi elandelayo ibalaselisa iingenelo nezithintelo ezixhaphakileyo.

Iingenelo

  • Ukhetho neNtetho: Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwinqaku zinika abavoti iindlela ezichanekileyo zokuchaza izinto ezikhethwayo, ezinokunciphisa imfuneko yokuvota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umelo lweFair: Iinkqubo zeProjekthi ziqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zabambalwa namaqela amancinane anokufumana izihlalo ezibonakalisa inkxaso yawo, ukukhuthaza ukuvaleka.
  • Imisele ebekwe phantsi: Iinkqubo ezidlulisela amavoti okanye ezisebenzisa isithili esikhulu (umz., STV, MMP) ziqinisekisa ukuba ivoti ezininzi zinegalelo ekunyuleni umvoti.
  • Uxanduva lwamatyala: Iinkqubo zesithili ezingamalungu elinye (FPTP, isibini sesangqa) zenza uqhagamshelwano olucacileyo phakathi kwabavoti nabameli babo basekuhlaleni, kukwenze kube lula kubavoti ukuba baphendule abantu ngabanye.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukusetyenziswa kwe Voter Turmout: Inkqubo ezijongwa njengendlela yokulungisa (umz. PR) zinganyusa ukujika, ingakumbi phakathi kwabaxhasi beqela elincinane ababona ithuba lokwenene lokumela.

Zoba Izithinteli

  • Ukuvota: Phantsi kwe FPTP ne TRS, abavoti bangaziva benyanzelekile ukuba bavote umvoteli omncinane ukunqanda “ukuvota kwabo kujoliswe kwindawo ende, igqwetha indlela yokwenene yokukhetha.
  • Ukuzala: Iinkqubo ezininzi (STV, MMP, ubalo lwe Borda, ukuvota) zifuna abavoti baqonde imigangatho okanye ireyithingi, enokuba ngumqobo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba nokwandisa iindleko zolawulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Icala elithe ngqo loHlutyo: KwiFPP, abavoti kwisithili ezikhuselekileyo bangaziva kungekho mpembelelo kwivoti yabo. Ngokuchaseneyo, kwiinkqubo zoluhlu lwamaqela ezinamanqaku avaliweyo, abavoti abanakuphembelela ucwangco lwabathathi-nxaxheba, ukunciphisa ukuphendula ngokobuqu.
  • Isivumelwano soburhulumente: iinkqubo zomlinganiselo omkhulu zingakhokelela kwipalamente ezahlulweyo apho ulwakhiwo lombutho wombutho lunzima khona kwaye oorhulumente baphila kancinci, njengokuba kubonwa kwaSirayeli nase Itali ngamanye amaxesha.

Uvavanyo lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene

IUnited States: Inkqubo yokuzimela izilwanyana neziphumo zayo

I-United States isebenzisa ngokuyintloko inkqubo yokuvota ngokweentlobo-ntlobo (FTP) kwiNdlu yeGama yabameli nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Unyulo lomongameli lusebenzisa iElectoral College, inkqubo entsonkothileyo esebenza kwimigaqo yobuninzi kwiizwe ezininzi. Inkqubo yeFPTP iqinise inxenye ezimbini, kunye neDEmocratic kunye neRiphablikiaveans elawula umhlaba. Amaqela esithathu afana neLibetarian College okanye amaqela aGreenne aya fumana izihlalo, nangona enokuthi aphembelela ngokutsala ivota kude abavoti-operayo. Abagxeki bema ukuba iFP ku-UP. [FFLT:GRG] kunye ne-eventskGenethi ye-out akhuthaza ukunyuka kwe-unyukethi, ukurhola kunyuso oluthiweyo, ukukhuthaza ukuvota okuthiweyo nokukhuthaza ukunyuka kwe-unyuselwa kwe-ejovolu.

EJamani: Ipropoti

Inkqubo yephondo elungelelanisiweyo. Izihlalo zoluhlu lweqela ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi njengemodeli elungelelanisa umelo lwengingqi nolungelelwano. IVoters zifake iivoti ezimbini: enye ye-FPTPP) kunye nenye yemibutho yesizwe. Izihlalo zoluhlu lweqela zinikwa ukwenzela ukuba zonke iziko le-Bundestag libonise isabelo seqela. Le nkqubo ivelise oorhulumente abanezibambi-zinzileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ikhokelela kwi-DCOMPUN (CD) okanye isiQithi se-DEdemocracratic (SD) esikhokela amaqabane amancinane afana ne-Greenland okanye ama-Democracrac. Ngoko ke, ikhokelele inani elikhulayo “kwezihlalo lwezihlalo logculo. ” kwaye ibangela ukuba i-BMP i-eaggneeagney, enzileenza yoogne yemeko enkulu eJamani eekho yoluntu, eekho yoluntu, eekho Jamani.

Australia: Ranked-Choice Voing

I-Australia isebenzisa i-instant yovoto [indlela yokuvota ebekwe ngaphaya kwe-chooce] kunyulo kwiNdlu yabameli. Iivota zisebenzisa inani labathathi-nxaxheba ngokulandelelana, kunye nenkqubo yokususa nokubomvu] iqinisekisa ukuba umphumeleleyo ufumana uninzi olupheleleyo. Le nkqubo inyuse ukuvota okungundoqo (ukuvota okunyanzelekileyo kudlala indima, kodwa uvavanyo lubonisa ulwaneliseko olunamandla ngamandla ngekhono lokubeka abatshati-bethwali abatshayo. Ngokufunyanileyo iOstres ibona umgangatho ophezulu wolwano lokhetho phakathi kwamaqela, kwaye inkqubo inconywa ngokucukumekisayo ukususela ekucutheni kwemisebe elibi elibi, ngokothutho lwezibonelo oluzinzileyo.[3][3] Le nkqubo yoncedo i-omatilantimentimenti isebenzisa ezi-ontini ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezizinzileyo.[3]

EIndiya: Owona Mlawuli Wezolawulo - melo Ubalaseleyo Ehlabathini Phantsi KweFPTP

I-Indiya isebenzisa unyulo olukhulu lwehlabathi. Ekubeni i-FPTP isebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yezobupolisa yeqela lesizwe kwiLok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu). Phezu kwako nje ukugxekwa okudumileyo kweFPTP, inkqubo isebenzisa ulawulo-demokhrasi oluziintlobo-ntlobo ezininzi. Ekubeni isebenzisa inkqubo ye-FPTPPPPPP ivelise urhulumente weqela elinye elinamandla kumgangatho wesizwe (umz., iBaratiyatam ngo-2014 nango-2019) kodwa ikhokelela ekususeni i-propatintinal-. Ngokunjalo, ii-Provilestiki ezininzi zovoti ziyakwazi ukuzuza izihlalo ezinkulu zezihlalo. Amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni asoloko elawula umgangatho wesizwe, kwaye ayithinteli umelo lwamaqela amaninzi eelweyo kwiqela le-Loktab ngo-Lokitatat. Ngokokuveza ulungiso oluthe, ukuvola ulungiso lwezi olulungileyo, kunye noluvo olugunyaza, olugunyaza ulungiso lwezi olugunyaza,

Impembelelo Yeenkqubo Zokunikela Imali Kulawulo - melo

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokuvota kwenza okungaphezulu kunokufumana iziphumo zonyulo − ilolonga impilo nophawu lwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezivelisa kunye nomelo lowiso-mthetho zityekele ekunyuseni ukuthemba uluntu nolwaneliseko. Umzekelo, umelo lolwahlula-manani lunxulunyaniswa nomvoti ophezulu, umelo olungaphezulu lwamabhinqa kunye neqela elincinane, kunye neziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Kwelinye icala, iinkqubo zolawulo olungundoqo zingadala ulawulo olomeleleyo, oorhulumente abanoxanduva abaphumeza umthetho ngokulula kodwa bangabalula amaqela athile.

Iinkqubo zokunyusa zikwachaphazela impucuko yezobupolitika. Kumazwe eFPP, “indawo ye-winner-all” indlela yokucinga ikhuthaza i-adversari kunye nephulo elingalunganga. Kwinkqubo zePR, ulwakhiwo lomanyano kunye nolalaniso ziba yimilinganiselo, ekhokelela kulawulo oluthe lwandiswayo. Noko ke, PR ingavumela amaqela alwaphuli-mthetho afumane indawo yokulawula, njengoko kuboniswa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Umlinganiselo phakathi komelo nozinzo uhlala usisixinzelo esisembini kwinkqubo yokhetho.

Imibutho yotshintsho lwehlabathi jikelele ibonisa ezi zinto zixhalabisayo. Iintlangano ezinjenge Fairvote eUnited States kunye kunye noMbutho woTshintsho oluPhakamileyo [ kwiphulo lokuzimisela le-United Kingdom elikhuthaza iinkqubo ezinokuphucula iziphumo zedemokhrasi. Inginya ingabandakanyeka kule miba ngokufunda ngeenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kumazwe ayo kwaye ikhuthaze iinguqulelo ezihambisana nemilinganiselo yawo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bavavanye okusesikweni kunye nokuphumelela kweenkqubo zabo zokukhetha. Ukusuka ekululakeni kokhetho lokuqala ukuya kumgangatho ophakathi we-PR kunye nobuncutshe bovoti olumiselwe ngokweziqu, inkqubo nganye inika indlela ecacileyo yokuvota ekumelweni. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kodwa ukuqaphela okungaphumiyo kuvumela abavoti ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi nolunentsingiselo kwingxoxo engotshintsho. Njengoko idemokhrasi zisetyenziswa ukubala kwaye zilinganise izintlukwano ezisetyenziswa ekubaleni, izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ukuze ziqhubeke ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela ezizilawula ngayo intlalo-ntle. Ngokuhlala zithenjiwe kwaye zithenjiwe, abahlali, banokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuvota phantsi kobulungisa, ukuphendula imicimbi yentliziyo ye-demokhrasi, kunye nokuxoxaxa.