Kubantu abathathi-nxaxheba abafuna indawo yokukhoselelwa, ilungelo lokutshata aliyonto ibalulekileyo nje yobuqu, ingundlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela ngokusemthethweni, yomanyano lwentsapho, kunye nozinzo kwilizwe elikhoyo. Kodwa emhlabeni wonke, ezi zibini zijamelana nemiqobo esemthethweni enokuthi ilibazise, ibenze, okanye ithintele ngokupheleleyo amandla azo okulawula ulwalamano lwazo. Ukuphoswa kwamaxwebhu kunye neemfuno zokuhlala ezithintelayo zokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nee-ankile zebhotile, imiqobo yebhotile, imiqobo enzima. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokutshata, iimba neendawo zokhuseleko zisoloko zikhutyekwahlulwa kwiingenelo ezikhoyo, ukulungiselela amalungelo obomi obungenangozi, ukulungiselela ukufuduka, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo entlalweni, ukuhambelana kwemiqobo. Oku kuhlola ukuchasana okuthe ngqo, ukuchasana kweentsapho, ukutshintsha kwemiqobo, ukutshintsha kwemiqobo, imigudu yokuqinisekisa ukuba kufikelelwe phambili, nokubakho kusini naku.

Ukuqonda Ummandla Ophakamileyo Osemthethweni Weembacu Neembacu Ezifuna I - Asylum

Imeko Engaqhelekanga Yeempunge

Iimbacu kunye nabafuni bekhusi bakwimeko esemthethweni eyahlukileyo, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo azo omtshato. [[FLT:] ukhuseleko ngumntu onikwe ikhusi phantsi kweNkomfa yeZinga lobukhobopho yonyaka ka1959 ngenxa yoloyiko olukumgangatho ophezulu lwentshutshiso kwilizwe lazo. uququzelo olusemthethweni [[FLT: 3] uthile oye wabaleka ilizwe lakhe wasebenzisa isikhundla seembacu kodwa akasamkelwanga sisigqibo sokugqibela. Le micimbi yokwahlulwa ngenxa yokuba amazwe amaninzi amema umtshato anxibe ukunyathelana kobundlo olusemthethweni okanye ukufuduka. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo iimbaculo ziye zaqonda ukuba nemeko zomtshato ezivumela ukuqesheka, ezi meko ezijongene ````iibserdeiiiiiiced', okanye ezimele ukurhosa imicimbi kumalungelo ohlukene.

Imigangatho yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi

Ilungelo lokutshata limiselwe kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. ISigqibo 16 seSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) sithi “amadoda namabhinqa aneminyaka epheleleyo, ngaphandle komlinganiselo okhoyo ngenxa yesizwe, ubuzwe okanye unqulo, banelungelo lokutshata nokufumana intsapho. Ngokunjalo, iSiqendu 23 soMvumelwano weZizwe Ezihlangeneyo Ngamalungelo Oluntu Nawamazwe Ngamazwe (ICCCPR) siqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata nokumisela ukuba amalungelo alinganayo neembopheleleko zamabhinqa. INdibano yeRhoverfu ka-1959 ayiwuchazi umtshato, kodwa ikhusela iimbacukade ifuna ukuba ivume ulwalamano lwangaphambili. Noko ke, le mithetho yezizwe ngezizwe iyazi ukuba ishiya imithetho echaphazaphuli- mbacukazana ingenazi.

Ukudibana Komthetho Ongunobangela Wokungaguquki Nomthetho Wentsapho

Umtshato weembacu nabafuni bekhusi uhlala kwimyuziyam yomthetho wengingqi wokufuduka nowomkhaya. Amazwe ahlalayo afuna ubungqina obusemthethweni, bokuhlala, bokuzimela, kunye nelungelo lokutshata `iimeko ekunzima ngazo kubantu abafudukileyo ukudibana nazo. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho emininzi yamazwe afudukayo ayivumeli imitshato enokuthi igqalwe njenge “amaqhina anokukhuselwa ukukhusela indawo yokuhlala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuculweni komgaqo woko nakongezelelweyo. Oku kudala imfuneko e-Cach-22: ukutshata, ifuna ibhadabi limeko elizinzileyo; ukuma, ukutshata kusenokufuneka ukuze inkxaso okanye ukubuyiselwa kwentsapho. Ukuququlukwa oku kufune ulungiso olusemthethweni kunye nenkxaso.

IMiqobo Ekhethekileyo engokwasemthethweni ejongene neZibini Ezifuna Ibhacubayo neAsylum

Imiqathango Engokulungela Umtshato

Amazwe aququzelela imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokungangeni iimbacu nabafuni bekhusi. Imiqathango eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Owona mda wobudala obuncinci nowona mqathango uphezulu: Amanye amaphondo amisela iminyaka encinci elishumi elinesibhozo (okanye ephezulu ngemvume yabazali) kodwa kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, amisela imida yomtshato ephezulu, enokuba negalelo kwiimbacu ezikhulileyo.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobunini bomthetho . Izibini kufuneka zibonise ukuba azitshatanga. Iimpunge ezibaleka ngaphandle kwemithetho yoqhawulo-mtshato okanye isiqinisekiso sokufa kumaqabane alahlekileyo zijongene nemiqobo engenakukwaziwa ukumelana noxwebhu.
  • Izabelo ezibandakanya umanyano lwesizwe: Amazwe ambalwa athintela umtshato phakathi kweembacu nabemi abamenywayo, ngokuphandle ukukhusela ukuqhatha kokufuduka, kodwa iinkqubo ezinjalo zonakalisa izibini.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso somtshato osisigulo esifanayo : Kumazwe amaninzi akhoyo, izibini ezinobufana-bomnyaka-mbini (nokuba ziimbacu okanye izizwe) azinakutshata, zinyanzelisa iLGBTQ+ iimbacu ukuba zihlale kulwalamano olungabonakaliyo olusemthethweni ngaphandle kokhuseleko.

Le miqathango ingqubana ngokungqalileyo nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe efuna ilungelo lokutshata ngaphandle kokuzimisela.

Uxwebhu nesiqinisekiso sochazo

Mhlawumbi owona mqobo usasazekileyo yimfuneko yamaxwebhu asemthethweni angenakuveliswa ziimbacu nangabafuni bekhusi.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Izahlulo zokundwendwela okanye amakhadi esizwe okuzichaza : Ezi zisenokuba zilahlekile, zitshabalale, okanye zishiywe ngasemva xa kubhabha.
  • Iziqinisekiso zokuzalwa: Iimbacu ezininzi zivela kumazwe apho ubhaliso lokuzalwa lungaphelelanga okanye amaxwebhu ashiywe ngexesha lokushenxiswa.
  • Iziqinisekiso zomtshato ezidlulileyo okanye imimiselo yoqhawulo-mtshato: Ukuba umntu ebetshate ngaphambili, kufuneka angqine umtshato uphelile/a kufutshane nemisebenzi enokwenzeka xa iinkundla okanye imimiselo ebhalisiweyo kumazwe asekhaya ingafikeleleki.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobuzwe okanye indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni: Abafuni be-asylmum abafuna izinto ezilindelweyo basenokuswela naluphi na uxwebhu olusemthethweni olungqina ubukho babo obusemthethweni kwilizwe lomamkeli.

Amanye amaxwebhu ```Affidavit'''' afana nokufunghiwe uluvo, iingxelo zamaNgqina, okanye izatifiketi zokubhalisa' zokhuseleko (azisoloko zamkelwa, zishiya izibini zikwisiphelo esingesosabo sobundlobongela. Amanye amazwe aqalile ukwamkela amaxwebhu afakelweyo eUNHCR njengezinto ezithathelwa indawo, kodwa oluqheliso aluhambi.

Ukubuyiselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noBume bokuHlakulelwa

Kumazwe amaninzi, ngabantu kuphela “abahlala ngokungekho mthethweni” abanokutshata. Iimpunge ezikwimeko yokhuseleko lokwexeshana, abafuni bekhusi abalindele izigqibo, nabo baneemvume eziphelelwe lixesha bangaphunyelwa yile nkcazelo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko kufuneka bafake isicelo semvume ekhethekileyo yomtshato, yaye inkqubo isenokuthabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, apho basenokufuduselwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala okanye bagxothwe.
  • EUnited States, abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuyinika indawo yokuzikhusela basenokujamelana nobunzima bokufumana iphepha-mvume lomtshato kumazwe athile, ingakumbi ukuba abanalo inani lokhuseleko loluntu okanye i-ID enemifanekiso karhulumente.
  • Kumazwe akwiMpuma Ephakathi ahlala abantu abafana neLebhanon okanye iJordan, iimbacu ngokufuthi azinandawo zihlala kuyo ngokusemthethweni, zitshata nesizwe sazo (okanye kwanenye iimbacu) yaye ngokufuthi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba zitshate.

Le miqobo isekelwe kwisikhundla ayivaleli nje kuphela umtshato kodwa ikwabangela ukuba umtshato uhlale ungenawo amaqhina asemthethweni nangabhaliswanga.

Ukuhlonelwa Kwemitshato Yesithethe Neyonqulo

Iimbacu ezininzi zingena kwimitshato ngokwesiko okanye ngokwezithethe zonqulo kwiinkampu, kumazwe athunyiweyo, okanye kumakhaya azo. Kwanokuba olu manyano lusemthethweni kwilizwe lemvelaphi, amazwe azele kulo asenokungavumi ukuzibona, ingakumbi ukuba akukho kubhaliswa kwamakhaya. Ngaphandle kokuvuma, amaqabane angenakufumana iimvume zokubhalisa, amalungelo efa, okanye iingenelo zentlalo. Le mbambano ichaphazela ngokukhethekileyo amabhinqa, axhomekeke ngakumbi kwinkxaso esemthethweni yemali esemthethweni emva komtshato.

Iindleko Nemithwalo Eqhelekileyo

Ngaphandle kwemiqobo esemthethweni, iindleko ezisebenzisekayo zomtshato +_imali, ukuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu, amacebiso angokwasemthethweni, ukuya kwizivumelwano zokubhalisa, --anokungavunyelwa ukuba iimbacu ezihlala ebuhlweni zibhaliswe. Amanye amazwe afuna ukupapashwa kwemiqathango, ukubonakala komzimba, okanye udliwano-ndlebe oluphindaphindiweyo, konke oku kunzima ukukuthobela xa umntu ekwizindlu ezisengxakini, engenazo ezothutho, okanye engenaxesha lokuyeka emsebenzini.

Impembelelo yeMiqobo engokwasemthethweni kwiintsapho zabafuduki ne-Asylum ezifuna

Ukuphulukana Nokhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Izibini zeembacu azinamalungelo amaninzi afanayo nawabantu abatshate kunye nabatshati.

  • Ukufumana iingenelo zonyango nokhuseleko lwentlalo.