Table of Contents
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo ngumgaqo osisiseko oqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bafumana ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Ijolise ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ubulungisa phakathi kwabantu. Ukuqonda oko okuqulethwe ngulo mgaqo kunokuthi kuncede abantu baqonde amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo, ukuba baxhase okusesikweni nokulingana kobomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa iziseko zembali, izicelo ezisemthethweni, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokukhusela abantu ngabanye kunye noluntu kumazwe aphesheya kweUnited States.
Ukuqonda Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus
I-Acticom Protection Claus imela elinye lamalungiselelo abalulekileyo omgaqo-siseko kumthetho waseMelika. Igalelo, elasebenza ngo1868, linika "nabani na uRhulumente ... akasayi kukhanyela nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho". Iyalela ukuba abantu abakuzo iimeko ezifanayo baphathwe ngokulinganayo ngumthetho. Le ngxelo ilula kodwa enamandla iphembelele amalungelo abantu ekwakheni kwemipu iminyaka engaphezu kweyi-105 kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela izigqibo ezingomthetho ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMelika namhlanje.
Eli binzana alisebenzi koorhulumente bakarhulumente kuphela kodwa linikezelwe kwisenzo sorhulumente ngokufanayo. Nangona uMphetho-nkqubo wesihlanu ungaqulathanga binzana elilinganayo lokhuseleko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. itolike ichaza i-Unit Process Claus yayo ifuna ukhuseleko olulinganayo kurhulumente wezwe. Oku kucaciswa kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amanqanaba karhulumente kufuneka anamathele kwimigaqo yonyango olulinganayo nakulwahlulelwano.
Imvelaphi Yembali NoMthetho - melo Weshumi Eline
Idluliswe yiKhonklare kaJuni 13, 1866. ISihlaziyo seshumi elinesine savela kwelinye lamathuba anzima kwimbali yaseMerika. Iqiniswe nanjengoko yayinjalo emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ngo1868, akukho mathandabuzo oko i-Encible Protection Claus yayicet: nqumanisa amatyala ngokuchasene nabamnyama. Ukupheliswa kwemithetho yayiyinxalenye yomgudu wokukhusela amalungelo amakhoboka asandul' ukukhululwa kwaye ngokusisiseko iguqule ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente kunye namazwe.
Unxulumano
Eyona nto yayibangela ukuba eli binzana liququzelele ukulingana kwamalungiselelo aqulethwe kuMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1866, oqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi balapho banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokufanayo ngumthetho. Abaqulunqeni boMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko oluvela kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu luza kuba nenkxaso yomgaqo-siseko, ukwenze kube nzima ukubhukuqa okanye ukuphepha.
Idluliswe yiKhomko yeNkqutyana kaJuni 13, 1866, yaza yagunyazisa uJulayi 9, 1868, uMphengululo we-14 wanyusa inkululeko namalungelo anikwe yiBhili yamaLungelo kubantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili. Oku kwamela ukutshintshwa okukhulu komthetho-siseko waseMerika, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwamagunya karhulumente lokugquma izenzo zesizwe nokuseka isiseko samalungelo abantu esasiza kuphuhliswa kwinkulungwane elandelayo nangaphaya koko.
Ukwandisa Ngaphaya Kwenjongo Yangaphambili
Ngoxa i-Acticome Protection Claus yayilwe kuqala ukuchaza ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuye kwanwenwa ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kodwa umbhalo ka-Claus ubhalwe ngokubanzi kwaye uthathelwe indawo ukusuka kwinjongo yawo yasekuqaleni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwembali iye yatolika eli binzana ukuchaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zocalucalulo, ekuqaleni ibhekisa ingqalelo kwimibandela yobuhlanga kodwa kamva yandisa umlinganiselo wayo ukuquka ubufana nezinye iinkalo.
Ukruthakruthwano lweshumi elinesine lwaphawula ukutshintshwa okukhulu komgaqo-siseko waseMerika, ngokusebenzisa imiqathango engakumbi echasene noorhulumente kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yamakhaya. Olu tshintsho ngokusisiseko lwaguqula ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kwinkqubo yorhulumente kwaye lwadala amathuba amatsha okukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuchaswa ngurhulumente.
Uphawu lwetyala eliphakamileyo leNkundla eKhusela uKhuselo olulinganayo
Intsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Actal Protection Claus Claus ichazwe ngezigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiminyaka eli-150 edluleyo. La matyala aye axubusha imibandela esusela kukwahlukana ngokweendidi zobuhlanga ukuya kucalucalulo lobufana, amalungelo okuvota, nokulingana komtshato.
Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: Ukuphela kohlanganiso
Kwesi sigqibo sibalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba ukwahlula abantwana kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ngesizikolo zohlanga kwakungekho mgaqo-siseko. Yabonisa ukuphela kokwahlukana ngokweentlalo okusemthethweni kwizikolo zaseUnited States, igqithisa umgaqo "ohlukeneyo kodwa olinganayo" omiselwe kwityala le-1896 Pnelly v. Ferguson.
Inkcaso yabantwana kwizikolo zikawonke wonke ngenxa nje yohlanga ihluza abantwana beqela elincinane lamathuba alinganayo emfundo, kwanokuba izakhiwo zokoqobo nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo zinokuba zilingana. Esi sigqibo sonyaka ka-1954 sabonisa ixesha eliye lancitshiswa kwimbali yamalungelo abantu baseMerika kwaye sabonisa amandla e-Ecult Protection Claus ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo olumiselwe ngokweziko.
Isigqibo sikaBrown sarhoxa kumashumi eminyaka engomthetho owavumela ucalulo lobuhlanga. Kwisigqibo se7-1, iNkundla yathi lo gama nje amaziko elingana, ukwahlukana kwawo kwanelisa uHlaliso lwe-14. Oku kulawula kwangaphambili kwaPlesby v. Ferguson kwavumela "ukucalucalula kodwa" izibonelo, kodwa uBrown waqonda ukuba ngokwakhe ucalucalulo kwabangela ukungalingani.
Virginia Wothando: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omtshato
ICommont Claus Elective iphinde yasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni ilungelo lokutshata. KwiLoving v. Virginia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha imithetho ekwalela umtshato wobuhlanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwisigqibo esahlukeneyo yasiphikisa isigqibo seNkundla yaseVirginia yaza yakholelwa ukuba i-Actal Protection Claus ifuna uphando olungqongqo ukuze isetyenziswe kuzo zonke iinkalo ezisekelwe kuhlanga. Esi sigqibo sawisa imithetho kumazwe amaninzi awayalelayo imitshato phakathi kwabantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi kamva, imigaqo emiselwe kwiSizeka-phambili yayiza kuxelela elinye ityala lomtshato eliphawulekayo. UMthetho-nkqubo we-14 ufuna ukuba urhulumente avume ukutshata phakathi kwabantu besini esifanayo nokuvuma umtshato phakathi kwabantu ababini besini esifanayo xa umtshato wabo ugunyazisiwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye usenziwa ngaphandle kwesizwe. Isigqibo se-Obergefell v. Hodges ngo-2015 sandisa ukulingana komtshato kwizibini ezingowesini esinye kwilizwe lonke.
Amatyala Ocalucalulo
I-Acimity Protection Claus iqalisile ukutshintsha indlela yokulungisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwi-ibrentshi. Kodwa ke iNkundla yakhawuleza yaqalisa ukwandisa ukufikelela kwemiqathango engaphaya kwemfuneko yayo engundoqo yokuphatha intlanga ngokufanayo, ikholelwa ukuba yayingumyalelo wokuba bonke abantu abakwindawo efanayo" baphathwe ngokufanayo.
KuReed v. Reed, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo olulinganayo lokukhusela ucalulo lwezini ngokwesini. KwiGinsburg kunye neProjekthi yaMadoda, Reed v. Reed wamisela iqonga lemityabeko yeNkundla ePhakamileyo eyabetha imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokwesini kwilizwe lonke. Eli tyala nezinye ezilandelayo zaqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ephatha amadoda namabhinqa ngokungafaniyo kufuneka ithethelele ngokunamandla.
Imfundo Nenyathelo Lokuqinisekisa
Ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kwimfundo engenisiweyo kuye kwadala impikiswano ebalulekileyo kunye nelixa elibalulekileyo. Iyunivesithi yelinye ilizwe ingaqwalasela uhlanga njengothunywashe kwizigqibo zayo zokwamkelwa, kodwa isenokungasebenzisi umlinganiselo wobuhlanga. Lo mgaqo, omiselwe kwiRegents of University of California v. Bakke, wazama ukulungelelanisa usukelo lolwahluka-hlukeneyo kunye nenkxalabo zokhuseleko ezilinganayo.
INkundla Ephakamileyo ayivumanga yaye ithi amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo anomdla ofanelekileyo ekukhuthazeni iinguqu. Noko ke, iindlela ezikhethekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumana iinguqu kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ngenyameko ukuze kuphetshwe ukwaphula imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela.
Amaqondo ophando kuhlalutyo lokhuseleko olulinganayo
Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo xa zivavanya ukuba umthetho uyawuphula kusini na uKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus. Umgangatho wokuhlola uxhomekeke kuhlobo lokwahlulwa okubandakanyekileyo namalungelo asengozini. Ukuqonda le milinganiselo yahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukhuseleko olulingana ngayo ekusetyenzisweni.
Uphando Olungqongqo
Uphando olungqongqo lwezomthetho lugcinelwe amatyala abandakanya imithetho esebenza kukungabikho koncedo lwamaqela arhanelwayo okanye ukuphazamisana nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokugqibeleleyo okukhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho usebenza nomdla onyanzelekileyo karhulumente kwaye ulungele ukuphumeza loo mdlalo. Lo ngumgangatho onyanzelekileyo kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuba oorhulumente bawanelise.
Ukuhlolisisa ngqongqo kusebenza kulwahlulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, nakunqulo. Kukwasebenza naxa amalungelo asisiseko esengozini, njengamalungelo okuvota okanye ilungelo lokuhamba phakathi kwelizwe. IMithetho ejoliswe ekuqwalaselweni ngokungqongqo idla ngokuwiswa njengengekho semthethweni.
Uvavanyo oluphakathi
Ulwahlulo olusekelwe kwi Gender lufumana uhlolo oluphakathi, umgangatho owehlela phakathi kohlolo oluqinileyo noluqikelelo. Njengoko iNkundla izama ngendlela efanelekileyo yokuvavanya olu didi lokhuseleko olulinganayo, kuqala izigwebi zazama ukusebenzisa uvavanyo olululo ngendlela enzima kakhulu (Reed v. Reed); emva koko zafikelela kumngcipheko wokufumana ubufana obungaqondakaliyo njengendlela erhanelekayo erhanelekayo (Frotietier v. Richardson); zaza ekugqibeleni zahlala kumgangatho ophakathi obonakala umele ukulalanisa okusebenzayo (Craev. Boren).
Phantsi kokuxilongwa okuphakathi, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukwenziwa kohlelo okucetyiweyo kufeza injongo ebalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye kunxulumene ngokunzulu nokufikelela loo njongo. Lo mgangatho ufuna ingqwalaselo eqikelelweyo kodwa iphantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo.
Impinda Esisiseko
Imithetho emininzi ivavanywa phantsi kwesiseko esisengqiqweni, owona mlinganiselo ulula wokuxilongwa. Phantsi kwalo mlinganiselo, umthetho uza kugcinwa ukuba unxulumene nengqondo nomdla ofanelekileyo karhulumente. Akuyomfuneko ukuba urhulumente angqine ukuba umthetho uphumeza injongo yawo echaziweyo, kuphela ukuba unokwenza oko ngokufanelekileyo.
Imigaqo yezoqoqosho nenkoliso yomthetho wentlalo-ntle ekhoyo ivavanywa phantsi kwesiseko esisengqiqweni. Iinkundla zinika ukuthotyelwa okufanelekileyo kwemigwebo yemithetho xa zisebenzisa lo mgaqo, kwaye imithetho ayifane ihlaselwe phantsi phantsi kohlalutyo olusengqiqweni.
Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Kwimisebenzi
Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo udlulela kwindawo yomsebenzi, apho udityaniswa nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yorhulumente norhulumente yocalulo ngemisebenzi. Ngoxa i-Amencial Protection Claus ngokwayo isebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, imigaqo yayo iye yaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komthetho wengqesho ngokuphangaleleyo.
ISihloko seSIVIDI nocalucalulo eMsebenzini
Isihloko se-VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946 silwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Nangona isiHloko VII silukhuselo olusemthethweni kunokuba sibe ngumGaqo-siseko, siquka umgaqo ofanayo wokukhusela umsebenzi. Lo mthetho usebenza kubaqeshi, kumaqumrhu abasebenzi, nakumaqumrhu emisebenzi, unika imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela ngaphandle kwabadlali bakarhulumente.
Abaqeshwa abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa bangazifaka izikhalazo kwiKhomishini ye-Auncili Yomsebenzi Elinganayo (EOC), ephanda izinto ezithethwayo kwaye esenokuzisa izenzo zonyanzelo-mthetho. Abasebenzi abaphumeleleyo bangafumana imbuyekezo yomvuzo, umonakalo wetyala, kunye nemali yegqwetha.
Imisebenzi Yecawa
Abasebenzi bakarhulumente banokuzisa imigaqo yokuzikhusela elinganayo phantsi koMphetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine xa bejongene nocalucalulo.
Ukukhusela okulinganayo kufuna ukuba abaqeshi bakarhulumente bahlawule imali elinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo. Ukwahlulwa kwemali okusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo ezifana nezobufana-bufana okanye ubuhlanga kungangqubana nokhuseleko olulinganayo nemithetho ekhethekileyo yokucalucalucalulwa ngomsebenzi.
Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Kwimfundo
Imfundo iye yaba libala elisembindini ledabi lokukhusela ngendlela efanayo, ukusuka kumatyala akhutshwayo ee- 1950 nawowee 1960 ukuya kwiingxoxo zale mihla ezingemali yesikolo nokuvuma.
Inkcazo yeSikolo
Ukwahlulwa komthetho kwizikolo zikarhulumente kwakukukwaphulwa kotshintsho lwe-14 kwaye ngoko kwakungekho semthethweni. Ibhodi yeSigqibo semfundo ya Brown v. Ibhodi yesigqibo yafuna amazwana okuchitha iinkqubo zesikolo ezigqwethekileyo, nangona ukuzalisekisa kwangqineka kulucelomngeni kwaye kuthandabuza.
Ukuba abasemagunyeni besikolo abasiphumeleli kwiimbopheleleko zabo zokuvuma phantsi kolawulo lweBrown brown v. Board of Education kunye nezigqibo ezinxulumene nayo, kungacelwa igunya lokugweba. IiNkundla zinamandla okulawula unyango oluthile, kuquka ukusetyenziswa konyango kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemiqobo, ukuphelisa iziphumo zocalucalulo lwexesha elidluleyo.
Isihloko IX nomgangatho wesiHloko
ISigqeba neNkundla zeNkundla zasebenzisa iSikhuseli soMgaqo-nkqubo se-14 soMlinganiselo ka-Claus kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi bukawonke-wonke kwiminyaka eli-15 edluleyo. Isihloko i-IX ngumzekelo wendlela uMphetho-mda we-14 oye wachazwa ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Isihloko i-IX, esinomdla okhethekileyo kubantu abaselula, sithintela amaziko afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente ukuba angathathi nxaxheba kwiinkqubo zemfundo nezemidlalo ngenxa yesondo. Lo mthetho uye wandisa amathuba aphawulekayo kumabhinqa namantombazana kwimfundo nakwiimidlalo, nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngesicelo sawo esifanele.
Umahluko Okhoyo Kwiimali Ezisesikolweni
Imingeni yokuzikhusela elinganayo iye yaziswa kwiinkqubo zemali ezisezikolweni ezibangela ukwahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwesithili esizizityebi namahlwempu. (Ubuhlwempu asilohlelo olukrokrelekileyo, kwaye imfundo ayilolungelo elisisiseko.) Ngenxa yoko, iingxaki zokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwimali ehlukeneyo yesikolo ziye zangaphumeleli, nangona eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo.
Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Kwizindlu
Umgaqo wokukhusela ngokulinganayo uquka izindlu, apho zisebenza ngokunxulumene noMthetho weFair House kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu ukuthintela ucalucalulo kwiimarike zezindlu.
Imigaqo-nkqubo
ISivumelwano seFair House Act asileli ukuba kubekho ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni kwezindlu, ekuqeshweni nasekuxhaseni iintlawulo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, isikhundla sobufazi, neziphene. NjengeSihloko se-VII emsebenzini, i-Fair House Act iquka imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela ize ikwazi ukuqhuba ihambo yangasese kwishishini lezindlu.
Ukwaphula umthetho woMthetho weFair House Act kunokuquka ukwala ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisela amalungu eklasi ezikhuselweyo, ukubeka amagama okanye iimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo okanye izinto, ukwenza iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezidibanisiweyo kwizibhengezo, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwizenzo zokubolekisa ngorhwebo. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ziquka izikhalazo kwiSebe leHouses and Urban Development (UD) kunye nokumangalelana kwangasese.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwemizimba Nelizwe
Imigaqo yokukhusela elinganayo iyasebenza nakurhulumente osebenza kwimimandla nakumhlaba osebenzisa izigqibo. Imithetho yokuzikhusela enempembelelo yokungakhathalelwa kweentlanga ezincinane okanye amanye amaqela akhuselweyo ingalwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo, ingakumbi ukuba kukho ubungqina benjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukungqina injongo yocalucalulo inokuba lucelomngeni, njengokuba imigaqo ebonakalisa ukungathathi cala isenokuba neziphumo ezinokuchaphazela ngaphandle kwenjongo ecacileyo yokukhupha ucalucalulo-calucalulo.
Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika
Ilungelo lokuvota nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika lisisiseko kulawulo-demokhrasi, kwaye ukhuseleko olulinganayo lunendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni la malungelo.
Umntu Omnye, Umntu Omnye
Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwale mihla kwe-Uncimec Protection Clause kumthetho wokuvota kwafika kuBaker v. Carr (1962), apho iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba izithili ezazithumela abameli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yeTennessee zazingasetyenziswa kakuhle (kwaye abanye abamisi-mthetho ababemela inani labemi eliphindwe kalishumi ngabanye) kangangokuba baphula iSikhuseli esilinganayo sikaCelas.
Esi sigqibo samisela "umntu omnye, umgaqo wokuvota omnye", ofuna ukuba izithili zowiso-mthetho zilingana ngokulinganayo kubemi. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba ukuvota komntu ngamnye kuthwala ubunzima obulinganayo, uthintela abanye abavoti ekubeni babe nempembelelo engathethekiyo esekelwe kwindawo abahlala kuyo.
Ucalucalulo Lobuhlanga Luyanda
INkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa isigqibo kwiNixon kunye noHerndon (1927) sokuba ukuHlaziywa kweMiqathango yeshumi elinesine kwakwalela ukukhanyelwa kwevoti esekelwe kuhlanga. Esi sigqibo salandelayo saphelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezazisetyenziswa ekupheliseni abavoti baseMerika, kuquka ii-primmicals ezimhlophe, iimviwo zokufunda nokubhala, kunye nerhafu yerhafu.
IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 yanikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi ekukhetheni ikhethe lobuhlanga, nangona izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zilinganiselweyo kumalungiselelo ayo. Ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo kuseyinto ebalulekileyo ekunzima ukuyenza imidlalo yokuvota ekhethelwa ubuhlanga obuncinane.
Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo
Imigaqo yokukhusela elinganayo isebenza kuyo yonke inkqubo yobulungisa, ukususela kumapolisa naxa kuchotshelwa ityala ukusa ekugwetyweni nasekuvalelweni entolongweni.
Ukunyanzelwa kolawulo lobuhlanga
Amaziko okunyanzelisa imithetho amele asebenzise imithetho ngokulinganayo yaye akanakuyinyanzelisa ngokuzikhethela imithetho esekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Noko ke, ukungqinela ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuba nzima, njengoko kudla ngokufuneka kubonise ukuba abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo ngokufanayo babephathwa ngokwahlukileyo yaye umahluko wawusenziwa ngabom.
Ukhetho
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukwalela ukulahlwa kwezigwebi ezinokusekwa ngokwesizwe okanye ubufanasini. INkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba abatshutshisi abanakusebenzisa imingeni yokuzikhulula ukuze bakhuphe abagwebi ngenxa nje yohlanga lwabo, kwaye lo mgaqo uphakanyiswe kwimiqobo esekelwe kwisini. Abameli abakholelwa ukuba abakhuseli bejaji babengakhuselwanga ngokufanelekileyo banokuphakamisa imingeni efanayo yokukhusela.
Ukungavisisani Kwetyala
Umahluko ophawulekayo wobuhlanga ukho kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, amaMelika aseAfrika kunye namaHispanic afumana izigwebo ezinde ngokomlinganiselo kunabatyholi abamhlophe ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ucelomngeni olulinganayo lokugwetywa kocalulo oluchaseneyo luye lwangaphumeleli ukubonakalisa ucalucalulo lwequlo lobugqibo ngeqhinga lomgwebi okanye umtshutshisi.
Imida Nocelomngeni Lokukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo
Nangona i - Acimial Protection Claus iye yaluncedo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu, iyakwazi ukuphelisa ukungalingani kwabantu.
Imfuneko Engagqitywanga
Umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokwaphula umthetho okulinganayo ngowokuba ukukhusela uClaus kukufuna ubungqina obuninzi benjongo yocalucalulo, hayi iziphumo zocalulo. Ukuthatha ezi meko zimbini, ityala likaDavide libuza uMcClisteskey ityala, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu kwaye ingakumbi amalungelo asekuhlaleni apho i-Acticom Protection Claus iyisixhobo esisetyenziswayo ukuhambisela phambili ezo njongo, zilinganiselweyo kubuchule bazo bokucel ’ umngeni iintlobo eziqinileyo zobuhlanga, oko sidla ngokukubiza ngokuba lucalucalucalulo.
Le njongo yenza kube nzima ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo ezineziphumo zocalucalulo kodwa zingamkelwa ngenjongo yocalulo. Iintlobo ezininzi zokungalingani kwezakhiwo ziyaqhubeka ngenxa yokuba zibangelwa ziinkqubo zobundilele ezibangela ukungaphili mthethweni kwamaqela athile, kunokuba zithatyathwe ngocalucalulo olucacileyo.
Imfuneko yenyathelo leRhulumente
I-Acimity Protection Claus isebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, hayi kucalucalulo lwangasese. Ngoxa imimiselo yamalungelo abantu njengeSiHloko VII kunye noMthetho weFair House House idlulisela imigaqo echasene nokungavumelani kwihambo yangasese kwiimeko ezithile, ucalucalulo lwangasese ludla ngokungawuchasi umGaqo-siseko.
Oku kuthetha ukuba imilinganiselo elinganayo yokukhuselwa ayinakukwazi ukuphelisa ucalucalulo olungqalileyo olubangelwa ngamashishini azimeleyo, imibutho yabantu okanye abantu ngabanye, ngaphandle kwalapho ihambo yabo inxulunyaniswa nezenzo zikarhulumente kangangokuba inokugqalwa njengesenzo sikarhulumente.
Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Neengxaki
Ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo kuyaqhubeka kuguquka njengoko iinkundla zithetha ngeendidi ezintsha zocalucalulo nokutshintsha kwendlela abantu abacinga ngayo xa belingana.
Amalungelo e-LGBTQ
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luye lwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili kwamalungelo eLGBTQ, ukusuka ekuhlaseleni imithetho ephazamisa ulwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo nokugqala ukulingana komtshato. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nemibuzo elinganayo enxulumene namalungelo okhuseleko anxulumene nokungena kwizindlu zokuhlambela, ukungenelela kwimidlalo, nokuba nocalucalulo kwimisebenzi nakumakhaya abantu.
Ukufuduka nemvelaphi yesizwe
Imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela iyasebenza kumthetho wokunyanzelisa abafuduki nemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela abaphambukeli. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enegunya elibanzi lokufuduka, imigaqo ecalucalula esekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe okanye ephatha abantu abakwindawo eyahlukileyo isenokuphakamisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko elinganayo.
Amalungelo okunganeliseki
Nangona ucalucalulo lweziphene lubhekiswa ngokuyintloko ngemimiselo efana ne-Melika enoMthetho wokuKhubazeka, imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela iyasebenza. Iinkundla ziye zathi ukukhubazeka akuyonto ikrokrelelwayo, ngoko ke imithetho echaphazela abantu abaneziphene ifumana ingqwalaselo engqinelanayo. Noko ke, iADA inikela ukhuseleko olunamandla kakhulu kunokhuseleko olulinganayo kuphela oluya kufunayo.
Indlela Ukukhuselwa Okunokubuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo asingomgaqo nje oqhelekileyo ongomthetho, kodwa unempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kubantu nakuluntu lonke.
Ukufumaneka kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zikarhulumente zikho kubo bonke ngendlela efanayo. Oku kuquka ukufikelela kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, amathala eencwadi, iipaki, ezothutho, nezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Oorhulumente abanakuyikhanyela imisebenzi okanye banikele iinkonzo eziphantsi ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.
Unyango Olufanelekileyo Lwamagosa Karhulumente
Amagosa karhulumente afanele aphathe abantu ngokusesikweni nangokulinganayo. Oku kubhekisele ekunxibelelaneni namapolisa, ekufuneni amalayisense nemvume, ekungeneni kwiinkundla nasekusebenziseni zonke ezinye iinkcubeko namasebe karhulumente. Xa amagosa karhulumente ekhetha ngokweempawu ezikhuselweyo, ayalwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo.
Ukukhuselwa Kwimithetho Echaseneyo
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukhusela amazwe neendawo ekumiseleni imithetho ekhetha amaqela athile. Nokuba umthetho wocalulo uxhaphakile ngabavoti, ungabethwa njengongavumelaniyo nomthetho ukuba wophula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Lo msebenzi wobuzwilakhe ukhusela amalungelo amancinane kwiinsholotha ezininzi.
Ukukhusela Uluntu
Abantu ngabanye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni banokuthabatha amanyathelo acacileyo okukhuthaza ukukhuselwa nokucombululelwa kocalucalulo olulinganayo kwiindawo abahlala kuzo.
Wazi Amalungelo Akho
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okukhusela alinganayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuwanyanzela. Ziqhelanise nemithetho yorhulumente neyokulwa nocalucalulo, kwaye wazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zehambo ezingqubana nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu inika ugcino-lwazi lwemfundo kunye nezixhobo zakho zolwazi.
Ixwebhu
Ukuba ucalucalulo okanye ulubone, lubhale kakuhle uxwebhu. Gcina iingxelo zeengxelo zokwahlula amatyala, imigaqo okanye izenzo. Qaphela imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, kunye namangqina. Olu xwebhu lunokuba lubalulekileyo ukuba ugqiba ukushicilela isikhalazo okanye ukumangalelana.
Izikhalo Zefayili
Amasebe ahlukeneyo asingatha izikhalazo zocalucalulo ngokuxhomekeke kumongo wemeko. IEOC isingatha ucalucalulo ngemisebenzi, iHID isingatha ucalucalulo lwezindlu, kunye neSebe lezemfundo kuRhulumente yaMalungelo e-Pologn lisingatha ucalucalulo lwemfundo. Amaphondo amaninzi anezikhundla zamalungelo abantu. Ukukhalaza kunokubangela ukuba kuphandwe kwaye kukhokelelwe ukunyanga.
Inkxaso yamalungelo asekuhlaleni
Imibutho enjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iLambda esemthethweni, kunye nabanye abaninzi basebenza ukunyanzelisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo ngelitiga, ubungangamsha, nangemfundo. Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngeminikelo, ngeminikelo, ngesisa, okanye ngenxaxheba kumaphulo ayo kunceda ekukhuseleni ngokulinganayo wonke umntu.
Ukuzibandakanya Nobuchule Basekuhlaleni
Ukubakho kweentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, iintlanganiso zequmrhu lesikolo, nezinye iingxoxo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Thetha xa ubona iinkqubo okanye izenzo zocalulo. Ukusebenza nabamelwane kunye namaqela oluntu ukuze uxhase ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kunye nemigaqo equka abantu abahlala apho. Ukulawulwa kwequmrhu kusenokuba luncedo kakhulu kuba amagosa asekuhlaleni adla ngokufikeleleka kwaye asabela ngakumbi kunamagosa karhulumente okanye arhulumente.
Ikamva Lokhuseleko Olulinganayo
Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko utshintsho lwebutho labantu kunye nohlobo olutsha localulo luvela. Umgaqo wolwimi olubanzi uvumela iinkundla ukuba ziwusebenzise kwiimeko abalayishi boMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine babengenakulindela.
Iimbambano Ezimandundu
Amatyala okhuseleko alinganayo kwixesha elizayo angathetha ngocalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko, apho iinkqubo zekhompyutha zenza izigqibo ezineziphumo ezichaphazelekayo. Njengoko ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo bufeza indima ekhulayo emsebenzini, ekubolekeni, ekugwebeni, kwezinye iindawo, kuza kuphakama imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukhuseleko olulinganayo lungasini na nolusebenza njani ekwenzeni izigqibo ezizenzekelayo.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusenokuphakamisa imibandela elinganayo yokukhusela imekobume, njengoko intlekele ebangelwa yimekobume idla ngokuchaphazela uluntu olufumana imali encinane kunye nabantu abanemibala ephantsi. Abameli bangasebenzisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kwiinkqubo ezigxininisa ungcoliso okanye iingozi zemekobume kwimimandla ethile.
Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo
Iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo. Abanye baphikisana ngokufuna ukuchazwa okunamandla okuthetha ngokulinganayo okungalinganiyo kwezakhiwo kunye neempembelelo ezingafaniyo, ngoxa abanye bexhasa indlela encinane yokuzimisela ikhethe. Ezi mpikiswano ziya kubumba indlela olunokukhula ngayo ukhuseleko olulinganayo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.
Ukwakha Abantu Abalinganayo
Nangona ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lubalulekile, ukudala abantu abalinganayo akuyomfuneko nje ukunyanzelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.
Ukukhuthaza Amagosa Okuziphatha Ahlukeneyo
Imigaqo-nkqubo engaphaya kwemfuno esemthethweni yokukhuthaza ukulingana. Oku kusenokuquka uqheliselo lokuqesha oluquka ukuqesha, amanyathelo okufumana indawo yokuhlala, inkxaso-mali yesikolo elinganayo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa ucalucalulo lwembali. Amanyathelo asebenzayo anokubanceda ekuveliseni amathuba alinganayo nangakumbi kwanalapho iimfuno zomthetho zingabanyanzeli.
Imfundo nokulumkiswa
Ukufundisa ngamalungu asekuhlaleni ngokukhuselwa ngokufanayo namalungelo asekuhlaleni kunceda ukwakha isithethe sokulingana. Izikolo, amathala eencwadi, amaziko eencwadi, nemibutho yokholo zingafumana iinkqubo ezimalunga nembali yamalungelo abantu, imiba yokhuseleko efanayo, nendlela yokubona nokusingatha ucalucalulo. Ukuqonda okuthe kratya kwenza abantu baluphaphele ngakumbi ucalucalulo nokuxhasa ngakumbi ukulingana.
Ukwakha Iimali
Ukukhuselwa ngokunempumelelo kwenkxaso elinganayo kudla ngokufuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho edibeneyo kumaqela namaqela ahlukeneyo. Xa abantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo besebenza kunye belungisa ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukulingana, bangafumana ngaphezu kwaliphi na iqela elisebenza lodwa. Ukwakhiwa komanyano lukwanceda abantu baqonde indlela olwahlukileyo ucalulo oludityaniswe ngayo.
Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi
Zininzi izinto ezisetyenziswayo ngabo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo afanayo.
Oovimba abasemthethweni
ISiko soLwazi loMgaqo-siseko eCornell Law School inika ukufikelela ngokukhululekileyo kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, imimiselo, kunye neengcaciso zomthetho [ku- http://wwwww.corell.edu.. Iziko loMgaqo-siseko linikela izinto zokufundisa malunga nomthetho-siseko namalungelo abantu https: ///constitutioncenter.org[FL:3]
Imibutho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni
Imibutho enjenge-American Liberties Union ( http://www.aclu.org), iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, kunye neBrennan Center yeJaji inikezela ulwazi malunga nemibandela yamalungelo abantu ekhoyo, eqhubekayo, kunye namathuba okufumana ulwazi. Le mibutho isoloko inikela ukwazi-amalungelo akho kunye nezinye izixhobo zemfundo.
Oovimba bakarhulumente
Amasebe aManyeneyo afana neKhomishini Yokhuthazo oluLinganisayo, iSebe leMpatho noPhuhliso loMmandla weZiko, kunye neSebe Lezemfundo Yamalungelo Oluntu anika ulwazi malunga nokuqokelela izikhalazo zocalulo nokuqonda amalungelo akho. Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe ( httpts [//wwwww.archives.gov) inikela amaxwebhu embali kunye nezinto zokufundisa malunga noMphetho weshumi elinesine lamaNgesi kunye nembali yamalungelo abantu.
Isiphelo: Ukukhuselwa ngendlela Elinganayo Njengomgaqo Ophilayo
Intsingiselo ye-Acimity Protection Claus ibingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu, kwaye yaphefumlela ibinzana elaziwayo elithi "IJaji ePhantsi koMthetho". Eli binzana, elibhalwe kwisakhiwo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, lithatha intelekelelo yentelekelelo elinganayo."Imela hayi nje oko umthetho ukuko okwangoku, kodwa oko kufuneka uzabalazele ukukuko.
Ukukhusela okulinganayo kusaqhubeka. Ngoxa kuye kwenziwa inkqubela enkulu ukususela ngowe-1868, ukungalingani kuyaqhubeka ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukufumana ukhuseleko olulinganayo kudinga ukuhlala uphaphile, ubungqwabalala, kunye nokuzibophelela kubantu ngabanye, abantu kunye namaqumrhu. Ngokuqonda imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela nokusebenza ukuze kunyanzeliswe, wonk ’ ubani unokuba negalelo ekwakheni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelinokulingana.
Izixhobo ezilinganayo zokukhusela uClaus ziluncedo ekucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ubulungisa, kodwa ezi zixhobo ziluncedo kuphela xa abantu besebenzisa ezo zinto.
- Ukufikelela kwimfundo nokulingana kwamathuba emfundo
- Ukufumana amathuba emisebenzi alinganayo nokukhusela ekucalucalulweni emsebenzini
- Ukukhuselwa ekucalucalulweni kwiindawo zokuhlala, eziboleka imali, nezihlala abantu
- Amalungelo okuvota alinganayo nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika
- Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo komthetho kunye nenkqubo yobulungisa
- Ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ngokwee-asethi
- Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, ungowasini okanye uluphi na uphawu
- Iinkqubo zoluntu ezinceda bonke abahlali
- Ityala lamagosa aseburhulumenteni akhetha
- Unyango lwasemthethweni xa amalungelo alinganayo okukhusela ephulwa
Ukuqonda ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunika abantu amandla okuqonda xa amalungelo abo ephulwa nokuthatha inyathelo lokuzikhusela ngokwabo nabanye. Kukwanceda namalungu oluntu asebenze kunye ukuze enze izinto ezizinzileyo, indawo ehlala kuyo elungelelanisiweyo apho wonke umntu anamathuba okuphumelela. Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo, okhuselwe kwiSindululo seshumi elinesine leminyaka elinamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo, uyaqhubeka ubumba umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika, oye wakwazi ukusingatha iingxaki ezintsha ngoxa uhlala unyanisekile kwisibopho salo esingundoqo: ukuba bonke abantu bafanelwe lunyango olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.