Ubungqina bokubonakala korhulumente kunye nehambo yokuziphatha yesimilo kwenza isiseko sokuthemba uluntu kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi. Xa abemi benokubona indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimali zikawonke-wonke, nendlela amagosa aziphatha ngayo, basengozini yokubandakanyeka nokuxhasa urhulumente wabo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulwalamano kunye nokunganyaniseki kuphelisa intembelo kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezibaso. Iinkqubo ezichaza nokunyanzeliswa kokukhanya nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuziphatha ngoko aziyo kuphela imigaqo entle ekhusela idemokhrasi, inkxalabo yoluntu, ikhuthaza inzala kawonke, ize ikhusele inzala kawonke wonke. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi kwezi siseko, ukuvavanyaniswa kwazo, izicwangciso, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo abajamelana nazo kwiimeko ezilawula umhlaba.

Ukuqonda Umahluko Okhoyo Kurhulumente

Ukubonakala kwengxelo korhulumente kubhekiselele kwiqondo apho imisebenzi, izigqibo, kunye nogcino-lwazi luvulekele khona ekuhlolweni nguwonke-wonke. Yingcamango equka ukufumaneka kolwazi oluninzi kunye nokulula abemi abanokufikelela kuko. Oku kutyhila ulwazi olucacileyo, ukuphendula kwizicelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokwenza amajelo okuvelela abami.

Umlinganiselo wokubonisa ngaphaya

  • ii-vs ezisebenzayo. Ukubonakala ngaphaya okusebenzayo: ukubonakala okuzenzekelayo kubandakanya ukhupho lokuzithandela lolwazi ngaphandle kwesicelo", njengoqingqo-mali lokupapasha, imizuzu yeentlanganiso, okanye ugcino-lwazi kwi-intanethi. Ukuvela kwakhona kufuna abemi okanye intatheli ukuba bacele ulwazi olusemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngenkululeko yemithetho yolwazi. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa zisebenza ngokukhanyayo kunciphisa imiqobo kunye nokukhuthaza impucuko yokuvula.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] I-Proctural vs. Ukubonakala okusezantsi: Ukubonakala gca kobungcali kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezisemva kwezigqibo ziyabonakala (umz., indlela ecwangcisiweyo ebekwe ngayo), ngelixesha i-substantive ijongene nokuqulethwe kokuqulethwe zigqibo (umz., ongenelwayo kwinkqubo). Zombini ezi zinto ziyimfuneko ukubamba oziphendulileyo uxanduva lolawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ngokuthe nkqo vs. Ukubonakala okuthe tyaba:[[FT:1] Ngokuthe nkqo kuvumela abemi ukuba bajonge iinkokeli zabo, kanti ukubonakala okuthe tyaba kubandakanya uphakamiso oluzimeleyo lwamaqumrhu, indlu yowiso-mthetho, okanye isigwebo. Zombini ezi ndlela ziyaqinisana.

Iingenelo Zokuba Nzima Kukarhulumente

  • Ityala elicacisiweyo: Xa amagosa esazi izenzo zawo ziyabonakala, awanakukwazi ukubandakanyeka kwihambo embi okanye yokuzikhusela. Ukucaca gca kwenza kube nzima ukufihla ukungafezeki okanye ukwenza okubi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu ngokubanzi: Abemi abafundekileyo bangafak' isandla ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi kwiingxoxo zenkqubo, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nonyulo. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi kunika uluntu amandla okufuna iinkonzo ezingcono.
  • Uphando oluye lwazinzisa urhwaphilizo lubonisa ukuba ukubonakala okuphezulu okuvela kwi-asethi esezantsi. Ukuvula ugcino-lwazi kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke kudala iziphumo zokuthintela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezingcono: oorhulumente abacace gca bayangenelwa kwigalelo ehlukeneyo nengxoxo esekelwe kwizibakala, ekhokelela kwimigaqo esebenzayo nelinganayo.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yehambo Engokokuziphatha

Ihambo engokonqulo kurhulumente iquka okungeyonto ukuthobela nje imithetho. Iquka ukunamathela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha ekhokelayo kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Ngoxa kukho imigaqo emininzi, imigaqo esisiseko iphinda iphinde ivele macala onke.

Ingqibelelo

Ingqibelelo ifuna ukuba amagosa karhulumente aqhubeke eqhubana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, aphephe iimfazwe zomdla, abeke okulungileyo kwabantu ngaphezu kwenzuzo yobuqu.

Ubulungisa

Ubulungisa buqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bafumana ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho nokufikelela ngokulinganayo kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Lo mgaqo uyalwalela ucalucalulo, ukukhetha, kunye nokukhetha. Kukwafuna ukuba iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zingacalucalucalulo kwaye zisekelwe kwiindlela ezifanelekileyo, kungekhona ikhethe lobuqu okanye

Umbuzo

Ukuphendula kuthetha ukuba amagosa anokuphendula ngezenzo nezigqibo zawo. Kufuneka achaze indlela aqiqa ngayo, amkele ityala lawo ngokusilela, aze ajongene neziphumo zokunganyaniseki.

Ukucaca Njengomgaqo

Ukubonisa ngaphaya komthetho ngokwako kuyimfuneko. Amagosa amele azise uwonke-wonke ngemisebenzi yawo, ingakumbi xa loo misebenzi ichaphazela ubomi babemi. Isifuba kufuneka sigwetyelwe kuphela kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo.

Intlonelo

Ukuhlonela isidima, amalungelo, nokuhlukahlukana kwabantu kubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukuhlonela umthetho, ukukhusela abavuli-mlozi, nokuphatha imbeko abantu abasebenza nabo kunye nabemi.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo exhasa ukubonakala ngaphaya komthetho

Umthetho umisela ukumiselwa kolindelo olujikeleze ukubonakala kokukhanya nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Inkululeko yolwazi IZenzo (FAI njenge)

NOKO inika abemi ilungelo lokucela iirekhodi ezivela kumasebe karhulumente. Inkululeko yolwazi yase-U.S. (66) ngumthetho ophawulayo oye walandelwa ngamazwe angaphezu kwekhulu. Ifuna ukuba abameli batyhile ulwazi oluceliweyo ngaphandle kokuba luphantsi kokungabikho kokhuseleko olukhethekileyo (umz., ukhuseleko lwesizwe, iimfihlo zorhwebo). Imithetho esebenzayo yeFOI iquka iinkqubo ezicacileyo, iilayini ezifanelekileyo zexesha, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo, olufana nololongo lwe-U.S. I-ofisi yeeNkonzo zolwazi ze-Rhulumente. [[FLT: 0] U.S. Isebe le-ofisi yeSebe loLawulo loMgaqo-lwazi lwe-Progitrymentation Polity[FLT][FLT]

Imithetho Yoshicilelo Lwasekuhlaleni

Le mithetho igunyazisa ukuba iindidi ezithile zeerekhodi zenziwe zifumaneke ngokuqhubekayo . "ezifana noqingqo-mali, izivumelwano, kunye nemizuzu yentlanganiso.] Ezinye iindawo zifuna ukuba kuhlale kusasazwa iintlanganiso zemithetho okanye ukupapashwa kwe-intanethi yeencwadi ezi-openthi. Umzekelo, i-European Union’s Acces to Documents Regatement (EC 1049/2001) isebenza kwimibutho yayo kwaye ifuna ukufikelela kumaphepha ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselwe ngaphandle.

Imithetho Yokhuseleko Yomvuthuzi

Ababhexeshi baluluhlu lwabantu ababhenca imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, engekho mthethweni, okanye eyingozi kwimibutho. Imithetho yokuzikhusela ngamandla ekhuselayo ikhusela ekuphindeni (njengokudubula, ukuthotywa okanye ukukhathazwa) kwaye yenza imijelo ekhuselekileyo yokubika. EUnited States, iWhistletroper Protection Act (19989) kunye neziphene ezilandelayo zikhusela abasebenzi belizwe. [[FLT: 0] uNational Whistlepuzerpuzer Center[ unikela izibonelelo kunye nemilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke, njengaleyo ikhuthazwa yi-OECD, ikhuthaza amazwe ukuba afumane izikhuseli ezinomkhalazo.

Ukungqubana Komdla Nemithetho Yemilinganiselo

Urhulumente uninzi unemithetho engqalileyo efuna amagosa atyhile iingenelo zemali, izipho neengxaki ezinokuvela.

Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe yokubonisa ngaphaya kwecala nemithetho

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ivelise iinkqubo ezimisela izalathiso zoqheliselo lwesizwe. Le milinganiselo inceda amazwe alungelene nezithethe zehlabathi lonke kwaye ivumela intsebenziswano enqamlezayo ngaphaya kwemida nxamnye norhwaphilizo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle.

INdibano YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Enxamnye Norhwaphilizo (U.CAC)

Ngo-2003, i-UNCAC kuphela okubophelelayo okusemthethweni ehlabathini lonke ekuthinteleni ukonakala. Igqubuthela ukuthintelwa, ulwaphulo-mthetho, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nokuchanabeka kwezixhobo. I-UNCAC ifuna amazwe akhuthaza ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu alwa nokunganyaniseki, akhuthaza ukuvela koncedo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye akhusela abavuzi-mpempe. i-UN Oofisi ye-ofisi ekwi-Drugs kunye ne-Crime ixhasa ukwenziwa komsebenzi wohlalutyo loonontanga.

Imigangatho ye-OECD kunye nemigangatho yesikhokelo

I-OECD ivelise izixhobo ezininzi zokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwangaphandle nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kuquka iSicelo sonyaka wama-2017 sobuLungu. Esi siseko sigxininisa indlela elungeleleneyo yoqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ulawulo lomngcipheko, kunye nokuphendula. I-webhsayithi ye-OECD ye-PUBLIC yoGunyaziso [[FLT: 1] ibonelela ngeesixhobo kunye nophando lwamatyala. Ngaphezu koko, i-OECD-ABribriby Convention ijolise icala lokunyoba kwimicimbi yezoshishino zamazwe ngamazwe.

Isalathisi sendlela yorhwebo lwehlabathi olubonisa ngaphaya

Ngeli xesha i-CPI ingumgangatho onyanzelisayo, i-metric inempembelelo eninzi ebeka amazwe asekelwe kumgangatho ocacileyo worhwaphilizo lwecandelo loluntu. Isebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiingqikelelo kunye nohlolo olunobuchule. Isalathiso sinyusa uphando lukawonke-wonke kwaye sikhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba baguqule. I-Transparency International ixhasa utshintsho olusemthethweni kwaye ikhuthaza izixhobo ezifana nenkqubo yeSikhokelo sesizwe.

Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo noRhulumente (OGP)

I-OGP linyathelo eliqaliswe ngo-2011 elidibanisa oorhulumente nebutho labantu ukukhuthaza ukuba mhlophe, ukuthathi-nxaxheba nokuphendula. Amazwe angamalungu aphuhlisa iingcinga zesizwe ezizibophelelelwayo ngokuzibophelela ngokungqalileyo. Ngokufana nokufumana ulwazi oluvulekileyo, okanye ukufikelela kuqingqo-mali lokwabelana. I-OGP inika iqonga lokufunda nohlalutyo lontanga.

Ucelomngeni Lokubonisa Imbono Ethe Tye Ngoorhulumente

Nangona kukho imiqobo eqinileyo, kunzima ukufumana ukubonakala ngokungathi kuyinyaniso.

Ukuchasa nokuNciphisana kweNkcubeko yeSebe

Amaziko amaninzi karhulumente aye asetyenziswa ngokwembali ngokungagqibekanga okuthanda ukufihla imfihlo. Abasemagunyeni bangachasa ukubonakala kwempazamo ngenxa yokuba zibhenca iimpazamo, zifuna umsebenzi owongezelelweyo, okanye zifuna imingeni emiselwe amandla. Ukutshintsha izithethe ezimiliselweyo kufuna ukhokelo oluqhubekayo kunye nezisusa ezizinzileyo, hayi nje imithetho emitsha.

Ukungabikho kwezibonelelo kunye nokungabinakukwazi

Ukuphumeza amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya afuna imali kunye noovimba babantu. Umzekelo, ukuqokelela iirekhodi, abaqeqeshi ukusingatha izicelo zolwazi, kunye nokugcina i-intanethi yonke imingeni yokutyalwa komjelo wemali. Amazwe asakhasayo asoloko ezama ukunikezela ngezi zinto, ngeli xesha oorhulumente abazizityebi bejongene nemilinganiselo yoqingqo-mali. IBhanki yehlabathi elilawula iGloballyo [ inikela inkxaso ekomeleze umgangatho wolawulo.

Imiqathango entsonkothileyo kunye neziphazamiso zolawulo lwamagunya-mikhosi

Imithetho entsonkothileyo yolwazi ingathintela abemi ekwenzeni izicelo. Amaxesha okuphendula amade, iindleko eziphezulu, kunye neemali ezimfiliba zokukhulula abantu ekungeneleni. Abanye oorhulumente bazenzela iinkqubo zokudambisa ukusetyenziswa, uqheliselo olubizwa ngokuba "ngumthwalo wolawulo" iinkqubo zokunciphisa izinto kunye nokwenza iinguqu eziyimfuneko kumsebenzi.

Inkxalabo Yokhuseleko Nemicimbi Yasese

Inkxalabo esemthethweni ngokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokuzimela wedwa kungasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukufihla imfihlo okugqithisileyo. Ucelomngeni kukubeka ulungelelwano: ukukhusela ulwazi olunovakalelo lokwalathisa ngoxa kuthintelwa ukwahlulwa okungeyomfuneko. "Iiqumrhu lolawulo oluzimeleyo" ezifana neekomiti zobuntlola okanye amagunya okhuseleko logcino-lwazi ```Iinkuselo-lwazi'') lungaqinisekisa ukuba ukukhulula akusetyenziswa kakubi.

Ukuthanda Kwezobupolitika Nemijikelo Eqhelekileyo

Iziguqulo ezicace gca zidla ngokusongela abo banegunya. Abasebenzi abakwizikhuseli bangaxhathisa ukuvuleka kwemisebenzi yabo ukuze bahlolisise, ingakumbi ukuba bangenelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezizizi. Imijikelezo emifutshane yexesha elide ikwanqanda ukungeniswa kotyalo-mali olude ekubonakaleni, njengoko iingenelo zinokuthatha iminyaka ukuthatha ukubonakala. Uxinzelelo lwebutho labemi kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo losasazo lwezibhaka-manyeneyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubela.

Ukwahlula-hlula kwamanani kunye nolungelelwaniso lolwazi

Ngeli xesha ubugcisa bunokunyusa ukukhanya, bungadala imiqobo emitsha. Abahlali abangenayo i-Internet okanye ulwazi lweziko abanakukwazi ukufikelela lula kwi-intanethi. Ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo lungapapashwa ngeefomati ezingafikelelekiyo okanye lufune ubuchule bobugcisa bokuhlalutya. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ukukhanyisa kubandakanya--iphandle/ukukhupha ezinye iindlela ngaphandle konxibelelwano kunye nezishwankathelayo zolwimi olucacileyo.

Ubuchule bokukhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphaya kombane nemithetho

Ukuyoyisa le mingeni kufuneka indlela edityanisiweyo ebandakanya utshintsho olusemthethweni, uhlaziyo lolwakhiwo, kunye notshintsho lwenkcubeko. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingqinelwe zisebenza kwimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Isivalo sediski esebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi

Oorhulumente bangahamba ngaphaya kwenkcazelo etyhiliweyo ngokupapasha ngokunempumelelo ii-data zexabiso eliphezulu `ezifana noqingqo-mali, ukuchithwa kwemali, ukuqokelelwa, kunye nezivumelwano zikawonke-wonke. Izixhobo zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo ezifana nogcino-lwazi.gov.uk kwi-U.K. unika amandla iingcuka, abaphengululi, kunye nabantu boluntu ukuhlalutya ukusebenza kukarhulumente. Iifom zematshini kunye ne-APIs zivumela izicelo ezitsha.

Ukomeleza Imizimba Ephakamileyo

Iinja ezizimeleyo ezijonge i-"ezifana neekhomishini zokulwa nokonakala, uphicotho-zincwadi, i-ombudsmen, kunye neekomiti zemigaqo-nkqubo `zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukubonakala kwangaphandle nemithetho yemilinganiselo. Kufuneka zibe nenkxaso eyaneleyo, igunya elisemthethweni, kunye nokhuseleko ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika. Uvavanyo lwemisebenzi rhoqo kunye nokunika ingxelo yoluntu kunganyusa ukuthembeka kwazo.

Uqeqesho nobuchule bokwakha abasemagunyeni

Kufuneka uqeqesho lwendlela yokuziphatha lube lunyanzelekile kubo bonke abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, ukususela ngokungena nokuqhubeka njengezifundo ezihlaziyayo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugqubuthele ingxabano yomdla, amalungelo okubetha impempe, kunye nobuchule obusebenzisekayo bokulawula izicelo zenkcazelo. Iinkqubo zokhokelo zingahlakulela isithethe sengqibelelo kumgangatho ophezulu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Bobuxhakaxhaka Bobumi

Izixhobo zamanani zinganciphisa imiqobo yokubamba inxaxheba. Imizekelo iquka amaqonga akwi-intanethi ukwenzela ii-credium zoluntu, ii-apps zokuxela ukunganyaniseki, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa izithuthi ezibonisa ukuba ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuncedisa uqingqo-mali (ha apho abemi bakhetha indlela yokwabelana ngemali kawonke-wonke-wonke) ephumele ngokunempumelelo kwizixeko ezifana nePorto Alegre, Brazil, neZixeko laseNew York. Ubugcisa kufuneka benziwe ngengqondo kwaye bungathathi nxaxheba, ngokubhalisa, ngokubhalisa, ngokubhalisa.

Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nooMasipala

Iindaba kunye nemibutho egadileyo ixhasa ulawulo loorhulumente. Oorhulumente bangaxhasa uluntu olunamaqhawe ngokukhusela inkululeko yoosomashishini, ngokuvumela ukufikelela kulwazi, nangokuba nenxaxheba rhoqo kwingxoxo. Iingqungquthela ezifana neInternational Consortium of Inventive Mitchellitive Spendings (ICIJ) zibhenca ukunganyaniseki okukhulu (umz., iiPanama Papers) ngokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo nocaphulo olunqamlezileyo.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nemfundo Yoontanga

Imingeni ecacileyo idla ngokugqitha imida , umzekelo, ifuna iimpendulo zemali zamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe angafunda kuwenye ngokuthatha inyathelo elifana ne-OGP, i-OECD uhlolo lontanga, kunye neenkqubo zoontanga zokulwa nokonakala kwengingqi. Ukwabelana ngobuchule kunye noncedo lobugcisa kungakhawulezisa utshintsho, ingakumbi kumazwe anokulinganiselwa.

Isiphelo

Ukubonakala korhulumente kunye nehambo yokuziphatha akuzizinto ezimileyo kodwa zizinto ezizizizo. Iinkqubo ezixutyushwayo kususela kumthetho we-FOIA ukuya kwiindibano zezizwe ngezizwe-zizwe, zimisela isiseko sokwakha ukuthembana, ukunciphisa ukunganyaniseki, nokuphucula ulawulo. Noko ke, umthetho wodwa awunelanga. Impumelelo yodwa ifuna ingqiniseko eqinileyo yezopolitiko, ubuncwane obusebenzayo, uluntu olusebenzayo, kunye nempucuko exabiseke kakhulu. Njengoko oorhulumente bejamelene neengxaki ezintsha zemozulu kunye nezifo ezimaxongo zezengqondo zisebenza ngokulula.