Imithetho Esesikweni YobuJournalism: Ukuxhasa Ulawulo - melo Oluneengcwangu

Kwihlabathi elizaliswe yinkcazelo, indima yobuntatheli bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayizange ifane ifane ifane nale. IJournalism ibizwa ngokuba yindawo yesine kuba isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla, umthombo wenyaniso kubantu, kunye neqonga lamazwi ahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo semilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ugcino-lwazi luzibeka esichengeni sokuphembelela kwinkohliso, ukuzonwabisa, okanye inkohliso. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo yokuziphatha exhasa ukuchaza nokuhlolisisa indlela le migaqo egcina ngayo idemokhrasi ephilileyo, efuna izalathili.

Isiseko Senzululwazi Ngeencwadi

Imigaqo esisiseko ekhokela abacholacholi-ndaba, abahleli, nemibutho yamaphephandaba kwimisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla. Le migaqo ayiyonjongo ingekho ngqiqweni; yimilinganiselo eluncedo enceda iintatheli zikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezinzima ngoxa zihlala zithembekile ebantwini.

Ukunyaniseka Nenyaniso

Inyani yindawo ephambili yogcino-lwazi. Kwixesha lemijikelo ekhawulezayo, ucaphulo, kunye namanani kufuneka ziqinisekiswe phambi kokuba kuvezwe. Ikhowudi yemithetho yokuziphatha ye-Society of Professional Journalerss (SPJ) igxininisa ukuba iintatheli "zifanele zibe nembopheleleko yokuchana kwenyaniso yomsebenzi wabo" kunye "neempazamo ezichanekileyo ngoko nangoko." Kwixesha lemijikelo ekhawulezayo kunye nezixhobo zokupapashaza imicimbi yentlalo-media, uxinzelelo lokupapasho ngokukhawuleza lungakhokelela kwiimpazamo. Iindaba ziyalwalandula ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingxelo zente zihlala zikho ngoko kuchazwe kakuhle.

Ukuzimela geqe Kwimpembelelo Engaphandle

Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka bahlale bekhululekile kwimiba yezopolitiko, yengingqi, okanye yobuqu enokuthi ilalanise kwingxelo yabo. Inkululeko ithetha ukwala izipho, ububele, okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo kwimithombo; ikwathetha ukuthi kumele kuphetshwe ungquzulwano lwemfuno. Umzekelo, intatheli egquma inkampani apho i-stock sayo kufuneka iphinde izibeke icala kuloo ngxelo. Inkululeko ifuna ukuba kubekho iziphumo zemali, ingakumbi ngenxa yokungafumani ngeniso. [[FLT: 0] Imithetho ye-Ethicscs[ ithelekisa ukuba iintatheli ze-makhwetha zimele "zibonelele ukuphathwa ngokuthandwa ngababhengezi, abanikeli, okanye naziphi naziphi na ezinye izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo."

Ubulungisa Nokulungelelana

Ubulungisa abuthethi ukunikeza umlinganiselo olinganayo kumacala onke xa icala elinye libubuxoki. Endaweni yoko, kuthetha ukunikela iimbono ezichanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo nokunika abantu abagxekwa ithuba lokusabela. Ingxelo elungeleleneyo iquka umongo, ngoko abafundi abaqondi oko kwenzekayo kodwa isizathu sokuba oko kubaluleke. Iintatheli azikufuni ukugcona nokufuna amazwi aphantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba bachaza inkcubeko yabo ibonakalisa ukwahlukahluka okupheleleyo koluntu abalukhonzayo.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukuphendula kuthetha ukuba nempazamo nokuchaza izigqibo zomhleli. Xa umbutho weendaba wenza impazamo, kufuneka upapashe ulungiso oluphangaleleyo kwaye uchaze indlela ekwenzeke ngayo oko. Ukubonakala ngaphaya kokona okugqithisileyo kukwayandisa ukudanyaza: intatheli kufuneka ziphawule imithombo ngaphandle kokuba imfihlelo iyimfuneko ukukhusela umntu kwingozi. Abachazi beKomiti yenkululeko ye PFS[[FLT: 1]] banikela imigaqo yokuba isiphi na nendlela yokunika ukushwampuza, igxininisa ukuba imithombo engaziwayo imele isetyenziswe ngokuzincam kwaye xa ulwazi lubalulekile kwaye lungangeniseki.

Indlela UbuJonga - zincwadi Obuxhasa Ngayo Ulawulo - melo

Imimandla yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi. Ngaphandle kolwazi oluthembekileyo, abavoti abanakwenza izigqibo ezisengqiqweni, yaye oorhulumente abanakubekwa tyala.

Ukwakhela Uluntu

Umsebenzi oyintloko wobujoni kukunika abemi iindaba abafuna ukuzikhulula nokuzilawula. Ngelishwa, iindaba zasekuhlaleni ziye zehla ngokuphandle kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yeengcinezelo zezezoqoqosho. Iintlangano ezifana ne- iZiko loLawulo lwezempilo loluntu. I-Lenfast Institute for Journalism ibaluleke kakhulu kuba igubungela iibhodi zesikolo, amabhunga esixeko, neminye imibutho enokuba nempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngelishwa, iindaba zasekuhlaleni ziye zehla ngokukhawulezileyo ngenxa yeengcinezelo zezoqoqosho.

Ukuphendula Ngamandla

Uphando lobuzwilakhe lubhenca ukunganyaniseki, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokungekho sikweni. Ihlazo leWatergate, elifunyaniswe ngabacholacholi-ndaba uBob Woodward noCarl Bernstein, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wendlela ubujoli obunokububangela ngayo ubugxwayiba bolawulo olurhwaphilizo. Kutshanje, uphando kwihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, ungcoliso lwenkampani, kunye nokuphembelela ukubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ugcino-akhawunti lwe-akhawunti lufuna ubuncwane, ixesha, kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Iindaba zisoloko zijongenetyala, ukuchopha, okanye ugonyamelo xa zivavanyaza izilangazelelo zemali ezinamandla. Ngoko ukuxhasa inkululeko yezolawulo lwezolawulo loburhulumente kuyimfuneko ukuphendula kolawulo-demokhrasi.

Intetho Yesidlangalala Ekhuthazayo

IJournalism ilungiselela iqonga lokuxoxa nokuzicingela. Amacandelo eembono, iileta eziya kumhleli, kwaye ihlala kuma-stations avumela abemi ukuba babandakanyeke kwimibandela kunye nakunye nenye. Kwiminyaka yamanani, lo msebenzi uye wanwebeka ukuquka amacandelo okugqabaza, ukuququzelelana kwamajelo eendaba, kunye neziganeko zoluntu eziququkwa ngamagumbi eendaba. Iintatheli zezenkcubeko zilinganisa ezi ndawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba incoko ifaneleke kwaye zithintele ukukhathazwa. Zikwalungisa intelekelelo eyenziwa ngabantu abasekuhlaleni kunye nabepolitiki, zinceda ukugcina intetho isekelwe kwimo eyinyaniso.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala kwelinye Ixesha

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolawulo-bume kunye namaziko lixabiso elingundoqo ledemokhrasi. Abacholacholi bezixhobo basebenzisa inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi ukufumana iirekhodi zeentlanganiso zikarhulumente, ii-accom kunye nothungelwano. Bakwanikela ingxelo ngezenzo zokubonisana kweenkampani zabucala, ingakumbi ezo ezichaphazela intlalo-ntle kawonke-wonke. Ngokukhanyisa indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, ubujolisi benza abemi bakwazi ukucela ityala. [i-Investigativement Reporters kunye nabaHlur (IRE)[FLT] inikela uqeqesho ngendlela yokusebenzisa iirekhodi zikawonke wonke, iMeko-ndaba enika amandla okugcina amaqela ephenduleka.

Ucelomngeni Olukhulu Okujamelene Nolu qikelelo Lwamajelo Encwadi

Nangona ibalulekile, amajelo eendaba afuna ukusoloko ephaphamile yaye ekwazi ukumelana neentatheli nabantu.

Ukusasazeka Kolwazi Oluphosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engacaciyo

Iindaba zenkohliso, iingcamango zozungu, kunye neengcamango zenkohliso zithoba ukuthemba uluntu ngokubanzi kobujongo obusemthethweni. I-mistinformation isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kumaqonga onxibelelwano, apho imithetho-mithetho imisela ukudityaniswa ngokuchanekileyo. Abacholacholi-magama kufuneka balwe oku ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo inkohliso xa bechaza kunye nangokunika umongo onceda abafundi baqonde ubuxoki. Imibutho ekhangela inyani njenge Snopes kunye ne-Pritifact iye yaba ngamaqabane abalulekileyo kulo mgudu. Noko ke, umthamo wento equlethwe yiyo ephosakeleyo iwenza imfazwe ephezulu.

Impembelelo Yezopolitiko Nempembelelo

Ulwamkelo lobunikazi bamajelo eendaba lungakhokelela kwimiba yenzala kunye nocalucalulo lomhleli. Xa inani elincinane lemibutho yemibutho linezona ndawo zokukhupha iindaba, lingayiguqula intelekelelo ukuze ihambelane neshishini layo okanye imicimbi yezobupolitika. Inkxaso kawonke-wonke ye-odayali ifuna inkululeko kwiingcinezelo ezinjalo. Eminye imibutho yezindaba iye yamkela ulawulo olukhusela izigqibo zomhleli kubumnini, njengemodeli yokuthembeka esetyenziswa yi-The Guardian[[FLT:]. Inkxaso kawonke-oday ye-odantium iyanda, kunye neziseko ezithelela ekunikeleni ingxelo ezimeleyo.

Izisongelo Kukhuseleko Lwentatheli

NgokweKomiti yokuKhusela iintatheli, ngaphezu kwama-50 babulawa ngowama-2023 kuphela, abaninzi kumazwe angenayo inkululeko yokushicilela. Kumazwe olawulo-lwazi oluphantsi kwedemokhrasi, iintatheli zijamelana nokuxhatshazwa nge-intanethi, i-dox, i-oxx, kunye nezisongelo ezingokwasemzimbeni. Imibutho ye-ndaba kufuneka inike uqeqesho nonkxaso abasebenzi bayo. Imigaqo esemthethweni yokukhusela inkululeko, njengemithetho ekhusela iintathetho ekukhutshelweni ukuba zingatyhili imithombo, ikwaneelwa phantsi kolawulo lolawulo lomntu.

Iingcinezelo Zezoqoqosho Nokuwohloka Kwelifa

Ingeniso yezibhengezo itshintshile kumaphephandaba ukuya kwimivuzo yobugcisa njenge-Google ne-Facebook, ishiya iindawo ezininzi zesithethe ezizama ukusinda. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekususweni, ekuncitshisweni, nasekuvalweni kwamaphephandaba amaninzi asekuhlaleni. Ukugcina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha phantsi koxinzelelo lwemali, amagumbi okugcina ingeniso amatsha. Iimodeli asekelwe kwingeniso yemali. Iimodeli zentengiso, iinkqubo zamalungu, iziganeko, kunye nemvume yokunika inkxaso zihlolwa zonke. Kodwa iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho zinokuhendelela ukuphuma ekucinezeleni kakhulu kunomgangatho ophezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutsaleni ukhupho nokucofa. Iintatheli ziyazichasa ezi zizinto ngokuzimisela kwinkonzo kawonke.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Ebonisa Ukukhokela Izibalo Zanamhlanje

Ukuze baphumelele kwezi ngxaki, intatheli zixhomekeke kwimigaqo esisiseko enika ukhokelo kwiimeko ezinzima. Le migaqo ayiyomithetho engqongqo kodwa imigaqo enokuvisisana nemeko eyahlukileyo.

Umgangatho Womdla Woluntu

Intatheli zifanele zisoloko zibuza: eli bali liyinceda njani inzala kawonke-wonke? Amabali abangel ’ umdla okanye ahlazisayo asenokungawufiki lo mlinganiselo. Umdla woluntu uquka ukwazisa abemi ngemibandela yempilo, ukhuseleko, ulawulo, nokusesikweni. Kukwaquka ukukhusela abantu abachaphazelekayo kwingozi. Umzekelo, ukubiza ixhoba lokuhlaselwa ngokwesini kusenokungancedisi umdla wasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba ixhoba lingumntu osisidlamdla-wonke okanye ityala libandakanya imbambano yenkqubo.

Imigaqo Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Evela Kwimibutho Yamagcisa

Imibutho emininzi yogcino-lwazi inemithetho yokuziphatha ebalaselisa imilinganiselo yobuchule. Ikhowudi yoMbutho Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Wobugcisa isetyenziswa ngokubanzi eUnited States, ngelixa i- Ethetical Journalism Network inika isiseko sehlabathi lonke. Le mithetho igxininisa imigaqo efana nenyaniso, inkululeko, ukungagwebi, nokuphendula. Ikwanika ukhokelo kwimibandela ekhethekileyo efana nokuphatha imithombo engachazwangachazwangabo, ukukhusela imfihlo, nokuphepha i-plagiarism. Abacholathi-ndaba kufuneka baqhele le mithetho kwaye babhekisele kuyo xa bejamelene neengxaki ezingoko.

Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo Nomhlolo

Kwixesha lobuxoki, ukucingela okugxekayo bubuchule obubalulekileyo kwiintatheli. Kufuneka zivavanye imithombo ukuze zithembeke, zintshukumisa, kwaye zichane. Oku kuthetha ukukhangela amaxwebhu angundoqo, ukubuyisela ulwazi oluninzi, nokufuna uluvo oluninzi. Abacholacholi-ndaba nabo kufuneka baluqonde uqhekeko lwabo lolwazi kwaye basebenzele ukuthoba. Amagumbi amaninzi endaba ngoku asebenzisa abakhangeli benyaniso abanikezeli bezinto nokusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa amanani ukuqinisekisa ukungqinelana kwemifanekiso, iividiyo, kunye neemiboniso zonxibelelwano.

Ukuqhubeka Nemfundo Kwimilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Imingeni yezobugcisa nebutho labantu isuka kwizinto zobugcisa. Oko kwakugqalwa njengokufanelekileyo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo kusenokungasafanelekanga. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka baqhubeke befunda ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Oku kusenokuquka iindawo zokusebenzela, iikhomishini ze-intanethi, kunye neenkomfa. Ii-operalkthi kufuneka zikhuthaze ingxubusho ekhululekileyo ngemibandela yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwigumbi leendaba, zidala impucuko apho abachola-ndaba beziva bekhululekile. Ngokuhlala benolwazi ngezenzo ezingcono, intatheli zingaziqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha ngoxa ziphakamisa imilinganiselo engundoqo.

Ikamva Leethical Journalism Kwixesha Lokusebenzisa Amanani

Iinkampani zokusasaza iincwadi zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ngoxa kusiba nocelomngeni, zikwavula amathuba okuqinisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokuthandana nabantu.

Ukufumana ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka-xhaka bobuxhaka-xhaka bobuxhaka-xhaka

Izixhobo zamanani zinganyusa ukuphanda ingxelo, ukukhangela isibakala, nokubona ngaphaya. Ugcino-lwazi, umzekelo, luvumela abacholacholi beendaba ukuba bahlolisise iinkcazelo ezinkulu zokutyhila iipateni zorhwaphilizo okanye ukungalingani. Ubuninzi bamanani bungabandakanya uluntu ekuqokeleleni ulwazi. Ubugcisa beblockchain buhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ubunyani bendaba. Imibutho yeendaba kufuneka ifake kwiizixhobo ezi zixhobo ngoxa ikwathetha nangemigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenzisa ubuchule obungeyo kwimveliso yeendaba, njengomxholo owendalo kunye nobuchule bobuqu bobuqu.

Ukwakha Intembelo Ngokubandakanyeka Kuluntu

Ukuthemba amajelo eendaba kuye kwancipha kumazwe amaninzi, ngenxa yokuthamba nokungathembani. Ukuze kuphinde kubekwe intelekelelo, iintatheli kufuneka zibandakanye ngqo nabantu abahlala apho. Oku kuthetha ukuphulaphula abaphulaphuli abaxhalabisayo, ukuchaza iinkqubo zomhleli, nokubonisa iimpazamo. Amanye amagumbi okugcina imithombo yendaba aye aqesha abahleli abaqeqeshiweyo abanceda abantu basekuhlaleni ukuba bancokole. Abanye bafumana iiholo zedolophu okanye badala iibhodi zobucukubhede ezimele amalungu asekuhlaleni ahlukeneyo. Ukholo lwakhiwa ngexesha elingaguquguquki, ngokuthembeka, nangokunika ingxelo efuna ityala.

Ukukhuthaza Iintlobo Ngeentlobo Nokukhuthaza Iindaba

Xa amagumbi eendaba engabonisi iinguqu zoluntu azigqumayo, ingxelo ingaba yenekhethe okanye engaphelelanga. Iintlobo-ntlobo ziquka uhlanga, ubufanasini, udidi, ijoni, kunye nembono yezobupolitika. I-jenali yezobugcisa ifuna imigudu esebenzayo ukuqokelela nokugcina iintatheli ezivela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona ithetha ukufuna imithombo namabali asoloko etyeshelwa. Igumbi leendaba ezahlukahlukeneyo livelisa ukhuphozo oluchukileyo, oluchanekileyo nolunceda ukulwa nomahluko. Imibutho efana nowe- i-American Society of Bestssss icwangcise iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye inike uncedo lweempahla ezikhoyo.

Ukuxhasa Inkululeko Yokucinezela Nezikhuseli Ezisemthethweni

Abacholacholi-ndaba abanakwenza umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Inkululeko ehlasimlisiweyo isengozini kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kuquka amazwe edemokhrasi apho iintatheli zimangalelwa khona ngenxa yokumangalelwa, zibanjwa ngenxa yokunikela ingxelo yezoqhankqalazo, okanye zikhanyelwe iziganeko zikawonke-wonke. Ukugaxelelwa kwemithetho eqinileyo yezokhuselo, inkululeko yemisebenzi yolwazi, kunye nokukhuselwa kwabafuthi bemilo-ri kuyinxalenye yobugcisa bemithetho. Imibutho ye-ndaba kufuneka ixhase iintatheli ezijongene nokuhlaselwa ngokusemthethweni ngokunika i-prono inkxaso engomthetho yemali kunye nomelo lwe-prono.

Isiphelo

Ugcino-lwazi lwezoburhulumente asinto iphambili; kuyimfuneko. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yokuchanabeka, yokuzimela geqe, yokusesikweni, nokuziphendulela, intatheli zinika abemi ulwazi abalufunayo ukuze benze izigqibo zolwazi kwaye babambe amandla okuphendula. Imingeni ejongene nooncwadi ($misformation, iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho, izisongelo kukhuseleko, kwaye ukuthoba ukuthembana kunzulu, kodwa azinakuthinteleka. Ngokuzibophelela kwimimiselo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukutshala ubugcisa obutsha, nokuzibophelela ngokwenyaniso kunye noluntu, ubujeliso bobunewuni bungaqhubeka bufeza indima yalo buqu ekuxhaseni ulawulo-demokhrasi oluvuthayo.