Ukuqonda imithetho elawula ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kwamapolisa kubaluleke kakhulu kumthetho nakuluntu. Imithetho karhulumente ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo, ichaphazela indlela nexesha amapolisa anokuphengulula ngayo izithuthi kunye nezithuba zikawonke-wonke. Ngoxa uMgaqo-siseko wesine umisela isiseko sokukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, amaphondo ngamanye amazwe asoloko anyusa okanye asulungekise ezo nteko ngemithetho-siseko yawo, imimiselo, nemimiselo yenkundla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinkalo ezingundoqo zale mithetho yomgangatho karhulumente, kuquka iiyantlukwano, iinkatho, kunye neziphumo eziqhelekileyo, eziluncedo kubemi nabaphathi-mikhosi. Ngokuhlola ulawulo olusemthethweni, abafundi bangakhula baqonde ngakumbi amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo ngexesha lokusebenza komthetho.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni: UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komthetho KaRhulumente

IsiHlanzeko sesine sinika abantu ilungelo lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo ezichasene nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kwaye imvume isenokungqinelana kuphela nesizathu esinokwenzeka sokuxhaswa sisifungo okanye isiqinisekiso kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Noko ke, olu khuseleko aluphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqaphele ininzi lwazo olu myalelo, oluninzi lwazo lusebenza ngokungqalileyo kwizithuthi nakwizithuba zikawonke-wonke.

Okubalulekileyo, amagunya akhululekile ukuchaza umgaqo-siseko wawo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunoMphetho-mva wesine. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula okuya kuvunyelwa phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Eminye imisele ekhethekileyo emimiselweni, njengokufuna imvume ecacileyo okanye ukumisela imigaqo engqongqo efunekayo ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo. Le mithetho ithetha ukuba ihambo efanayo yamapolisa isenokuba ngumgaqo-siseko kwelinye ilizwe nemithetho engamiselwanga.

Imfundiso eququzelelweyo, emiselwe ngamatyala afana Mapp v. Ohio (1961), isebenzisa uHlaliso lwesine kumazwe adlula kuMphetho-Mdathiso-Mda weshumi elinesine. Kodwa iinkundla zelizwe zihlala zingoookokugqibela bokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko worhulumente wabo. Ngenxa yoko, amagqwetha okhuseleko nowabemi kufuneka bafune umthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuqonda imida echanileyo yegunya lokuphendla lamapolisa.

Ukukhangela Ngenqwelo - mafutha: Inqwelo - mafutha Ekhethekileyo Nengaphaya Kwayo

Amapolisa afuna ngokuqhelekileyo isizathu esifanelekileyo sokuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha, kodwa "umahluko wemoto ohambayo" uvumela abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba baphengulule ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esifanelekileyo kwaye imoto ihamba. Oku kunxaxhi, oku kumiselwe ku- Carroll v. I-United States [1925]) kwaye icociwe ngezigqibo zamva, ihlala kwintshukumo yezithuthi kunye nokulindela okuncitshisiweyo kwemfihlo lwe-mfihlo. Noko ke, la matyala anokuthi, umzekelo, ezinye iinkundla zelizwe zibambe ukuba ukuthathela inqwelo-mafutha akusebenzi xa kumele ukuba imoto ipake kwaye ayisebenzi xa kuvela, okanye ukuba amapolisa aye afumana ixesha lokufumana isiqinisekiso.

Izinto Eziqhelekileyo Ezikhethekileyo Zokukhangela

  • Isizathu esinokwenzeka ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni kwetrafiki : Ukuba umphathi uphawula ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho kwimbonakalo ecacileyo okanye uphuhlisa unobangela olindelekileyo kwezinye izibakala, bangaphengulula isithuthi sonke, kuquka nezikhongozeli ezivaliweyo, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kumazwe amaninzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-'Ikonsati' evela kumnini wesithuthi okanye umqhubi': Ukuvuma kufuneka kube kokuzithandela kwaye kungarhoxiswa nangaliphi na ixesha. Amanye amazwe afuna amapolisa ukuba azise umqhubi ngelungelo lawo lokungavumi, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingakuyalelanga oku njengemfuneko yemithetho-siseko.
  • Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa : Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalinganisela oku kunxaxhi Arizona v. Gant [2009], ibambe ukuba inqwelo inokubangwa kuphela ukuba ngaba umbanjwa akagcinwanga kakuhle kwaye ekufikeleleni umgama wekhompathimenti ngexesha lokufuna, okanye ukuba kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa ukuba imoto iqulethe ubungqina bokubanjwe. Amazwe amaninzi amkele lo mgangatho; ambalwa atolika iziphumo zawo zokukhangela ngokubanzisa ukubamba.
  • Iimeko ezicacileyo: Ingozi kubomi, ukusukela ngokushushu ukrokrelo olubalekayo, okanye ukutshatyalaliswa okusemnyango kobungqina kungathethelela ukuphengululwa kwezithuthi okungenasiqinisekiso. Iinkundla zelizwe zahluka ngokokuba kunjani, kunye nokufuna ubungqina obucacileyo bongxamiseko.
  • Ubalo lwemikrozo olukhangelayo: Xa isithuthi sibekwe ngokusemthethweni, amapolisa angaqhuba uphengululo lokuqulatha izinto zomnini womsebenzi aze akhusele ukugcinwa komthetho ekuxelweni ukuba beba. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo athintele uphengululo kuludwe lweenkqubo ezisesikweni kwaye athintele uphando lwangaphambi kombhalo.

Umahluko Womthetho Wokufuna

Uqikelelo oluninzi lunemithetho engqongqo kunesiseko sengingqi. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya, inyanisekile ixesha elide ukuba umahluko wemoto awusebenzi ukuba imoto ikwindawo emileyo kwaye amapolisa anexesha lokufumana isiqinisekiso (bona Abantu v. Garay[, 2008). E New York, umgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ukuphengulula okungagunyaziswanga kwemoto kusekelwe ku-"isizathu esingenakutshintsha kunye ne-injini," ithetha ukuba isizathu esilindelekileyo asikokuba isithuthi singakwazi ukususwa lula. UTexas, kwesinye isandla, silandela inqwelo-mafutha ehamba ngokusondeleyo, ivumela uphendlo olungenagunya lomthetho lomntu luyedwa.

Enye indawo yokuntywilisela bubungakanani bokuphengulula isithuthi. Ezinye iindawo zikhangela kwikhompathimenti yabakhweli ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esingqalileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bukwisiqu. Ezinye zivumela ukuphengululwa okupheleleyo kwenqwelo-mafutha, kuquka isiqu kunye nayiphi na into ekhoyo, kanye isenokuba ngunobangela olindelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha zingaba luxanduva ekucinezeleni iindlebe.

Ukukhangela kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke: Ukuxina okunobuchule kunye noTerry

Kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke, amapolisa anesibanzi sokusondela nokubuza abantu ngabanye, kodwa "ukhuthuzo" luyenzeka xa umntu onengqondo engakhululeki ukuphuma. Phantsi [[FLT: 0] Terry v.Ohio (1968), abaphathi-majoni bangaqhuba isiphakamiso esifutshane sokuhlola ukuba banoburhalanisi obusengqiqweni bokuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho uhamba ngenyawo. Ukuba igosa likholelwa ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi, ipat-demil-firsk (frisk) elinganiselweyo yezixhobo iyavunywa. Noko ke, nakuphi ukukhangela okungaphaya kwefrisk kuyimfuneko ukuba kufune isizathu esifanelekileyo okanye imvume.

Imilinganiselo Yomthetho Ephesheya Kwamazwe

  • Izizathu ezinokukrokreleka. Ibangela : Amanye amazwe afuna umgangatho ophezulu wemigaqo yophando kuvavanyo "lwezibakala ezinokucazululwa" lwengingqi yengingqi. Umzekelo, iMassachusetts ne Alaska zibambelele ekubeni umgaqo-siseko wezwe ufuna ukuba kubekho nayiphi na into enokwenziwa, hayi nje ukukrokreza okusengqiqweni.
  • Igunya lobuFrisk: Ngelixesha umthetho wengingqi uvumela ifrisk ukuba umphathi ukrokrela umntu ngengqiqo, amazwana ambalwa alinganisela ii-frashik kwiimeko apho kurhanela ubungozi obuthile. Abanye bavumela i-fractisk ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokuma okusemthethweni, nokuba kuthenjiwe nganto.
  • Ukuphengulula kolu phawu kuwonke-wonke : Amapolisa angacela ukuvunywa ukuphendla umntu okanye impahla phambi kwabantu, kodwa ukuphakama kwemvume kuhlolisiswa ngenyameko. Amanye amaphondo afuna abaphathi ukuba bazise abantu ngelungelo labo lokungavumi phambi kokuba bafune; ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kunokuba negalelo ekucimeni uvolunta uvolu lwamavolsiya.

Name

Kwiziqwenga zikawonke-wonke, imfundiso ecacileyo ivumela amapolisa ukuba afumane ubungqina ukuba akhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye ubukho bobutyala bento bubonakala ngoko nangoko. Iinkundla zelizwe ngamanye amaxesha zilubekele umda le mfundiso ukuba igosa lisebenzisa inqaku le-lophu elingaqhelekanga okanye iimfeketho ezongezelelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, "ovula amabala" imfundiso (ukusuka ] i-Oliver v. United States[FLT], 1984) ibambe ukuba amapolisa angaphendla iindawo ngaphandle kwe-'slage-s' sekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. Kodwa, abambalwa bathi ayichasile le mfundiso phantsi kwemithetho yabo, ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na imihlaba evulekileyo ukuba umnini wayo ulindele ukuba umnini we-mfihlelo.

Izixhobo zobugcisa nezombane

Ukuphengulula kwangoku kubandakanya icell phone, i-laptops, nezinye izixhobo. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ifowuni yeselula ebanjiweyo, kuba ifowuni ziqulethe intsalela yomntu ngamnye. Amaphondo amaninzi aye afaka le mithetho kumthetho karhulumente, kwaye amanye aye ahambela phambili ngokucela isiqinisekiso sokufuna nakuphi na ukuphendwa kwesixhobo sombane nokuba imvume okanye enye into engaqhelekanga isenokusisebenzisa. Umzekelo, i-Calinian Slinian Comtion Act Act (Cal. Com. Com) ikhombect idla ngokufuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela ulwazi kwisixhobo ngaphandle kokuba isixhobo silahlekile okanye silahlekile, okanye kuxakeka nako ngokomthetho ofanayo.

Ezinye iteknoloji ezifana neGPS, i-drones, kunye nepleyiti yelayisensi ezenzekelayo (ALPR), zinyusa inkxalabo zobuqu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe kwi- United States v. Jones (20) (20) edibanisa umlondolozi weGPS kwinqwelo-mafutha yenza uphendlo phantsi kweSiphengululo sesine. Ukususela ngoko, amaziko amaninzi aye adlulisela imithetho efuna isiqinisekiso sokusetyenziswa komthetho wokulandelela iGPS okanye i-drone. I-missity kufuneka iqonde ukuba ezi zikhuselekile azikho kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye imithetho yokuhlola ulawulo lukawonke-wonke-wonke isasebenza.

Imiyalelo Esebenzisekayo Kubemi Nakumthetho

Amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi

Ukuqonda xa uphando lusemthethweni kunganceda abantu bakhusele amalungelo abo. Ngexesha lokumisa kwezithuthi, abaqhubi banelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengulula imoto ngaphandle kokuba umphathi unesizathu esilindelekileyo okanye imvume. Noko ke, ungavumi kungandisa imeko okanye kuphakamise eminye imiba esemthethweni, njengokukrokra okukhokelela ekufunxeni kweziyobisi (ezithi ngokuqhelekileyo zingakupheli ukuphendla kwimimandla emininzi). Abemi kufuneka bahlale bezolile kwaye benobulali, babuze ukuba bakhululekile kusini na, kwaye baphephe ukumelana ngokomzimba nokuba bakholelwa ukuba ukuphendla akuvumelekanga kwasemthethweni, iingxaki ezinokuthethwa kwinkundla kamva.

Kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke, abantu bangala ukuphendula imibuzo kwaye bangangavumi ukuphengululwa komntu okanye impahla yabo. Noko ke, ukuba igosa linokukrokra ngokusengqiqweni ukuba libamise, bangabanjwa kancinci. Ukwazi umahluko phakathi komlo ophakathi kwesiganeko sokudibana nokuxhuzula kubalulekile: isicelo somphathi sokufumana okanye ukutsala intsimbi ephantsi komoya singabonisa ukuphazanyiswa, kwaye impendulo yomntu kufuneka isekelwe ekuqondeni kwakhe umthetho.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho

Amagosa asebupoliseni kufuneka asebenzise imithetho entsonkothileyo karhulumente neyorhulumente. Uqeqesho olufanelekileyo kwizigqibo zakutshanje zenkundla kunye nemimiselo engqamene norhulumente lubalulekile ukunqanda ukucinezela ubungqina nokujongana netyala lamakhaya. Amasebe asoloko emkela iinkqubo ezingqongqo kakhulu kunobuncinane obusemthethweni ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Umzekelo, amanye amasebe afuna ukubhalelwa phantsi ukuvuma konke ukuphendla kwesithuthiso naxa kunokwenzeka, okanye agunyazise ukuba abaphathi-majoni afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokukhangela icell kwanokuba iimeko ezingekho semthethweni zinokuthethelela ukuphendla.

Ikhamera yomzimba kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvela kwezinye izixhobo zokushicilela lunganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kuhambelana nomthetho. Amaphondo aliqela aye amisela imithetho efuna amapolisa abhale incoko okanye achaze igunya lawo elisemthethweni ngexesha lokuphengulula. La manyathelo asebenza ukukhusela abemi nokunika ubungqina enkundleni.

Imizekelo Eyintloko Yomthetho KaRhulumente: Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo

Ukuze ubone indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisondela ngayo imimandla, khawuqwalasele imimandla emithathu enabemi abaninzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] [ICalifornia: Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe (Ingcaciso, Icandelo 13) unikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kuneSine Somthambeko. Abantu v. Diaz [2011] (2011], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCalifornia ebekelwe imvume enqamlezayo yokuphendla icell phone enokubamba phambi kwe U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza isicelo sokukhupha okanye ukuvuma ngaphandle kokuba imoto ehambayo nemoto ihamba-hamba. IKhalifoni ikwathintela iinja ngexesha lokumisa iimeko zoqhubo apho kukho ukukrokra okuqhelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] iNew York. Inkundla yaseNew York yezibheno itolike ngokuphindaphindiweyo umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukuba ifune isiqinisekiso sokukhangela nakuphi na ukukhangela okuphazamisayo kukulindela okufanelekileyo, nokuba ulwaleko lwemoto yequmrhu lungasebenza. [[[FLT:] Abantu bayi-b. Belton [[iiiii] (iiii-des) [phambi kokuba ulawulo lwamany'orhulumente lulawula), New York yala ulawulo lwangoku olungenagunyaziswayo lwekhombutho yabakhwethanga. Ngokudibanisa, New York ifuna ukuba kuphenguluke zozibini zivunywe ngokokuzithandela nangoko, kunye nobunzima kungqinwanomntu ongaziyo.
  • [[FLT: 0]]. ``````````````'''''''''. iTexas ilandela umthetho we-ovent yoMbetho wesine wesiGqeqeshi se-onkel' ngokusondeleyo. Ukuphengulula okungenatyala kwezithuthi kusoloko kuxhaswa. INkundla yeCuanto yeCuas yezibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho ebanjelwe iStatel''. Granville [2018] [umgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko wezwe] ongafuni mvume nokuphendla iziphumo ze-data zeseli yesiqhelo ukuba umbutho uyakwazi ukuchukumisa.

Imfundo noovimba

Ukuhlala uthengiwe ngokukhangela kunye nokuphazanyiswa kwemithetho kubaluleke kakhulu kubemi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] yoMsebenzi] inika ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. ALULWAZI Amalungelo Akho[ iphepha linikela ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zamapolisa. Kwimimiselo engorhulumente-enkqu, iwebhsayithi ye-ia [[[FLT: 4.] inika unikezelo olukhululekileyo kwikhowudi yombuso kunye nomthetho. I-Proglazethies ziyakwazi ukunxibelelana iiofisi zikawonke okanye iinkonzo zoncedo lwasekuhlaleni ukwenzela ingcebiso elithe kranti.

Amagosa okunyanzelisa umthetho angangenelwa kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho ezinikezelwa yiNtlangano yezizwe ngezizwe yaMapolisa kunye nemigangatho yamagosa oxolo karhulumente kunye noqeqesho (POST). rhoqo kuqeqesho lokusebenza kwiinguqu zakutshanje zomthetho lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula kuqhutywa ngokusemthethweni nangempumelelo.

Isiphelo

Uphando lwamapolisa kunye nokuxhuzula ezimotweni nasezintabeni zikawonke wonke lungamaziko anamandla alungelelanisa amalungelo obuqu neemfuno zomthetho. Ngoxa uMphetho-nkqubo wesine unikela ukhuseleko, imithetho karhulumente isoloko inikela izikhuselo ezongezelelekileyo. Bobabini abemi namagosa kufuneka bayiqonde imithetho engqalileyo elawulayo ukuze baphephe uphando olungekho mthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba uphengululo olusemthethweni luqhutywa kakuhle. Ngokuhlala benolwazi yaye besebenzisa amalungelo abo ngobulumko, abantu ngabanye banokunceda ekulondolozeni ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nenkululeko yemithetho.