Ukuqala: Iintsika Zobulungisa

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kwenza isiseko somthetho oyalelweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lugcinwa, kwaye okusesikweni kunikezelwa ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Embindini wayo, inkqubo yokugweba ixhomekeke kwiintsika ezintathu ezixhomekeke kwenye: ikhomputha, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] izikhonkwane [ [iiiiiiindawo] zokhuseleko [[FLT], kwaye icandelo ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo, ukanti imisela ukuba ngaba inkqubo yenkqubo isebenza kakuhle kwaye iyaphumelela. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi zijongenemingeniselo ekufuneka ngenxa yokwazisa indlela eqheliselwa ngayo kwaye inokwenziwa ngayo yonke inkqubo.

Ngokwe IBhureau of Justice Statistics, malunga nezigidi ezilishumi zabanjwa minyaka le eUnited States, kwaye abantu abadala abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6 baphantsi kohlobo oluthile lolawulo lobulungisa. La manani agxininisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wonyanzelo lomthetho kunye nemfuneko ebalulekileyo yokuba intsika nganye isebenze ngengqibelelo, ngempumelelo, nangokuphendula. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yamapolisa, iinkundla, kunye nolungiso, lihlola indlela abanxibelelana ngayo, kwaye babalase imibaluleka engundoqo elawula ngayo umthetho wangoku.

Indima Yamapolisa: Abo Basabela Kumthetho Nolungelelwano Okokuqala

Amagosa asebupoliseni ngabona bameli babonakalayo benkqubo yokusesikweni. Asebenza njengomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela, osetyenziselwe ukulondoloza ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokumisa imithetho yonke imihla. Umsebenzi wawo usuka kwimimandla ejikelezayo nokuphendula kwizicelo zongxamiseko zokuqhuba uphando oluntsonkothileyo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuphumelela kwamapolisa kuphembelela ukuthembeka kwebutho labantu kunye nempilo yenkqubo yezobulungisa.

Iimbopheleleko Zomthetho

Ulawulo lwamapolisa lwale mihla luquka imisebenzi emininzi ngaphandle kokubanjwa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhusela komthetho: uphatho lweziphakamiso, ukufikelela koluntu, kunye neenkqubo zobupolisa ezixhotyisiweyo zobuchule zijolise ekuthinteleni umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Iinkqubo ezifana nendawo efihlakeleyo yeprojekthi ye- zigxininisa ubuncwane kwiindawo eziphezulu, ngokufuthi zibangela unciphiso oluthe chathayo kugonyamelo.
  • Ukufumana: Iingcali zolwazi ziqokelela ubungqina, amangqina kunye nabakrokreleli, kunye nokwakha amatyala okutshutshiswa. Inkqubela kuhlalutyo lweDNA kunye nefomati ye-fomati iguqule amandla ophando.
  • Isivumelwano seKhompyutha: amapolisa oLuntu agxininisa ulwalamano phakathi kwamagosa nabemi ukuze kuxhaswe intsebenziswano nentlonelo. Xa abemi bethemba amapolisa, basengozini yokuxela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokukhonza njengamangqina.
  • Impindezelo yokhuseleko engathi ilungile, i- abaphathi basoloko beqala ukufika kwiingozi, kwintlekele zendalo, nakwiingozi zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ukwazi kwabo ukuphelisa amanqam kungasindisa ubomi.

IZiko leSizwe loLuntu ligxininisa ukuba impumelelo yamapolisa ifuna ulungelelwano phakathi komthetho kunye nokusebenza kunye. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amasebe amkela imigaqo yokusesikweni yezengqiqo, ukubonakala, kunye nelizwi elinolwazi oluphezulu lokuthobela uluntu kunye namaqondo aphantsi ezikhalazo.

Inkqubo Yokubanjwa: Ukusuka Kwisizathu Esifanelekileyo Ukuya Kwizilumkiso Ezingephi

Xa kusenzeka ulwaphulo-mthetho, amapolisa kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ukuze abambe.

  • Ukwenziwa kwamagosa athe ngqo: abonisa umkrokrele ngokuchaza, ngobungqina bevidiyo, okanye ngokukhokela kophando. Kwezinye iimeko, isiqinisekiso sifumaneka ngokusekelwe kwi-affidavits ezifungiweyo.
  • Isizathu esiqinisekileyo: Uhlaziyo lwesine lufuna ukuba ukubanjwa kuxhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo,] izizathu ezisengqiqweni zokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye orhanelwayo utyala. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela abantu ekuvalweni ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] AmaLungelo eMiranda, xa bebanjiwe, abarhanelwayo kufuneka baxelelwe ngamalungelo abo okuhlala bethulile nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokubuza. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungakhokelela kubungqina bokucinezelwa enkundleni.

Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukugcina inkqubo efunekayo, kwananjengoko abaphathi benqanawa besebenza ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela uluntu. Noko ke, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lokubanjwa, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya abantu abambalwa nabanezifo zengqondo. Iikhamera zomzimba kunye neebhodi ezizimeleyo zokuvelela ziye zasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ukwandisa ukuphendula.

Indima Yeenkundla: Ukutolika Umthetho Nokudlulisela Okusesikweni

Iinkundla zisebenza njengabameli bomthetho abangakhethi buso. Zinikela inkundla elungelelanisiweyo apho abatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo anikela ubungqina, abagwebi balawula imicimbi yezesithethe, kunye neejaji (okanye abagwebi) zigqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa. Inkqubo yenkundla ingumlawuli ongqongqo, kunye neenkundla zokusingatha amatyala angaphambili kunye neenkundla ezihlola iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yenkundla

Iinkqubo zenkundla zale mihla ziquka ithala leencwadi:

  • [[NTL:0] Inkundla ezimatyala: Ezi nkundla ziva amatyala okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Ziqhuba ugwebo, iintshukumo zangaphambi kwetyala, iimvavanyo, kunye nesigwebo. Ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo, iinkundla zokuvavanya zingahlulwa ngokwahlulwa ngokwahlulwa ngokwamaqela (umz., inkundla yentsapho, inkundla yeziyobisi, inkundla yezonyango yengqondo).
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Inkundla enika iziphumo ezithe ngqo:[[FT:1] ingqwalasela iinkundla zokuvavanya ukuvavanywa kwezigqibo zenkundla ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo. Azichazi nkcukacha kwakhona kodwa zijolise ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo.
  • IiNkundla zeNkundla eziPhezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo ekulawuleni (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., ithetha iinkundla eziphakamileyo) iphendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nezisombululo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Izigqibo zayo zimisela imiqathango enyanzelisa inkqubo yonke.

I-American Bar Association iphawula ukuba inkqubo yokukhupha isandiso ixhomekeke kumacala omabini ngokunamandla ukumela izilangazelelo zawo, nejaji isebenza njengonogada. Esi sakhiwo sijolise ekutyhileni inyaniso ngeli xesha ikhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko wabamangalelwa.

Iziganeko Eziyintloko Zetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yenkundla ibandakanya iinkalo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineemfuno ezikhethekileyo zomthetho:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthetho: Ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusesikweni izityholo kwaye ucelwa ukuba angene kwisibongozo setyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye ungenamkhuphiswano. Ijaji icwangcisa ibheyile okanye ikhulula ummangalelwa xa ephinda aqashelwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intshukumo zeProto-:[[FT:1] intshukumo zefayile yeAttorney ukucinezela ubungqina, ukukhupha ityala, okanye ukunyanzela ukufunyanwa. Ezi ntshukumo zidla ngokubumba umlinganiselo wetyala.
  • : Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. omabini amacala anikela iingxelo zokuvula, ubungqina, ubungqina obuphathekayo, kunye neempikiswano zokuvala. Abachopheleli-tyala baphinde babuye benze isigqibo.
  • Ipesenti: ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo esisekelwe kwimigaqo yemithetho, ukuhlahlela/ukukhupha, kunye nokuncomela okuvela kwiingxelo zangaphambi kokumgunyazisa. Izigwebo zingaquka ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa, intembe, intembe, okanye inkonzo yoluntu.

I-Plea ithelekisa izisombululo ezininzi zamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ngokutsho kwe- i-Ofisi yoBuphathi yamatyala e-U.S. . Ngelixesha olu vavanyo lwamatyala axolelwayo, abagxeki banokuyinyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngokungenatyala kwaye banciphise ukubonakala okucacileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukugweba Ubulumko Nezinto Ezingafaniyo

Abagwebi basebenzisa ubulumko obubalulekileyo ekugwebeni, kodwa imithetho esezantsi enyanzelekileyo kunye nemigaqo esezantsi egwetywayo inyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhethe. Uphando kwiprojekthi ye- lubonisa imilinganiselo eqhubekayo yobuhlanga nentlalo-ntle kwiziphumo zesigwebo. Ukuthetha ngezi zinto zingekho mthethweni kuye kwaba yinkcaso ephambili yolungiso lwezobulungisa, namazwe amaninzi aphinda anike imimiselo yawo egwetyiweyo kunye neendlela zokwandisa imilinganiselo egqwethayo.

Indima Yezicombululo: Isohlwayo, Ukubuyiselwa Kwemiqathango Nokubuyiselwa

Imigaqo iquka amaziko kunye neenkqubo ezilawula abantu abagwetyiweyo. Le ntsika iquka iintolongo, iintolongo, ukuvavanywa, isigwebo esisekelwe kuluntu. Iinjongo ezibini zokulungisa nokulungisa , qha zibangela ukuxinezeleka, kodwa zombini zibalulekile kwinkqubo yokulawula elungeleleneyo.

Iintlobo zolungiso olukhulu

  • Iimpahla zelizwe kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente ezihlala abantu abagwetyiweyo ngaphezu konyaka omnye. Iintolongo ziyahluka kumgangatho wokhuseleko (ophakathi, ophezulu) kunye nokufumaneka koomatshini bokwakha. Ngonyaka wama2023, malunga nezigidi eziyi-1,2, abantu bavalelwe kwiintolongo ze-U.S.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imikhosi ekhoyo: amaziko okuvalelwa asetyenziswa kwindawo ekwindawo yasekuhlaleni ababambe abantu ngabanye abalindele ukuvavanywa okanye abaphumeza izigwebo ezifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi konyaka). IJails inkqubo eqikelelwa kwizigidi ezilishumi zamkelelwa nyaka ngamnye, ezininzi ezibandakanya amatyala omgangatho ophantsi nabantu abangakwaziyo ukuthenga ibheyile.
  • Iprojekthi: Lixesha elilungelelanisiweyo lenkundla lokukhululwa okujongweyo kuluntu, ngokufuthi elineemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, iimfuno zomsebenzi, kunye nokuxilonga rhoqo. Phantse abantu abadala abazizigidi ezi-3,9 bakwi-lixa elilishwa.
  • [[NTLA] IParole: imo yetyala kwangoko ekhutshwe entolongweni, ijongwe ngokuqhubekayo de kuphele isigwebo. Iibhodi zomvo zivavanya ukuziphatha okungalinganiyo, uhlolo lomngcipheko, kunye neeplani zokuphinda ungene phambi kokuba ukhululwe.

ISebe loLawulo lweeNtolongo kunye namasebe karhulumente okulungisa alawula ezi zakhiwo, ngoxa amagosa oluntu ejonge uvavanyo kunye nokukhuthuzwa kweliso. Isikali esipheleleyo senkqubo yokulungisa,(iizigidi ezi-6) zabantu abalathisiweyo, sichaza impembelelo yaso enzulu kwiintsapho, intlalo, kunye noovimba boluntu.

Ukulungisa isiphene. Isohlwayo: Ukulungelelanisa

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ulungiso oluchaphazelekileyo phakathi kweendlela zokubuyisela ingqwalaselo kunye neenjongo zokulungisa. "Ikulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho" ixesha lee 1980 kunye nee1990 landa kakhulu inani labemi basemakhonkxwa, ngeli lixa utshintsho lwakutshanje lugxininisa uqheliselo olusekelwe kubungqina ukunciphisa ukupheliswa komthetho. Iinkqubo zokulungisa ezisebenzayo zijolise ku:

  • Uqeqesho noqeqesho lweVocational: Abanenxaxheba kudweliso lwemfundo bangama-43% anqabileyo ukubuyela entolongweni, ngokwezifundo ze-RAND Corporation. Iklasi ze-GED, iiklasi zekholeji, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokurhweba zilungiselela abantu ukuba bafumane umsebenzi osemthethweni.
  • Unyango lokuxhatshazwa komntu oxhatshaziwe: Ngaphezu kwama-60% abantu abavalelweyo bafumana imilinganiselo yokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Kwintolongo nakuluntu iinkqubo zonyango zinciphisa ukubuyela kwimo yokubuyela emva nokubuya.
  • Unyango lokulungisa indlela yokwenza isimilo: Inkqubo ezithetha ngeengcamango zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana nokungalawuleki, ukwenza izigqibo ezingafanelekanga, kunye nesimo sengqondo sokungabi nabudlelane, zinceda abathathi-nxaxheba bahlakulele ubuchule obuthe ngqo.
  • Inkxaso yenkxaso ye-Revector: Izindlu zogcino-lwazi, uncedo lokwabelwa umsebenzi, kunye nokuqhubeka koluleko lujongene nokubuyiselwa kwakhona okunempumelelo. Amazwe afakelela iinkonzo zongeniso abona ubuGcino-lwazi obusezantsi kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ngaphandle kwale migaqo iqinisekisiweyo, izibonelelo ezininzi zokulungisa zihlala ziphantsi, zixinene, zixhotyiswe kancinane ukunikezela ngenkqubo enentsingiselo. IZiko leJaji abaxhasi bokohlulwa nokuveliswa kotyalo-mali kumazwe asekuhlaleni, bephawula ukuba iUnited States ingenisa isantya esiphezulu kubantu kwi-akaralitha nganye kunalo naluphi na uhlanga.

Ucelomngeni Lokufuna Ukuziphinde Uzikhethele

I-Recivism .) Utyekelo lokubanjwa kwabantu abagwetyiweyo ukuze babuyiselwe ngezantsi, luhlala lusemgangathweni wokulungiswa. Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe olusuka kwi-Bureau of Justice Statistics lubonisa ukuba kwiminyaka emihlanu ephakathi kokukhululwa, malunga nama-50% amabanjwa abanjwa kwakhona. Amaqondo aphezulu e-dificivism abonisa ukungafezeki kokubuyiselwa komntu kwakhona nokuxhaswa kwakhona. Iindlela zokunciphisa i-Recifivism ziquka iimfuno zobungozi, ukukhawuleza kunye nezivumo ezithile zokulwa kwetyala, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa imigaqo yokulungisa ezibandakanya amaxhoba kunye noluntu.

Ukudibana Kwamapolisa, Iinkundla Nokulungiswa

Iintsika ezintathu zomthetho onyanzelisayo azizodwa; zisenza umsebenzi oqhubekekayo oqala ngolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye uphele ngesigwebo (nangokufuthi ulawulo). Ukuqonda ukudibana kwazo kubalulekile ekuboneni ii-efficiencies, namathuba okuguqula.

Indlela Imeko Ehamba Ngayo Inkqubo

Imeko eqhelekileyo idlula kula maqondo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqalisa nokubanjwa: amapolisa aqokelela ubungqina aze athabathe umkrokrele angene ekholongweni.
  • Ukwenziwa kwencwadi kunye nembonakalo yokuqala: Umkrokreli ucaciswa kwintolongo, kwaye ijaji ihlola izityholo kwaye icwangcise ibheyile kwiyure ezingama-48.
  • Ityala liqhubekeka ngokubekwa ngolungelelwano, ngaphambi kovavanyo, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesigwebo. Ukulibazisa kuyenzeka rhoqo ngenxa yengxelo yenkundla, izicelo, ingxubusho, kunye nokuqhubekeka.
  • Indawo yolwahlulo: Emva kokugwetywa, umntu utshintshelwa kwintolongo okanye kwintolongo, okanye ubekwe phantsi kolawulo loluntu.
  • Ukubuyiselwa okanye ucango olujikelezayo: Emva kokukhululwa, ukuvalelwa kwesigwebo okanye ukuvalelwa kwabaphathi benkonzo. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso eyaneleyo, abaninzi babuyela kwinkqubo.

Iqonga ngalinye lixhomekeke kulwazi oluchanileyo, unxibelelwano olufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokwenziwa kwesigqibo. Umzekelo, iingxelo zamapolisa kufuneka zicokise ukuze abatshutshisi bakhe amatyala awomeleleyo; iinkundla zifuna iingxelo ezinokuthenjwa zomngcipheko ukuze zimisele ibheyile nesigwebo esifanelekileyo; izindululo kufuneka zazise iinkundla ngokuchaswa kwemithetho ukuze zixhokonxwe yimiqathango.

Ukusebenzisana Nosukelo Olwabelana Ngalo

Nangona zisenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, zontathu iintsika zineenjongo ezisisiseko: ukuxhasa umthetho, ukukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho okusesikweni.

  • Inkundla ezizinzileyo: Iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, kunye neenkundla zamavavane zidityaniswe nolawulo olugwebayo, ngokufuthi ezibandakanya iinkqubo zokuzinzisa nokulungisa. Ezi nkundla zinciphisa ukuncitshiswa kweziyobisi zize zilondoloze iindleko.
  • Ukuthatha inxaxheba: Iinkqubo zolwazi zolwaphulo-mthetho ezifakelweyo zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho, iinkundla, kunye nezilungiso zokufumana idata yexesha lokwenene xa ubanjwa, iimvume, kunye nemeko yokulawula. Oku kunciphisa iimpazamo kunye nemisebenzi yemijelo.
  • IBhunga loTshintsho: Amaqela anezintlu aceba ukukhululwa komntu ekuvalweni, ekuxoxweni kwezindlu, emsebenzini, ekuphathweni kwempilo, kunye nolawulo lokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka.

Noko ke, kukho ukungqubana. Amapolisa asenokuvakalelwa kukuba iinkundla zilula kakhulu, ngoxa abagwebi begxeka amapolisa ngenxa yobungqina obubuthathaka okanye ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Amagosa asoloko ezama ukumelana nokuxinanisa okubangelwa yimigaqo erhabaxa erhabaxa. Ingxoxo evulekileyo kunye noqeqesho olunqamlezayo lunganceda ekulungiseni izisusa nasekuqondenina.

Iiseti zepeti ezibuyisela umva kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo

Ingqiqo evela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yolungiso ingazisa inkqubo yamapolisa nenkundla. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokutsha kusenokunceda amapolisa abeke unyango olucwangcisiweyo kwiinkqubo zokubanjwa kunye neenkundla zokwandisa iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya. Ngokufanayo, ugcino-lwazi olukusetyenziso lwamapolisa lungakhuthaza utshintsho kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo. Uvavanyo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuziqhelanisa kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokulungisa eguqukayo ngoovimba bemali kunye nobungqina obusekelwe kwimiqathango.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwinkqubo Esesikweni Nenempumelelo

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho ngamapolisa, iinkundla, kunye nokulungiswa kungumcimbi onamandla nonzima. Intsika nganye ithwala uxanduva olukhulu kwaye ijongene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo ("lokwakha ukuthembana koluntu kunye nokulawula iityala kunye nokunciphisa ukuphinda kuncitshiswe kwemiqathango yoluntu. Xa ezi zinto zisebenza ngokungqinelana, ziphakamisa umthetho zize zikhusele ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Xa zibuthathaka, ukwahlukana nokungekho sikweni kuvela oko kuphelisa intembelo kwinkqubo yonke.

Izichazi eziqhubekayo .ezifana notshintsho lwebheyile, ulungiso lwemigaqo, ulwandiso lokusetyenziswa kweenkundla ezicazulula iingxaki, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kwiinkonzo zongeniso-lwazi, kunye nokufakelwa kwemiqathango ethembisayo ukuya kumgangatho olungeleleneyo nonempumelelo. Abahlali, abanikeli bemithetho, kunye noogqirha ngokufanayo kufuneka baqhubeke bebandakanye ekulungiseni inkqubo yokusesikweni esesikweni esesikweni, ekhanyayo, nenetyala. Umlinganiselo opheleleyo wempumelelo asilonani nje lokubanjwa okanye ukuchasana, kodwa umlinganiselo omiselwe ngawo inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo kubo bonke abantu.