Table of Contents

Ukuqala: Igalelo Elide Lokusesikweni

Umzabalazo wokulingana nokusesikweni asisosiganeko esinye okanye isahluko esifutshane kwimbali yoluntu; yingxelo eqhubekayo, etyhilayo eye yadala impucuko, yawisa ubukhosi, yacacisa kwakhona oko kuthethwa kuko kuluntu. Ukusuka kwimithetho ebhaliweyo yakudala ukuya kwimiqathango yezobugcisa ukuya kwimiqathango yemozulu kunye nokulingana kwesizwe, isizukulwana ngasinye siwufumene njengelifa umsebenzi ongekagqitywa waloo mazwe angaphambili. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olubalulekileyo lwembali ekulweni ukulingana nokusesikweni, lihlola ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kodwa kutheni la maxesha abalulekileyo kodwa kutheni aqhubeka ephembelela iziganeko zale mihla. Ukuqonda le mbali kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ozinikeleyo ukwakha impumelelo engakumbi nengenakufezeka kwixesha elizayo.

Isiseko Samandulo Nesiqalo Sobulungisa Obubhaliweyo

Kude phambi kweenkundla zale mihla nomgaqo-siseko, ibutho lamandulo lalwa nocelomngeni lokumisela okusesikweni kwihlabathi elichazwa ngamandla angaqhelekanga nokunyaniseka kwesizwe. Imigudu yakudala eyaziwayo yokumisela okusesikweni yabeka isiseko sazo zonke iinkqubo zomthetho ezilandelayo.

Ikhowudi kaHammurabi (icirca 1754 BCE)

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zengcinga yamandulo engokomthetho yi- ikhodi kaHammurabi, umbhalo weBhabhini obhalwe kwitshe elitye. Le khowudi ayilulo uluvo lwangoku lokulingana — yayisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo esekelwe kwihlelo loluntu kunye neentlobano zesini zobufana — kodwa imele ingcamango yenguquko: ukuba umthetho ubhalwe, uwonke-wonke, kwaye usebenze kuwo onke amalungu ebutho, ubuncinane ngokomgaqo. Umgaqo odumile "iliso ngeliso" wawungazamzamlinge wokumisela ukumisela imbuyekezo nokuqinisekisa ulwahluzo. I-stale, ngoku ibekwe kwi i-Imfalms, ibonisa ukuba umnqweno wendlela yokulungisa nokulunga.

Ulawulo - melo LwaseAthene Nokuqalisa Kobumi

Ngenkulungwane yesihlanu iBCE, isixeko sase-Athene sasungula ingcamango egqithisileyo: democracy , okanye ulawulo lwabantu. Nangona yayinesiphene esikhulu ngemigangatho yale mihla — amabhinqa, amakhoboka, kunye nabantu basemzini bangaphandle — imodeli yezobugcisa yase Atene yaseka amaziko angundoqo anjengendibano, ibhunga, neenkundla zenkundla. Inginginya zazinokuvota kwimithetho, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwaye zigcine amagosa enecala. Le yayilinyathelo lesiseko kwingcamango yolawulo efuna uvumo lwezimiselo. Izithethe ezifana noSocrac, uPlato, kunye noAristotle zaphikisana ngemeko yokusesikweni, isakhiwo soburhulumente esisasiphembelelayo namhlanje.

Umthetho WaseRoma Nengcamango Yamalungelo Emvelo

IRome Republic kunye noBukhosi baseRoma bavelisa inkqubo ephambili yomthetho eyadala iingcamango ezingundoqo ezifana ne- umthetho wendalo , ingcamango yokuba amalungelo athile azuzwe ngabo bonke abantu. ITheyibhile yeshumi elinesibini (i-1050 BCE) yanikela isiseko sikawonke-wonke somthetho wamaRoma, ngoxa kamva abagwebi abanjengoCicero baphikisa ukuba okusesikweni akungombandela nje wendibano kodwa kusekelwe kwimigaqo yendalo. Umthetho wamaRoma waphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo yomthetho yamakhaya kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaye ekugqibeleni kwafakwa umgaqo ofana nowe-U.S.

Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka: Ukubuyiselwa Kwehlabathi Lonke

Kangangamawaka eminyaka, ubukhoboka yayilibutho elamkelekileyo phantse kulo lonke ibutho labantu.

Ukuvela Kwenkqubo Yokufuna Inyukelo

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo neyeshumi elinesibhozo yabona ukuvela kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo eBritane nase United States], ingakumbi e-FLT, ingakumbi iQuakers, yayiphakathi kweyokuqala ukuphikisa ukuba ubukhoboka busisono. Ababhali, ababengamakhoboka, nabaxhasi — kuquka uOlaudah Equiano, uGrick Douglas, noWilliam Wilberforce — basebenzisa iintetho, iincwadi, kunye nezibongozo zokwakha inkcaso. Urhwebo lwamakhoboka lwavela eBritani lwapheliswa ngo-1807, uloyisoyiso lokuqala olubalulekileyo.

IBritane Ubukhoboka (uMthetho wowe-1833)

Ngo1833, iPalamente yaseBritane yagqitha uMthetho we-Avitution , owaphelisa ubukhoboka kuyo yonke inxalenye enkulu yoBukhosi baseBritane. Lo mthetho wesibonelelo wakhulula amakhulu amawaka abantu abakhotyokisiweyo. Urhulumente waseBritane wabuyisela abanini-bakhonzi (kungekhona abo bangamakhoboka), kodwa isenzo samisela umzekelo onamandla ozweni lonke. UK] Iwebhsayithi ye-webhsayithi ye-webhsayithi ye- ibonelela iingxelo ezibanzi zalo mzuzu ubalulekileyo.

INkqubo yokuHlaziya kunye noHlaziyo lwe-13 (1863-1865)

Phakathi kwemfazwe yamakhaya eMelika, uMongameli Abraham Lincoln wakhupha iProject yoMkhosi we-[FLT: 1] ngoJanuwari 1, 1863. Nangona yayisebenza kuphela ekulawuleni imvukelo, ngokusisiseko yasusa injongo yemfazwe yaza yenza injongo yokuphelisa injongo engundoqo ye-Union. Esi sibhengezo savumela amadoda aseAfrika aseMelika ukuba akhonze kuMkhosi we-Union, unobangela obalulekileyo kwiziphumo zemfazwe. wesi-13] Isimente semfazwe ukuya ku-U. umGaqo-siseko (1865) ngokusisigxina) wabuphelisa ubukhoboka kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ezi zenzo azizange ziphumeleli ubuhlanga okanye ukulingana kobunyani, kodwa zadityaniswa kwendlela esemthethweni yezizwe ezininzi zobukhoboka bobuzwishoshosholo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa Kwabantu Emhlabeni Wonke Nelifa Lako

IBrazil, ilizwe lokugqibela kwiNtshona yeIkhweyita, lenza oko ngowe - 188. ilifa lobukhoboka — kuquka ubuhlanga, ukwahlukahlukana kwezoqoqosho, neengxaki zentlalo — lisaqhubeka namhlanje, kodwa umbutho wokupheliswa kwendalo wabonisa ukuba ukuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi, ukucaca kokuziphatha nezenzo zezobupolitika zinokuwaphelisa kwanawona maziko aphambili engcinezelo.

Intshukumo yamabhinqa egadayo:

Umzabalazo wamalungelo amabhinqa uphantse wadala njengedemokhrasi ngokwayo, kodwa wasuka waba ngumbutho onamandla, olungelelanisiweyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kweyeshumi elinesibini.

Indibano yeeNtlanganiso zaseSeneca (1848)

NgoJulayi 1848, iqela elincinane labaxhasi bemfazwe — kuquka uElizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mott — lahlanganisa iNgqungquthela yeeFalls Senika kumantla eNew York. Le yayiyindibano yokuqala yamalungelo amabhinqa eUnited States. Le ndibano yavelisa i-Darectives , uxwebhu olunomfuziselo kwiSibhengezo seLizwe savakalisa: "Sinenyaniso yokuba zizenze zizenzeke ngokuzilungele: ukuba onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwa ngokulinganayo." Imfuno yeminye i-'abhishosho ephakathi, kodwa yaba yinjongo ephakathi ye-APrimenti.

UMthetho - ngqangi we - 19 (we - 2020)

Emva kweminyaka engama-72 yokuzibhokoxa kwezenzo zobugqi — kuquka ukufola, ukubulawa kwendlala, ukuvuselelwa, nokungathobeli kwabemi — iBhunga le-U.S. liphumele iSinyusi se-1919th ngo1979], kwaye lavunywa ngoAgasti 1920. Oku kwavunywa kwanikwa amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota, nokokuba kumgaqo osemthethweni. Oku kuqheliswa, amabhinqa amaninzi anemibala, ingakumbi amabhinqa amnyama kuMzantsi we-JimCrow, ayesakhutshiswe ngokucwangciiiswe ngamashumi eminyaka. Umzabala wokuvota waqhubeka kakuhle kulungile ukuya kuma1960 nangaphaya.

Intshukumo ezihamba ngemibhobho yomhlaba wonke

Umlo wokulwa kwamabhinqa wawukhokelwa yiEmline Pankhurst kunye neWomen's Social kunye nePolitical Union (WSPU), yaba lilizwe lokuqala elizibonelelayo ukunika amabhinqa uvoti ngo1893, lilandelwa yiAustralia ngo1902, iFinland ngo1906, kunye neNorway ngo1913. Amabhinqa eUnited Kingdom afumana amalungelo alinganayo okuvota ngo1901. Kumazwe amaninzi, amabhinqa awazange afumane amalungelo okuvota.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laBami: Ukuchasa uJim

IKhavinity Rights Movement eUnited States yayingumbutho woqhankqalazo omkhulu nxamnye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

IBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaba sisigqibo esishenxiswayo. INkundla nganye yagqiba kwelokuba ukucalucalucalulo ngokwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo kwaye ngoko ke ukungamiselwanga, kubhukuqe imfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyamiselwa Pnety v. Ferguson [18696]). Le sigqibo sakhuthaza umbutho kwaye sanika inkxaso esemthethweni kwimigudu yokulwa kwe-deko, nangona ukuphumeza utshintsho kwajamelana nokuchasana okukhulu koomhlophe.

IMontgomery Bus Boycott noMartin Luther King Jr.

Ngo1955, uRosa Parks wala ukuncama isihlalo sakhe kwiMontgomery, ibhasi yase-Alabama, edubula i- Montgomery Bus Boycott. Umfana uCottcott wahlala iintsuku ezingama-381 kwaye waphumela ekubeni iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphumele ekuwiseni umthetho webhasi ingabinazozizo. Umfana u-Martin Luther King Jr.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 noMthetho wokuBonisela amalungelo

Umthetho wamaLungelo ka-1942 wawungowona mthetho ukhukulisiweyo wamalungelo abantu ukususela ekuvuselweni kwakhona. Walwalela ucalulo ngesiseko sohlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo zemali exhaswa ngurhulumente. Lo nyaka ulandelayo, [[FLT:] u-Vation Rights [2] Act ka-65] Costation convotion syst, njengovavanyo lokuvota, njengovavanyo lokubhalisa nokuhlawula irhafunxa, eziye zachitha izigidi ze-Mbinithe. Le mithetho mibini imela uwiso-mthetho wamaLungu e-OFTS[FLD] [FFFFF] [FFF5]

Ilifa Nemigudu Eqhubekayo

I-Civil Rights Movement ayizange ibuphelise ubuhlanga. Ukubulawa kombutho we-Martin Luther King Jr. ngo-1968, ukunyuka koMbutho Wamandla Obumnyama, kunye nokuqhubeka kwenkohlakalo yamapolisa nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kwabonisa ukuba ukulingana ngokusemthethweni akwanele. Noko ke, lo mbutho waguqula ngokusisiseko indlela esemthethweni nengokwenkcubeko yaseUnited States kunye nemfazwe ephembelela ukusetyenziswa kokusesikweni ehlabathini lonke.

ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Ukusuka Kudonga Ukuya Kumgangatho Womtshato

Umlo wobufanasini, ubufanasini, i - bibisnia, i - transgender, nenqueer (LGBTQ+) wavela kwimbali yentshutshiso nokungafezeki waba ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu owaziwayo ehlabathini lonke.

Ilitye eRiots (1969)

Kwiiyure zokuqala zikaJuni 28, 1969, amapolisa ahlasela i- i-Inn, i-bar efana namafanasini kwiDolophana yeGreenwich City. Oku kuhlasela bekusoloko kusenziwa kwaye kunobudlova, kodwa ngoku abaxhasi kunye nabemi abahlala kufutshane balwa. Izenzo zokulwa zaqhubeka iintsuku ezintandathu kwaye zaba yi-ibhethriaaa ye-LGBTQ+ intshukumo yamalungelo. Strollall waguqula umbutho othengiswe kwimfazwe, inkathalo efuna inkululeko. I-Libriary yeNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela.

Ingxaki KaGawulayo Nokwenza Umthetho

Iminyaka yee-1980 kunye neminyaka yee-1990 yazisa ubhubhani kaGawulayo, owatshabalalisa iLGBTQ+ uluntu. Urhulumente ongenzi nto nokusasazeka kwe-homophobia wakhokelela ekusungulweni kwamaqela alwayo afana ne-EPAT (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power). Iindlela zokuhlasela — kuquka ukufa kwabantu, ukuqhatha kwi-FDA ne-NIH, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi olukhuselekileyo olusemgangathweni — kwanyanzela urhulumente ukuba akhawuleze aqhube imvume nentlawulo lweziyobisi kunye nophatho yemali. Ingxaki kaGawulayo yazisa ukubonakala nokuvela okungakumbi kwiLBTQ.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

NgoJuni 26, 2015, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yagqiba kwi ku-Obergefell v. Hodges ukuba umtshato olinganayo wobunyani ulilungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe yiNguqu yeshumi elinesine. Isigqibo esi-5-4 esisemthethweni esisemthethweni somtshato osemthethweni ofanayo kwilizwe lonke, uloyiso olubonakala ngathi lungacingisiki ngamashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili. Oku kulawula kwaphelisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwimbono kawonke kunye nolwazi olusemthethweni, ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwe-somfem ku-[FT:2]. Isigqibo esi-5-LLnce v. [200] [200] [kuphinde ku-Ask', Dont"Hell 2011"

Amalungelo Okudlulisela Iimpahla Neengxaki Ezingapheliyo

Nangona ukulingana komtshato kwakulibala elibalulekileyo, umzabalazo weLGBTQ uyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kubantu abadlulayo. Abantu abachaphazelekayo bajamelana nomlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wogonyamelo, ucalucalulo, kunye neengxaki zomthetho. Ngoku le nkqubo igxininisa ekufumaneni ukhuseleko lwempilo, ukuchasana nocalucalulo, nokugqalwa kobudoda.

Iintsebenziswano Zazwenibanzi Zokulwela Ukulingana Nokusesikweni

Ukulwela ukulingana akupheleliselwa kulo naluphi na uhlanga, yaye ehlabathini lonke, abantu baye bavukela ingcinezelo, befuna isidima, inkululeko nokusesikweni.

Iqela elichasene neAparidi eMzantsi Afrika

I-Anti-Apartheid Movement yayiyenye yezona zenzo zomanyano ezinempumelelo zehlabathi lonke kwimbali. Ucalulo yayiyinkqubo yokukhetha ubuhlanga nobumhlophe eyayinyanzeliswa ngurhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika ukususela ngo1949 ukuya ku1994. Ukuxhathisa ngaphakathi, kukhokelwa yi-Afrikaan National Congress (ANC) kunye namanani afana noNelson Mandela, edityaniswe nokungqubana kwehlabathi lonke, ukungqubana, kunye nemvume, ekugqibeleni, yanyanzela urhulumente ukuba athethe. Ngonyaka we-19949, u-Afrika, unyuko lokuqala lwezizwe ezimhlophe, kunye noNelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala woMnyama. Umzekelo waseAfrika ubonisa amandla okubini kwemfazwe yangaphakathi kunye nomanyano lwezizwe ngehlabathi lonke.

INtwasahlobo yama-Arabhu (200-2012)

Ukususela ngoDisemba 2010, igagasi lemibhiyozo kunye nemvukelo lagqugqisa kumazwe angama-Arabhu, ukusuka eTunisia ukuya eYiputa, eLibya, e-Syria, naseBahrain. Abami babefuna ukuphela kolawulo lobuzwilakhe, urhwaphilizo, amathuba okufumana uqoqosho, namalungelo abantu asisiseko. Nangona iziphumo zaxubana — amanye amazwe anamava emfazwe yamakhaya, amanye abuyela kwi-demonism — i- Arab Spring [ yabonisa ukuba kwanabona mandla aphakamileyo alawulwayo anokucelw'icelwa ngengxwa, imvukelo ezidumile.

Amalungelo Elizwe Nemithetho Yobulungisa

Abantu belizwe jikelele ehlabathini lonke baye balwela ukuqashelwa, amalungelo omhlaba, kunye nokusinda kwenkcubeko. Isibhengezo seZizwe ezimanyeneyo samalungelo abantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe (UNDRIP), esifunyenweyo ngo- 2007, sinikezela ngesiseko sezizwe ngezizwe ezilwa ezi. Imikhosi efana no-Idle No More eCanada kunye nokuchasa ngokuchasene noDatal Accounce Linkline eS Stavin Rock eUnited States izise ukhokelo lwe-IFLT kumkhosi wemekobume nezobulungisa.

Ukulwela Ukungavisisani Kwamalungelo

Intshukumo yamalungelo okhubazeko iphumele iinguqu ezinkulu, kuquka i- Americas enoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA) ngo-1990 kwi-U.S. kunye Inkcazo yamalungelo abantu abanokukhubazeka [[CRLTP]] [ kumazwe aManyeneyo. Le mithetho inyuke ukufumaneka kwizithuba zikawonke wonke, ezothutho, kunye nomsebenzi, kodwa abaxhasi bayaqhubeka benyanzela ukuququzelela ngokupheleleyo, ukukhubazeka, nokuqwalaniswa kobugorha njengophawu olubalulekileyo lweenguquko zabantu.

Ukuqhubeka Nomlo: Imida Yangoku Yomgangatho

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela echazwe ngasentla, ukulwela ukulingana nokusesikweni kusekude kuphele.

Ucalucalulo Lobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwenkqubo

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga luseyingxaki esasazeke ehlabathini lonke. Umbutho weBlack Live Matter, owafumana udumo ehlabathini lonke emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngowama-2020, uye wazisa ingqalelo ehlasimlisiweyo kwinkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho okujamelene namaqela abantu abamnyama nabakwaBrown. Lo mbutho ufuna ukuthoba amapolisa, ukuguqula inkqubo yobulungisa, nokulungisa ingcambuzelo enzulu yobuhlanga.

Umgangatho Wesini Nokusesikweni Okuvelisa Inzala

Ukungalingani okungundoqo kuyaqhubeka kwilizwe ngalinye. ityala lomsantsa wokuhlawula lihlala libalulekile, ngokukodwa kumabhinqa anemibala. Amabhinqa athenjiswa phantsi kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye neebhodi zenkampani. Ukufikelela kwizonyango lokuzala, kuquka ukuthintela ukuphuma kwezibeleko nokuqhomfa okukhuselekileyo, kuhlala kusengumba othe waxanduva. Ukubhukuqwa ROe v. Wade eUnited States [2022] kumele isithintelo esikhulu sobulungisa bokuzala kwaye kubangele igalelo olutsha lwezenzo.

Ubulungisa Bemozulu Nokungabikho Kwendawo Entle

Ingxaki yemozulu asiyongxaki nje yemekobume; yimbambano yokusesikweni. Awona mazwe ahlwempuzekileyo nabona bacetyiswayo — adla ngokuba ngamaqela amibalabala — ngawona asengozini yeentlekele zemozulu, ungcoliseko, kunye nokuswela kwezibonelelo. Ingcamango ye- engqinelanayo ifuna ukuba izicombululo kwingxaki yokungalingani, zihlawule abo baye benzakala, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ukuguqukela kwizoqoqosho oluluhlaza akwanelanga ukulingana okukhoyo.

Amalungelo Abafuduki Nabeembacu

Izigidi zabantu zifuduswa yimfazwe, intshutshiso, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Umlo wamalungelo omntu ovela kwelinye ilizwe kunye neembacu uquka imfuneko yemigaqo-nkqubo yomda woluntu, iindlela zokufumana ubumi, nokuphela kokuvalelwa nokuhlukaniswa kwentsapho. Ukwanda kwezobupolitika ezizweni lonke kunye nezobugxwayiba kwenza ukuba lo mlo ube ngungxamiseko kwaye ube nzima.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokusesikweni

Iziganeko ezibalaseleyo zembali ekulweni ukulingana nokusesikweni azikho kwixesha elidluleyo; zizinto ezikhoyo ezibhaliweyo zenkalipho nokuzinzisa. Isizukulwana ngasinye siye sajamelana nocelomngeni lwaso olukhethekileyo, kwaye ngasinye siye sanyanzela ummandla wendalo elungileyo ngokubhekele phaya kokusesikweni. Ukusuka kwimithetho kaHammurabi ukuya kulawulo lomtshato olulinganayo, ukusuka ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka kwimozulu yomhlaba, umsonto walo mlo okhoyo, usebenza ngokulinganayo. Njengoko sicinga ngezi mpumelelo, sikhunjululwa ukuba umsebenzi awuzange uphele. Ulo lwendalo lwexesha elidluleyo alunaziqinisekiso zekamva; zisisiseko esimele sakhe. Ukulwa kokulingana nokusesikweni kufuna ukuhlala silindile, isenzo esibumbene, kunye nokuzibophe-zibophelele kwisidima sabantu bonke.