Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Yaye Kutheni Ubalulekile?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko sendlela abantu abasabela ngayo kwihambo enqatyisiweyo. Uchaza oko kubumba ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukumisela iinkqubo zokubamba nokugweba abantu abatyholwayo, kwaye unika isohlwayo kwabo babanjiweyo. Ngaphezu kweseti yemithetho, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya umgwebo odityanisiweyo woluntu malunga nesimilo esamkelekileyo kunye neziphumo zokuwela loo mgca. Kubafundi bomthetho, iingcali zenkqubo yokulawula, kunye nabemi ababophelelekileyo, ukuqonda umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuyimfuneko ekutyhileni nasekuphuculeni inkqubo ekhusela uluntu namalungelo abo.

Eli nqaku lichaza isiseko somthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukufihla imigaqo yawo engundoqo, imilinganiselo yetyala, iinkqubo ezikhoyo zokuzikhusela, kunye nemigaqo-siseko ekhusela ummangalelwa. Ngokukhupha la malungu, abafundi baza kufumana ulwazi olusebenzisekayo, olusekelwe kwindlela umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho osebenza ngayo.

Imigaqo Elawula Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Le mfundiso iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuyafaneleka, imisela urhulumente umda yaye ikhusela abamangalelwayo ekuphathweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni.

Ukusetyenziswa

Ukucingela ukuba umsulwa lilungelo elisisiseko: wonke umntu obekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ugqalwa njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala enkundleni yomthetho. Lo mgaqo ubeka umthwalo onzima kwityala ukuqinisekisa ityala ngalinye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Asikokuthatha nje umthetho qha okuphela kwenkqubo yokuvavanya, ukusuka kwimiyalelo yejaji ukuya kumgangatho wobungqina obufunekayo ukuze ingqiniswe.

Ubunzima Bobungqina: Ngaphandle Kokuthandabuza Okusengqiqweni

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka lihlangatyezelwe umlinganiso ophezulu wobungqina obaziwayo kumthetho: ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba umfumani wenyaniso (umgwebi okanye umgwebi) kufuneka aqiniseke ngokupheleleyo ngetyala lommangalelwa. Ukuba kukho nayiphina ingqina elisengqiqweni, ukuthandabuza okuvelayo kubungqina okanye ukunqongophala kwabo, ummangalelwa kufuneka akhululwe. Lo mgangatho ubonisa ukukhethe kwebutho labantu abamsulwa ngokugweba ityala.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

IsiHlaliso seSithandathu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lesigebengu esimangalelweyo lokunceda ngesiluleko. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bangaphakamisa ingxubevange enentsingiselo, nokuba abanako ukunikela ngegqwetha. Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba amaphondo anikele abakhuseli bakawonke wonke ukuba bamangalelwe ngetyala elinzulu.

Ukhuseleko Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

IsiHlomelo sesihlanu sinqanda ubungozi obuphindwe kabini, kodwa umntu akanakuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokuba egwetyiwe okanye egwetyiwe. Oku kukhusela urhulumente ekummangaleleni ngokuphindaphindiweyo umntu de afumane isiphumo esifunekayo, ngaloo ndlela egcina isiphelo esifunekayo kwaye esindisa amatyala angapheliyo.

Imodeli Yomthetho

IziHlanziso zeNtlanganiso zesihlanu nezeshumi elinesine ziqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efanelekileyo iquka isaziso esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo setyala, ukuchotshelwa kobulungisa, inkundla engakhethi cala, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina namangqina anqamlezayo.

Ukwahlulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho: Iingcamango, iiMisdemiors, kunye nezininzi

Ulwaphulo - mthetho aluphathwa ngendlela elinganayo. Umthetho wahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kubungqwabalala, kwingozi ekhoyo, nakwisohlwayo esinokwenzeka.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Ii-flonies zezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezidla ngokugwetywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka okanye ngokufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulawa, ukudlwengulwa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Ngaphakathi kwemikhosi yamatyala, imikhosi emininzi iphinda izibeke ngokweqondo (umz., ukubulala kokuqala okuphakathi komntu obulalayo. okwesibini okubulala nge-e-ceree). Ityala eliyi-feliny lisoloko lineziphumo ezingqinelanisa: ukuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukungafezeki kwemisebenzi ethile, nokungagunyaziswa kwemipu.

Iimpazamo

Izigwebo eziphosakeleyo azikho zinzulu kangako, zisohlwaywa unyaka omnye entolongweni (ngokuqhelekileyo kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni kunokuba kubekho intolongo karhulumente) kunye/okanye iifashoni. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane (ukurhwebelana ngemibutho), ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nexesha lokuqala le-DUI. Nangona i-DUI ingenamandla kakhulu kunolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeleka kwetyala lomntu ongekho mthethweni kusenokonakalisa umsebenzi, indlu, kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-intwala.

Ukuphambana nokwaphula umthetho

Ngaphantsi kwesiphelo kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane olufana namathikithi ezithuthi, i-jay, okanye ukuchitha inkunkuma. Ezi zidla ngokuba neefatyi kodwa azinaxesha lasentolongweni. Azigqalwa njengesaphuli-mthetho ngokupheleleyo kwaye azisoloko zisenza rekhodi lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olungenazintloni

Amatyala angenayo abandakanya ihambo ejolise ekuqhubeni ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa engaphumeleliyo ukugqitywa. Ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezintathu eziphambili zingu zingu (ukuthatha inyathelo elithe ngqo lolwaphulo-mthetho), [ ukubhaceka [] [ukubhaqa [[FLT:]]] [ukubhajaza] [[[FLT:]]] [ukulungisa] [ukulungisa] [[[ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho]]. Isohlwayo idla ngokuba buhlungu kunamacala agqityiweyo, kodwa akwanentsingiselo.

ICANDELO-

Asilulo lonke ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya ugonyamelo okanye amatyala akwizitrato. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe lubandakanya ukuqhatha, ukurhwebelana, ukurhwebelana ngemali, nokunyoba, kwaye nokunyoba.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Zobulungisa: Ukusuka Kuphando Ukusa Kwizibheno

Uhambo lokusuka ekukrokreleni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya ekugqityweni lubandakanya uthotho lwamanqanaba achaziweyo kakuhle. Iqonga ngalinye linemithetho yalo, iinjongo, kunye nenkuselo.

1. Uphando nobungqina

Umthetho onyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho uqalisa uphando olusekelwe kwisikhalazo, ingqwalasela okanye incam. Amagosa aqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo (umz., iminwe, iDNA, izixhobo), amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, iindawo zokuphengulula (ngokufuthi zifuna isiqinisekiso), kunye nohlalutyo lwenkcazelo yamanani. Injongo kukuveza inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye umntu othile uluphathisile. Uqokelelo lobungqina obungamandla lungakhokelela ekucinezelwani phantsi komthetho ophetyiweyo.

2. Ukubanjwa Namalungelo eMiranda

Xa kunokwenzeka, amapolisa angabamba umntu orhanelwayo. Xa ethatha umntu amse kwintolongo, amagosa kufuneka abafunde izilumkiso eziqhelekileyo imaranda [ (ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, lilungile kwigqwetha, njl.njl.). Iingxelo ezifunyenweyo ekuchaseni kukaMiranda zinganga-phindwa kamva. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka nge-imeko, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko.

3. Ukuqokelela kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrelwa ubhaliwe uxwebhu-_phototiwe, udweliso lweminwe, kwaye lucaciswe. Kwixeshana elifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-48 okanye ngaphantsi), kufuneka zisiwe phambi komgwebi ukuze zivele. Ijaji izisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, imisela iibheyile okanye ikhulula iimeko, imisele nesiluleko ukuba kufuneka. Ijaji isenokugqiba ukuba kukho unobangela onokwenzeka wokuqhubeka nokuvalelwa.

Ukutsala kunye nenkqubo yangaphambili

Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina kwaye agqibe ukuba uza kufaka iifayile zetyala. Oku kungabandakanya ukunikela ubungqina kwiqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala (lokuququzelela) okanye ukuqokelela ulwazi ngqo. Uxwebhu olukhohlayo luchaza amatyala achanileyo. Emva kwetyala elisesikweni, ityala lihamba ukuya kwintshukumo zangaphambi kovavanyo, eziquka ukukhupha ityala, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Ukuva kwangaphambili kukwakho ukufunyanwa kwedilesi . /ukutshintshisana kobungqina phakathi kokutshutshiswa nokuzikhusela.

Ukufumana ibhatyi

I-Plea ingumgangatho obalulekileyo apho ummangalelwa anokuthetha ngesibongozo esinetyala kwityala elincinane okanye ukwenzela isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukutshintshiselana ngelungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala. Uninzi oluninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (malunga nama-90-95%) luconjululwe ngesicelo, hayi ngokuvavanywa. Ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isibongozo siqhutywa ngokuzithandela kwaye ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumo.

6. Ulungelelwaniso

Kwisingxengxezo, ummangalelwa ufundwa izimangalo ezisesikweni kwaye ucelwa ukuba angenise isingcelo: ulwaphulo-mthetho, akanatyala [[, okanye [[[FLT:] i-lo] i-'aspectere' (akukho khuphiswana, kuthathwa njengesibongozo setyala kodwa akuvunywa ukuba unetyala). I-'a "ongena tyala" ukuvavanywa. Ukuba umtshutshisi ungena inkundla "ayibon'ityala" ngenxa yabo.

7. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuvavanywa kwezigqibo eziphezulu (isigqibo esigwetywayo) okanye amatyala abachopheli-tyala. IsiHlaliso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuba ityala liza kugwetywa kuzo zonke iityala ezinzulu. Le nkqubo yokuchophela iquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukhetho olunyusiweyo (ingozi) - amagqwetha abuza abalawuli abanokuba nophawu localulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] iintetho ezivulayo – icala ngalinye lichaza oko ubungqina buzakubonisa.
  • Ukunikezelwa kobungqina – ukutshutshiswa kuhamba kuqala, kubizwa amangqina nokubekwa kwemifanekiso; ukhuseleko lulandela nemeko yayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Cros- uvavanyo – impikiswano yemibuzo yamangqina ukuvavanya ukuthembeka.
  • Impikiswano ezichazayo - kwicala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa utoliko lwalo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imiyalelo engaqhelekanga – ijaji ichaza umthetho omele usetyenziso ngabachopheli-mthetho.
  • Isiqinisekiso – igqibo labachopheli- tyala libuyisela isigqibo. Isigqibo esinetyala kufuneka sihlangane kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukuba abachopheli betyala abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo (“inkundla yamatyala engagqibekanga), ijaji isenokuthetha ityala eliphosakeleyo, yaye umtshutshisi unokulilungisa elo tyala.

8. Ukugwetywa

Ukuba isigqibo sinetyala, inkundla igweba. Izigwebo zingaquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukuhlawuliswa kwamaxhoba, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukudityaniswa. Abagwebi baqwalasela imigaqo-mthetho, uhlobo lwetyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye noonobangela bolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuhlawuliswa okanye ukuhlahlela. Kwimeko zamatyala abulalayo, icandelo elahlukeneyo lesohlwayo ligqiba enoba isohlwayo sokufa simiselwe kusini na.

9. Izibheno kunye noncedo loncedo lothutho lwasemva

Ummangalelwa angabhenela ityala okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ephikisa iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo kwisiphumo. Izibheno zijolise kwingxelo yokuchophela ityala, hayi kubungqina obutsha. Inkundla yezibheno ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphinde ibekwe umva, okanye iphinde ifakwe kwityala elitsha. Ngapha koko, abamangalelwa bangafuna uncedo lwasemva kokuququzelelwa (umz. ihabeas corpus) kwimigrafe, njengoncedo olungaphumeleliyo lwesiluleko.

Ukuzithethelela Okuqhelekileyo Kumthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Abameli abangononcedo. Ukuzikhusela okuninzi kubenza baphephe okanye banciphise iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhuseleko lobuqu nolwabanye

Umntu angasebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo ukuze azikhusele kwingozi esondeleyo emzimbeni. Amandla asetyenziswayo makalungelelane nesisongelo. Amaphondo amaninzi alandela "imfundiso encamini" (akukho msebenzi wokuzikhulula kwikhaya lomntu) okanye "umela umhlaba" imithetho. Ukhuselo lwabanye luyasebenza xa omnye umntu engenelela ukukhusela umntu wesithathu ekonakaleni.

Ukhuselo lobunyani

Ukuzikhusela ngengqondo akuthethi kuthi "akunatyala" kodwa kukungabi natyala. Ummangalelwa kufuneka angqine ukuba, ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, babengakwazi ukuqonda uhlobo lwezenzo zabo okanye ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi. Imigangatho iyahluka ngokwamandla (umz., ulawulo lwe-M'Naghten, uvavanyo lwe-Penal Code). Ukhuseleko lwengqondo alusoloko lusetyenziswa kwaye lungaphumelela kakhulu, kodwa lungakhokelela ekuzibopheleleni kwiqumrhu lengqondo kunokuba lukhonjwe entolongweni.

Albi

I-alibi yindawo eyinyaniso yokuzikhusela, -- ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina (i-asimoni, iirekhodi, ukujongwa) ebonisa ukuba zazikho kwezinye iindawo xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka iphikise i-alibi ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuqaphela i-alibi kudla ngokufuneka kusengaphambili.

I-Etrapment

Isenzo somthetho siyenzeka xa unyanzelisa umntu ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho abengalufuni. Ukhuseleko lubhekisela kwindlela karhulumente, hayi kwindlela aziphatha ngayo ummangalelwa. Ukuba ummangalelwa ebesele ekulungele ukuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubanjwa komgibe akuphumeleli. Uvavanyo lusoloko luba luphantsi (ukujonga kwimeko yengqondo yommangalelwa) okanye injongo (ubhekisa phambili kwihambo yamapolisa).

Uxanduva lwamatyala

Imisebenzi iyasebenza xa umntu esenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yesisongelo esikhawulezileyo sokufa okanye ukonakala okunzulu komzimba womnye umntu. Imfuneko isebenza kwiimeko apho ukwaphula umthetho kuthintela umonakalo omkhulu (umz., ukumeneka ukuze uphephe umlilo). Zombini iindlela zokuzikhusela zifuna ukuba umonakalo uphepheke ngaphezu kwengozi ebangelwe kwaye akukho ndlela isemthethweni ekhoyo.

Ukuphazama Kwenyaniso

Ukuba umntu unyanisekile kwaye ngengqiqo akaqondi kakuhle ngenyaniso, loo mpazamo ingasitshitshisa isimo sengqondo esifunekayo (amadoda aphinda). Umzekelo, ukuthatha impahla yomnye umntu ekholelwa ukuba yeyakho isenokuyiphikisa injongo yokuba. Ukungawuqondi umthetho, nokokuba, akusoloko kuyindlela yokuzikhusela.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye neMigaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unezinto ezininzi zokukhusela ezibumba inkqubo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqikeleliyo nokuxhuzula; lufuna imfuneko esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo.
  • F5th Amendment: Ekunene nxamnye nokuziphikisa; inkqubo efunekayo; ukunqanda ubungozi obuphindwe kabini.
  • IsiHlalisi-sombululo se-xxt: ekulungeni kwityala elikhawulezileyo nelinoluntu, abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi buso, izityholo ezixelweyo, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo yesinyanzelo, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda: Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine:[ inkqubo elindelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo olusetyenziswa kumazwe.

La malungelo akangowokuthatyathwa qha, anyanzeleka ngentshukumo ukucinezela ubungqina, ukugxothwa kwezityholo, okanye ukubuyiselwa ekubhenqweni. Kujongwe ngokunzulu ngendlela ezi zilungiseko ezisebenza ngayo, bona uhlalutyo lwenkonzo yophando lweNkqutyana yeFindfull Amendment.

Ubungqina Nendima Yabo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ubungqina yimali yenkundla. Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kunokwenziwa, indlela obukhutshwa ngayo ubungqina, noko kuthethwayo. Iingcamango ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ubungqina kufuneka bungqine okanye bukhanyele isiphumo.
  • isandi selizwi: iingxelo ezinikelweyo zenyaniso yento azinakusetyenziswa jikelele, kunye nezininzi ezingeyonto (umz., amazwi avuyisekileyo, iirekhodi zeshishini).
  • AmaNgqina akhuphisanayo: kufuneka abe nolwazi lobuqu kwaye akwazi ukunxibelelana nalo; abantwana nabantu abaneziphene zengqondo abazenzi ngokuzenzekelayo bangafaneleki.
  • Isixhasi sokugcina umntwana: ubungqina obuphathekayo kufuneka buthathwe kwingqokelela ukuya kuvavanya ukuqinisekisa ubunyani.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina obungagqibekanga: Ezenzululwazi okanye ubungqina obukhethekileyo bufuna iingcali ezifanelekileyo ezinikela ubungqina ngeendlela ezinokuthenjwa (eyenziwe [] I-Daubert okanye [[FLT]] Frye[[FLT:]]imigangatho ye-FLT]

Uxanduva lobungqina lusahlala lukwityala. Ukuzikhusela akufuneki ukunikela nabuphina ubungqina, nangona kusoloko kuphakamisa uthandazo olusengqiqweni. Imithetho ePhambili yoBoniso [[FLT: 1] inika isiseko esibanzi esisetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezininzi zelizwe ngokufanayo.

Amalungelo amaxhoba kwinkqubo yezobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho aye afumana amalungelo asemthethweni nangokomGaqo-siseko. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela ityala lamaxhoba lamalungelo, eliqinisekisa:

  • Isaziso senkundla kunye nemeko yommangalelwa.
  • Ilungelo lokubakho ekuvinyweni nasekulingweni.
  • Ilungelo lokuthetha xa ugweba (iingxelo zevictim).
  • Ukuhlawulelwa kwemali elahlekileyo.
  • Ukukhuselwa ekuhlaselweni okanye ekoyikisweni.

La malungelo awathathi indawo yendima yomtshutshisi kodwa aqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba ayaviwa. Kumgangatho wesizwe, Crime's Rights Act [[FLT: 1] inika ukhuseleko olufanayo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: UMthetho Oqhelekileyo uphikisana noMthetho waBami

Iinkqubo zomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ziyahluka ehlabathini lonke. I-United States namanye amazwe aqhelekileyo omthetho (UK, waseKhanada, e-Ostreliya) zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezithe ngqo, kwimiqathango ebekwe ngabagwebi, kunye neejaji. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya (ilizwekazi, iLatin America, iJapan) zisebenzisa imodeli apho abagwebi baphengulula ngokukhutheleyo, kwaye imigaqo ebhaliweyo ilawula. I-United States ikwaneempawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nabatshutshisi abanyuliweyo kunye neemfuno zokufunyanwa komthetho. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni kunceda ukusetyenziswa komthetho waseMerika kwimi jikelele.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Umntu Abaluleke Kumthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho awungowamagqwetha nabagwebi kuphela. Uchaphazela amalungelo, ukhuseleko, nezibopho zabo bonke abami. Ngokuqonda iingcamango ezingundoqo ````ukungacacisi ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuhlelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, amaqondo eeprojekthi, ukukhuselwa, ukufumaneka kokhuseleko olusemthethweni, kwaye ukhuseleko olukhoyo, kwaye nabani na angalandela imigaqo esemthethweni ngengqiqo engcono kwaye athathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwintetho yequluko lobulungisa. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela isikolo somthetho, umfundisi ophuhlisa izifundo, okanye ummi oxhalanayo, izicwangciso-siseko ezichazwe apha zinika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuhlola. Njengoko uqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela imimiselo yesizwe nezo ezinye imigaqo yemiqatha ukuze ubone indlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuqalisa imigaqo ebanzi, [FLD:0]