Ukwazisa: Ucelomngeni Olunyamezeleyo Lwenkululeko Elungelelanisiweyo

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwegunya nomthetho lukukuxhomekeka okusisiseko apho amaqumrhu edemokhrasi ejika khona. Umthetho, kuhlobo lwawo olutsha, unamandla okukhokelwa okanye anyanzeliswe ngokunzulu. Igazi elingulawulo olufunekayo kukhuseleko olumanyeneyo kunye nokulunga kwabantu bonke. Kodwa, imbali isifundisa ukuba amandla angathintelekiyo onakalisayo, akhokelela ekulawuleni nasekuphuleni amalungelo asisiseko. Umthetho ngumthetho wesakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukukhusela olu mgangatho. Ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezakhiwo. Lulawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi olunzulu noluyiyo ngokokuziphatha oluqinisekisa ukuba igunya alisetyenziswa ngokweminqweno yemikhosi yamandla, kodwa ngobuchule, kodwa ngobuchule, nangokusesikweni. Oku kulungiselela umgaqo obalulekileyo wokubekwa kwenkululeko, okusesikweni, nempumelelo. Ukuqonda ulawulo-demokhrasi lwanamhlanje luqondwa ngolungeleno, ulwalamano olulungelene, olunamandla, kunye nokhuphithaniso oluphakathi kwezi mikhosi ezimbini.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla Ngemibutho

Ifumana igunya elisemthethweni ngokungaqhelekanga kulwamkelo lwamagunya alawulwayo, iwudlulisela ngamaziko abameli. Noko ke, oku kudluliselwa ukusuka kwabaninzi ukuya kwabambalwa kudala ingxaki yemveli yemveli ngezantsi.Ingxaki yentloko yegosa apho uluntu kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba abameli balo basebenze kumdla ofanayo kunokuba bawenze. Ukulawula olu xinzelelo kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwendalo yamandla kunye nesakhiwo esiqinileyo esisemthethweni sokuyiqulatha.

IGawulayo neGunya eliPhakamileyo

Iingcinga ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke posit, zathi abantu bayavuma ukunikezela inxalenye yenkululeko yabo yemvelo kwiqumrhu elilawulayo ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abo, ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Esi sivumelwano soluntu sidala amandla angenakuguqulwa , intelekelelo ephethwe ngurhulumente ngenxa yabantu. Ngoko ke igunya lorhulumente lixhomekeke kwaye lilinganiselwe. Ukuba umlawuli usebenza ngokungqongqo, uyakwaphula oku kukholo, okanye umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume yabalawulwa, isivumelwano soluntu sokwaphulwa, kwaye ilungelo lokuchasa. Esi siseko sobucukanongo simisela ukuba amandla afanelekileyo asemacaleni abantu.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla: Uhlolisiso Lolwahlulo

Baron de Montesquieu wanikela eyona mizekelo inempembelelo kwisakhiwo equlathe amandla. Umoya woMthetho, waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakhulu xa igunya likarhulumente lahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: indlu yowiso-mthetho (yenza umthetho), umphathi-mthetho olawulayo (umthetho onyanzelekileyo), kunye nomthetho wejajidiyo (uchaza umthetho). Ngokunika isebe ngalinye iindlela nentshukumisa yokuxhathisa ezinye, inkqubo enamandla idalwa. Le nkqubo ye imele isetyenziswe ngurhulumente, kwaye imele ikhuthane nolawulo olubalaseleyo olubalaseleyo nguJames Mandela [FLD [F:] [FF:] [5].[5]

Iintlobo Zamandla Ezingalungelelaniyo Kuluntu Olukhululekileyo

Ulawulo-demokhrasi olunempumelelo kufuneka lubambene namandla adlulela ngaphaya kwezixhobo zikarhulumente ezisesikweni. Umthetho obanzi wobume bomthetho uthetha ngokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo:

  • Amandla angumGaqo-siseko: Igunya linikwe amagosa anyuliweyo kunye namaziko karhulumente. Olu yeyona ndlela ibonakalayo yamandla, kodwa asilololo ligunya lodwa elinempembelelo.
  • Amandla ezoqoqosho: Ulawulo kwikomkhulu, oovimba, kunye nemveliso egcinwe ngamaqumrhu kunye nabadlali bobuqu. Ngaphandle kwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni, amandla ezoqoqosho anokugqwetha iinkqubo zezobupolitika ngokuphembelela, ngokuthabatha inkxaso-mali, nangemibutho yokubuyisela ulawulo.
  • Igunya leNkcubeko neleNkcubeko: Ubuchule bezixhobo zokusasaza, iqonga, kunye neenxuwa zonxibelelwano ukubumba intetho yasesidlangalaleni, izithethe, neenkolelo. Kwixesha lamanani, olu hlobo lwamandla luye lwajoliswe ngokuya lusongamela kwaye lufuna uphando olusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba lusebenza kunomdla woluntu.

Inkqubo yedemokhrasi ekwaziyo ukumelana nedemokhrasi ayilawuli nje amandla emeko-bume; imisela indalo esemthethweni elawula zonke iintlobo zamandla, --ewonke kunye nasese-inokuchazwa kumthetho.

Isiseko Somthetho Solawulo LoMthetho

Igama elithi "umthetho" lisoloko libheniswa, kodwa intsingiselo yalo ityebile kwaye iyanyanzelisa. Lingaphezulu kakhulu kunobukho bemimiselo okanye amapolisa. Liseti yemigaqo eyahlula ibutho elilawulwa ngumthetho kulowo ulawulwa ngobuchule.

Ukwenziwa komatshini wedicey

Ingcaciso yenkulungwane ye19 yeBritane iA.V. Dicey yachaza iziqalelo ezingundoqo zomthetho njengoko ziqondwa kwisithethe samaNgesi namaMelika:

  1. Ukungasetyenziswa koMthetho othe rhoqo: Akukho mntu unokusohlwaywa okanye angenelwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokwaphulwa okwahlukileyo komthetho omiselwe phambi kweenkundla eziqhelekileyo. Lo mgaqo ulwala ngokupheleleyo urhulumente ngomthetho okanye umthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho osebenza ngokutshayelela.
  2. [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ubulingana phambi koMthetho: Wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, ubutyebi, okanye isikhundla esisemthethweni, uthotyelwe kwikhowudi enye esemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwenkundla enye. Akukho kukhulula okukhethekileyo kwabanamandla.
  3. [[UMGaqo-siseko:0] njengoMgaqo-siseko njengesiphumo Sezigqibo Zejaji: Amalungelo akhuseleke ngcono kunyango olucacileyo olusemthethweni olunikwa ziinkundla, kunokuba akhutshwe ngezibhengezo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Ilungelo linamandla kuphela njengendlela esemthethweni ekhoyo ukunyanzelisa.

Iingcinga ezizizo nezisezantsi

Izithandi-bulumko ezisemthethweni zahlula phakathi "kwi-"thin" (ukwenziwa) ingqiqo yomthetho kunye ne "thick" (isiqalo) enye. Ukukhulelwa okuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba imithetho isoloko icacile, icacile, ilindele, ithe ncam, kwaye ibekwe ekuhleni (ifuna ucwangco kwaye ayithathi nxaxheba kwaye ayinanto yakwenza nto kwimithetho. Ulawulo olucinezelekileyo lungahlangabezana nale migaqo esesikweni. Ngokuchaseneyo, umqulu ongaphantsi kwengqiqo ecacileyo, ecacileyo, eqinisekileyo, ebekwe ekuhleni, ebekwe ekuhleni, kwaye i-adibekungamele iqukelele amaxabiso angundoqo njengamalungelo abantu, ulawulo-demokhrasi, kunye nokusesikweni. Umthetho wokwenyaniso wezomthetho-democralitho-mthetho-mthetho-ocet funeka udictional.

Ukuziphatha Okubi Komthetho

Umbhali-mthetho Lon Fuller waphikisa ngelithi inkqubo engokwasemthethweni mayibe "nokuziphatha okuhle" ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Wahlula imigaqo esibhozo emele ilandelwe yinkqubo ukuze iphumeze umthetho: imithetho kufuneka ibekwe jikelele, ikhutshwe esidlangalaleni, icace, ingakwazi ukuthobela, ingazinzi, kwaye inyanzeliswe ngokuhambelana namazwi ayo. Inkqubo engqubanayo nemigaqo kufuneka iphumele ekudaleni ukwenziwa kwesiseko somthetho ofunekayo kulungelelwano olusebenzayo. Ithi yehla kulawulo lwamandla, hayi kumthetho.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho: Indlela Amandla Alawulwa Ngayo Umthetho

Umthetho asiyonto ingabonakaliyo; yinkqubo ephilayo yamaziko, iinkqubo, kunye nezithethe ezinyanzela ngamandla ejelo. Inika inkqubo esebenzisanayo [[FLT: 0] kurhulumente wedemokhrasi.

Inkululeko Yogwebo: Isiseko

Ijaji engakhethi buso nezimeleyo ingumgcini-mthetho opheleleyo womthetho. Oku kufuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo: ukhuseleko lwezigqibo (amatyala akanakugxothwa ngenxa yezigqibo ezingathandwayo), ukhuseleko lwezemali (iimali azinakuncitshiswa), kunye nenkululeko yolawulo (ukulawula ulawulo lwasezinkundleni kunye nesabelo samatyala). Xa ezi zikhuselwa zikhutshwa, ijaji iba sisixhobo somphathi-mthetho, nomgaqo wokuziphendulela ngokwemithetho. Icandelo elizimeleyo lingumgwebi wokugqibela worhulumente oqinisekisa ukuba onke amanye amasebe orhulumente ahlala kwimidanganiso yawo.

UHlololo lwezeNkqutyana zoMgaqo-siseko

Amandla eenkundla okuhlola umthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu nokuzenza zibe buthathaka ukuba ziyangqubana nomthetho ophezulu, --umgaqo-siseko ("ii-gracm] uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla amakhulu.) Iqinisekisa ukuba kwanemithetho yedemokhrasi ewisiweyo iyawahlonela amalungelo asisiseko kunye nemida yomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo, emiselwe kumqondiso obalulekileyo we-U.S. Ityala Marbury v. Madison, ifumeneke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo-hlabathi. Iquka umgaqo wokuba umgaqo-siseko ungumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ubophelela bonke abakhankanyisi borhulumente.

Imodeli Elindelekileyo Ne Habeas Corpus

Izikhuselo ze-procedical zikhusela phambili kumandla angeyoyanyani. inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba urhulumente anikeze isaziso esilungileyo kunye nokuva okunentsingiselo phambi kokuba ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. [I-as corpus , i"Great Writ," sisixhobo esikhethekileyo somthetho esivumela umntu ukuba avavanye nokuvalelwa ngokusemthethweni phambi komgwebi. Inyanze ukuba athethelele ukuvalelwa kwakhe, ibonelela ukhangelo olunamandla nxamnye nokuvalelwa kwe-gqweqwele-ntervel kunye neentolongo ze-othshort.

Ukuphendula kolawulo

Amagunya akhoyo athumela igunya elikhulu kumasebe olawulo. Umthetho ufuna ukuba aba bameli basebenze ngokomthetho abawunikweyo, balandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezicace gca xa benza imithetho kunye namatyala, baze bahlale bephantsi kovavanyo lomthetho. Umthetho wolawulo unika isiseko sokugcina isebe lesebe linetyala, uthintela isebe lorhulumente ukuba lingabi ngumthetho walo.

Indima Yoluntu Neencwadi Ezikhululekileyo

Umthetho awuzinqumli. Kufuneka amaziko alumkileyo nanamandla okuqwalasela izenzo zobuzwe nokubhenca ukuphathwa kakubi. umatshini ocinezelayo nozimeleyo usebenza njengesixhobo sokujonga, uphanda ukonakala nokunika amagosa amele aphendule kuluntu ngokubanzi. I-Civil intlangano yebutho labantu [[, kuquka iimbutho zebha, amaqela amalungelo abantu, kunye nemibutho efuna ukuchola, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimeko zokuvavanya, ibonelela uncedo olusemthethweni, inika abahlalisiweyo, kunye nabahlali befundisa amalungelo abo.

Iingcamango Neengxaki ZoMthetho Zangexesha

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwalo, umthetho uphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima kulo lonke ihlabathi. Amashumi eminyaka okuqala enkulungwane yama-21 aye abona into ekhathazayo ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho ngokwedemokhrasi , kunye neenkokeli ezinyuliweyo kumazwe amaninzi zihlutha ngamandla amaqumrhu acelelwe ukunyanzela igunya lazo.

Ukuxhasa Idemokhrasi Nomthetho Ozimeleyo

Amagosa angoomatshini abasebenza kule mihla awawuphelisi umgaqo-siseko okanye iinkundla; ayawugqwetha. Le nto, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-"autocracyismism" ibandakanya ukusebenzisa umthetho njengesixhobo kumandla angaphakathi. Ii Tycrothe ziquka:

  • Ikowuti yetyala lenqanawa: yongeza ubungakanani beenkundla eziphezulu okanye iinguqulelo zeenkqubo zokumiselwa ukuze zizaliswe ngabaxhasi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukusebenzisa uMthetho onyanzelisayo: Ukusebenzisa amasebe achasene nokonakala, amagunya erhafu, nabatshutshisi ukuhlasela abachasi bezobupolitika kunye namajelo eendaba azimeleyo.
  • Ukulungisa ibutho labemi: imithetho edlulayo echaza i-NGO ebekwe kwamanye amazwe njenge "izithunywa zolunye uhlanga," ixinzelela ekungalawuleni nasekungalawuleni.
  • I- Ukuhlanganiswa kobulunga bokhetho: ukuququzelela iikhomishini zonyulo, isithili esilawulayo, nokucinezela ivoti.

Ezi zenzo zidla ngokubakho ngokubanzi xa kusithiwa inkqubo ekhoyo yonakele, kodwa ziwukhuphela phantsi umthetho ngoxa zigcina ibala eliqhelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwamandla Nobugcisa Babantu

Amandla amakhulu eenkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa abangela ucelomngeni olungaqhelekanga kwiinkqubo zomthetho. La maqonga alawula intetho, ukuzimela, kunye nokufikelela kolwazi komawaka ezigidi zabantu, kodwa iinkqubo zawo zokwenza izigqibo zithe nqa kwaye azinakuchazwa kuluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi. Amandla obuchule ayakwazi ukukhupha ulwazi, asebenzisa unyulo, asebenzisa unyulo, kwaye angqubanisela kwisilinganiso esikhulu. Ngokubhekiselele kulo mandla obuqu ekulawuleni umthetho //imigaqo yogcino-lwazi, imilinganiselo yokulinganisa ichazwa ngumthetho owenziwa nguDidemodegion, kunye nokunyanzelwa komthetho onegunya lokulwa kwemeko-mthetho ngexesha lethu.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Ukonakala okukhulu kumela ukuhlaselwa okungqalileyo komgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho. Xa izityebi kunye nezobupolitika ezinxulumeneyo zinokuthenga imigwebo elungileyo, zikhusele izivumelwano zikarhulumente ngokunyotywa, okanye ziphephe ukutshutshiswa ngokupheleleyo, umthetho womthetho awusebenzi. imo yesizwe ibamba [[ xa ukonakala kuba yinto ecwangcisiweyo, ibumba lemidlalo ukungenelela iqonga. Oku kuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke wonke osemthethweni kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ukufikelela Kwingxaki Yokusesikweni

Idinga "lokwahlula okusesikweni phantsi komthetho" lilula xa ixabiso lokufikelela kwinkqubo yomthetho lithintelwa. Kumazwe amaninzi, umgama omkhulu wobulungisa ukhona, apho uninzi lwabemi abaphantsi nabaphakathi bengenayo bengenako ukuhlawula igqwetha ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Ngaphandle komelo lwasemthethweni, abantu abajongene nokugxothwa, imbutho yetyala, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, okanye ukulahlekelwa zinzuzo kukhatywa ngokunempumelelo usuku lwabo enkundleni. Le nkqubo yobuhlwempu idala inkqubo yokusesikweni emibini ekhoyo: omnye olingana nomnye osisityebiso namnye umntu.

Ukuqinisa Ibhanti: Indlela Ephambili

Ukukhusela nokuqinisa umthetho yiprojekthi yezopolitiko yebutho elikhululekileyo. Ifuna umgudu owenziwe ngeqhinga, ozizinzileyo osuka kuwo onke amacandelo ebutho labantu.

Ukwenziwa Kweziko Notshintsho

Amaziko asemthethweni kufuneka enzelwe kwaye afumaneke ukuze axhathise ingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Oku kuquka ukusekwa kookhomishini bokuchophela ityala ababonakala ngokucacileyo, abasekelwe kwigunya lokukhusela ukhetho kwezobupolitika ezipheleleyo. Kufuna ukubonelela iinkundla ngemali eyaneleyo, ubugcisa, kunye nokhuseleko. Kufuna ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha engqongqo kubagwebi namagqwetha, kunye nemigaqo engqongqo yokugcina intembelo kawonke wonke kwingqibelelo yomsebenzi osemthethweni.

Ukwandisa Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukulawula isithuba sobulungisa kufuna ukuzinikela okuqinileyo kwesizwe. Oku kuquka ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwenkxaso-mali yoncedo lwasemthethweni wasekuhlaleni, enika abo bangakwaziyo ukufikelela imali esemthethweni ekhululekileyo okanye ephantsi. Kubandakanya ukwamkela ulwamkelo, njengesigqibo sengxoxo ye-intanethi, imigaqo yenkundla elula izinto eziqhelekileyo, kunye ne-kiosks ezindlwini zenkundla. Ukwandisa indima yeeparalegali nabafundi bomthetho ekunikezeni iinkonzo ezisisiseko ezingokwenkqubo efikelelekayo.

Imfundo Yesibini Nesithethe Somthetho

Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kulwazi lwabemi bayo ngamalungelo abo nokubaluleka kweenkqubo zomthetho. Imfundo ye-pivic ekwizikolo kunye nobomi bukawonke wonke kufuneka ifundise imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko, indima yejaji ezimeleyo, kunye nexabiso lenkqubo efunekayo. Ukuhlakulela umgangatho womthetho".

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokubonisana Ngokwahlukileyo

Umthetho womthetho lixabiso lehlabathi lonke, ukhutshiwe kwi Isibhengezo esingangqinelaniyo samaLungelo oluntu kunye nezinye izivumelwano. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, uhlolo loontanga, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu lwehlabathi lonke ezijongene nomgangatho wolawulo lwesizwe njenge Iprojekthi ye-World Justice Project idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulinganiseni ukuthobela, ukwabelana ngezenzo ezingcono, nokubeka oorhulumente betyala kwimibo ababo bonke behlabathi. Ukuhlolwa nokunika ingxelo ngenkululeko yezomthetho kunye nempilo yemibutho yedemokhrasi kunceda ukubonakala okufunekayo kutshintsho.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala Ngonaphakade Kwabantu Abakhululekileyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamandla nomthetho asingommiselo osisingqinisi oza kuphunyezwa kanye kwaye ufikeleleka. Ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo, onzima . "umzabalazo oqhubekayo" phakathi kwemfuneko yegunya nemfuneko yenkululeko. Amandla ayakusoloko efuna ukuchitha iindonga zawo, ukuphepha ukunyanzeleka kwenkqubo kunye nokuziphendulela. Ulawulo lomthetho ngumgudu woluntu odibeneyo, oqukiwe kwimisho ekhoyo, owenziwa nangabemi, ukuwugcina ukhokelele kokusesikweni. Ukukhusela lo mlinganiselo unqabileyo akungomsebenzi onokunikwa abagwebi okanye abezobupolitika kuphela. Ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo wommi ngamnye kwidemokhrasi okholelwa kwisidima soluntu norhulumente olinganiselweyo. Ikamva lenkululeko lixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwethu, ngamazwi ethu nakwizenzo zethu, ukuba umthetho wethu uhlale uhleli kwisikhundla esilawula ubomi bethu.