Imida YomGaqo-siseko Yokuthetha Ngenkululeko

ISigqibo Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko we-United States sivakalisa ukuba “iSindululo asiyi kwenza mthetho owenziweyo ... obeka imvume yokuthetha.” Esi sivakalisi sinye siye saba sisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMelika, sikhusela uludwe olukhulu lwentetho ukusuka ekuvukeleni kwezobupolitika ukuya ekudaleni kobugcisa. Kodwa umbhalo awuphelelanga ngendlela obonakala ngayo. Kwiminyaka emibini yokucaciswa kwezomthetho kuye kwakrolwa ngokucacileyo, iindidi zentetho ezicacisiweyo eziwe ziwe phandle kwedeki yedemokhrasi ye-[[[FLT:]] ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le midaba ibalulekile ekuqondeni umgangatho wokwenyaniso wenkululeko neyokungamela okukhululekileyo kunye nolungeleneyo phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nezilangazelelo ezintle.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olunzulu lwemiqathango yomgaqo - siseko ethetha ngokukhululekileyo eUnited States, ukuhlolisisa inkqubela yembali, iindidi eziphambili zokuthetha okungakhuselekanga, indima yeenkundla, nocelomngeni olucinezelayo oluvelayo ngexesha lamanani.

Isiseko Sembali Semilinganiselo Yokuthetha

Ukuqonda kwale mihla imida yokuthetha akuzange kumiselwe ngobusuku obubodwa. Umthetho wamandulo waseMelika, ophenjelelwa ngumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, wavumela ukutshutshiswa okuphangaleleyo kwe-libsl/i-critic yorhulumente ngokwawo. Isenzo se-Seeddition se 1798, umzekelo, ukwenziwa kolwaphulo-mthetho “obuxoki, oluhlazisayo, kunye nolunezoyilelo-” iingxelo ezichasene norhulumente worhulumente, ukuchasana ngqo nombhalo weFirst Amend mend. Nangona lo Mgaqo umisele iqo wokuzingxulumanisa impikiswano malunga nendlela yokukhusela intetho ekhula ngayo.

Izinto Ezibalaseleyo Ezaqala Ebutsheni Benkulungwane Yamashumi Amathandathu

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukubeka imilinganiselo yokuthetha ekhululekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi. [FLT]Scheck v. United States (1919) ihlala ilityala lesiseko. UCharles Schencck okhuthaza ukuchasana nedraftive; iNkundla ixhasa ukunyanzeliswa kwakhe, ngeJaji uVikelo u-Olivice Welson Holmmes Jr. Ukuchaza i-[FLT: 4.]“ ingozi ekhoyo” uvavanyo. UHolmes wabhala ukuba intetho inokuthi inokuthi ingakwazi ukuthintelwa xa isenza “aa kwaye icace ingozi ekhoyo enokuthi ibangele iingxube-obhunga ezingalunganga. I-Geneaant. I-oth ``FLT.''' ivumele ukunqanday''edentiy'e.

Iinyanga ezimbalwa emva Scheck, iNkundla yagqiba [[FLT]][FLT]]Abms v. United States [19]] , ebandakanya amaphecana abiza isibetho jikelele sokuchasa u-U.S. ungenelelo eRashiya. Ngelixesha inkoliso i-Platectives i-licicilo olunamandla lokuzikhusela, iphikisa ukuba “uvavanyo olulungileyo lwenyaniso ngamandla okucinga ukuba lwamkeleke kukhuphikiswa kwenteko.” [[FLT] "Iiiinters] iingcamango zentengiso] ezithiweyo ezithiweyo ezithiweyo.[FLT][FLP][FLY]

Ukuguqukela Kwimigangatho Yokukhuthaza

The “clear and present danger” test proved difficult to apply consistently. For decades, courts sometimes allowed restrictions on speech that merely advocated for unlawful acts, without requiring an imminent threat. The turning point came with Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). Clarence Brandenburg, a Ku Klux Klan leader, had made a speech at a rally that included racist remarks and vague threats. The Court overturned his conviction, establishing the modern incitement test: speech can be punished only if it is “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action” and is “likely to incite or produce such action.” This high bar protects virtually all abstract advocacy of violence or illegal conduct, no matter how repugnant, unless it crosses the line into active, immediate provocation.

Iindidi Zokuthetha Okungakhuselwanga: Ukuwohloka Okuziinkcukacha

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba iindidi ezithile ezimxinwa zentetho “zixabiseke kancinane njengenyathelo elikhokelela kwinyaniso” kangangokuba azifumani lukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala. Ezi nkundla zichazwa ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye iNkundla isoloko ilumkisa ngokuchasene nokutshintsha kwezinto ezintsha. Ezina ntlobo zingakhuselekanga ziquka ubunyhukunyhuku, ukuhlambela, ukuphembelela, amagama okulwa, kunye nezisongelo zokwenene, kunye nezinye ezimbalwa ezifana nezobuqhophololo kunye nenkohliso.

I-obcenity

Uxinano lwendawo yenkxwaleko yeyona ndawo ithandabuzayo yomthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha. Uvavanyo lwangoku luvela ku . Miller v. California[ (1973]), emisela umlinganiselo weprong:

  1. Enoba umntu oqhelekileyo, osebenzisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni, uya kufumana umsebenzi, uthatyathwe uwonke, ukhuthaza umdla olungileyo (umz. umdla ohlazisayo okanye okhwankqisayo wesondo).
  2. Enoba lo msebenzi ubonisa okanye uchaza, ngendlela echaseneyo, ihambo yesini echazwa ngokukhethekileyo ngumthetho osebenzayo karhulumente.
  3. Nokuba umsebenzi uthathiwe uwonke, uswele uvavanyo olunzulu lombhali, ubugcisa, lwezobupolitika okanye lwezenzululwazi (i- SLAPS uvavanyo).

Kubalulekile ukuba iprong yesithathu isebenzise imilinganiselo esengqiqweni kunemigangatho yasekuhlaleni, iqinisekisa ukuba isebenza ngexabiso lokwenene iyakhuselwa nokuba iyamcaphukisa ucaphulo lwasekuhlaleni. Izinto ezingaphumeleliyo zonke iiprogs ezintathu zingavalwa. Noko ke, iNkundla ikhusele ngokuqhubekayo ukuba nezinto ezingcolileyo kwikhaya (]Sley v. Georgia, 1969), ngexesha ivumela ukuvalwa kokusasazwa nokuboniswa koluntu.

Ubuxoki: Ukuhleba Nokukhulula

Ukuchasa ```.' iintetho zobuxoki ezonakeleyo kumntu othile,'[FLT']. [[FLT:] [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [64] [1944]] [[FLT:] [iNkundla Ephezulu]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba amagosa kawonke-wonke akanakuphinda afumane umonakalo wokuhlazeka [[FLT:][1][12]] ngaphandle kokuba abonise ukuba le ngxelo yenziwa [[FLT:]]. v[FLT]] [5]]] [ulwazi] lunganyanisekiyo okanye lungakhathalelwanganyanisekiyo. Kodwa umthetho othe kwenziwa kwintengo yenyaniso. Oku wandiswe kwintelekelelo yodwa [FLT] [5]

Ukuvuselela Nokulwa Amazwi

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ukuvuselela kufuna ubizo olungekho mthethweni olunokwenzeka. Oku kungumngcipheko. INkundla ikhusele intetho exhasa ugonyamelo ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kuquka ubuchule kunye nentelekelelo yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, [[FLT]][3] [iii-watts v. United States [[69] [1969] [FLT], [FLT], [iminyaka eli-18 ubudala-okuthenjiweyo kwintlanganiso echasene nemfazwe, “ukuba bendifuna ndithwale imipulebe, umntu wokuqala endifunayo ndiyibone kwizinto endizibonayo.B.J. Inkundla yayinentsoko, yaye ingayinyani, kwaye ingayiyo.

[[FLT: 0] Amagama akhuthazayo ngalawo “athi ngamazwi awo abangela umonakalo okanye atyekele ekuvuseleleni uxolo.” Le mfundiso yasekwa [[FLT]][[FLT]]] Chapplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT] [4] [42] [192] [192] [iiii-FLT], apho iNgqina likaYehova libizwa khona ngokuba li-i-i-igophering'e" kwaye “i-Fascism.” INkundla iphakamisa ukuqiniseka kwayo, ingcinga yobuqu ayinaloxabiso lantlalo. Noko ke, ukulwa okuthethsa isebenza ngokushwadayo kuphela kumashumi eminyaka. Isebenza ngokutshaye kuditya ukunyezwana nokunyeliswa, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa ngokubhekisele ekuthetheni kakubi.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso

[[Nkundla:0] isisongelo sokwenene yingxelo yokuba umntu onengqondo angayichaza njengembonakaliso enzulu yenjongo yokwenza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni nxamnye nomntu othile okanye iqela elithile. INkundla ePhakamileyo yahlula izisongelo zokwenyaniso kwintelekelelo ezikhuselekileyo okanye isigqumathelo. [FLT]][FLT]] [[3] iVriginia v. Black[ [2003] [FLT]], iNku. iNku. ixhasa ummiselo ovaliweyo ovaliweyo ovutha ngenjongo yokutsha, ngoxa ubetha phantsi ilungiselelo elalicinga ukuba nasiphi na isiphazamiso sasisongela ngokutsha.

Indima Yeenkundla: Ukulungelelanisa Iimvavanyo Nobuchule Obungqongqo

Xa urhulumente efuna ukumisela intetho engakhuselekanga phakathi kodidi, iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo lwecandelo lomgaqo wokuhlola . Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba uthintelo lusebenza inzala enyanzelisayo yombuso kwaye lulungiselwe ukufikelela loo mdla. Imiqathango esekelwe kwisiseko iphantsi kwesi sithintelo siphezulu, kanti umxholo-sithintelo siphantsi kwemiqathango ephakamileyo (njengexesha, indawo, nemimiselo) ufumana uhlolo oluphakathi. Inkundla ikwaphuhlise isonkal'ok'ok'ok'ok'ok'i kunye [FLT] ne [FLT:] [FLT]] iimfundiso ezidityaniweyo [FOLT:5] ukudityanisa okanye ukunikezela ngokucacileyo kwemithetho ekwayidityayo.

Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo Abangela Ukuba Kube Nemfundiso Yokuthetha

Ngaphaya [[UMTL: 0] USlulivan kunye Brandenburg, eminye imithetho emininzi ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe imida yokuthetha yale mihla.

  • . .Des Moiconpendent School School [[1969]-Abafundi babenxiba iingalo ezimnyama ukuqhatha imfazwe yaseVietnam. INkundla yathi ukuthetha komfuziselo kukhuseleke logama ingawuchaphazeli kakhulu umsebenzi wesikolo. Lo mzekelo uqinisekisa ukuba abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuchaza kwisango lesikolo."
  • [FLT]] Miller v. California [19773] – sele ixoxwe, lomzekelo ucwangcisa umgangatho wangoku wezonono.
  • R.A.V. V. IsiXeko sikaSt Paul (1992- – iNkundla yabetha umthetho wezothe wokuphelisa intetho evaliweyo ekwalela imiqondiso (njengeminqamlezo etshayo) ethi“ ingqumbo, isandi okanye ingqumbo” esekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, ivumo lokholo, unqulo, okanye ubufana. Umthetho wawungachazi siseko ngenxa yokuba usekelwe ekuchaseni okuquzelekileyo nokuqwalaselweyo, nangona ijonge udidi olungakhuselekanga sithethe (amagama). Esi sigqibo sikhusela intetho eyoyintiyo evela kulawulo lukarhulumente.
  • I-CITIINN iManyene ne-[[FUTT:2] IKhomishini yoNqumlo [2010] - Igunya lithi inkxaso yenkampani yezasasazo ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika ayinakuthintelwa phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Esi sigqibo sempikiswano sandisa ukhuseleko olukhululekileyo lokuthetha kwimibutho ekhoyo, igxininisa ukuba uthetha lwezopolitiko lusembindini kwidekhrasi kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisithethi sisiphi na.
  • United States v. Alvarez (202) – iNkundla yabetha phantsi iStolen Valor Act, ekwathiwa ngokutyhola ngokufumana iimendumendu zemikhosi. INkundla yathi iintetho zobuxoki zodwa azikhuselekanga ngaphandle kokuba zibangele umonakalo othile (njengoko kuxokiswa okanye ukuqhatha). Le meko inciphisa amandla karhulumente olwaphulo-mthetho.

La matyala abonisa ukuba iNkundla ayifuni kuvelisa iindidi ezintsha zokuthetha ezingakhuselekanga, ikhetha ukunyanzela ukuba abantu bathethe ngendlela encinane nengekho semthethweni ngokwembali.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidlulileyo Neengxaki Ezingacombululekiyo

Iminyaka yoluvo ivelise imibuzo encinane ethetha ngokukhululekileyo engezicombululi ngokupheleleyo iimfundiso ezikhoyo. Xa urhulumente ebotshelelwe kuMphetho wokuqala, amaqonga azimeleyo afana noFacebook, Tutter, noYouTube akakho. Banokwanela ngokufanelekileyo ngokwemithetho yabo, bephakamisa inkxalabo ngohlalutyo nangesikwere sikawonke-wonke.

Yithiye Intetho Nengxoxo Yesingxungxo

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iidemokrasi, iUnited States ayinayo imiyalelo jikelele yokuthetha intiyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yabambelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimo yokusingela intetho egqwethekileyo, entiyo, okanye ekhuselweyo ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kudidi olungakhuselekanga olufanayo, iintshaba okanye ukuhlaselwa. Umzekelo, iNkundla yayiseka iSt. Paul:0.A. V. V. City of St.[FLT] kwaye kamva iphakamisa ilungelo leCawa ye-Westboro Baptist ukuchola imingcwabo ngentetho echasene negayo okanye ukubetha kwezezomthetho ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso kubafundi.

Ukukhathazwa Kukusetyenziswa Kwekhompyutha Nokuthetha Ngemilo

Imigangatho ye-intanethi engaziwayo iyakwazi ukwandisa izisongelo zokwenene nokuhlaselwa. Umthetho we- owenziwe nge-1991. Umthetho (U-U.S.C. 76 2261A) ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano lwe-elektroniki ukuphazamisa okanye ukoyikisa, kodwa iinkundla kufuneka zahlule phakathi kwezisongelo zokwenene nokukhusela intetho. Ii-media-thematili zinemigaqo yazo, enokuthi ikhokelele ekudibaniseni. Umzekelo, amanye amanani aye awavalwa njengo-Donald Trump ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-elektroniki, ngoxa abanye begxekwa ngokugxeka intetho yezobupolitika. Umthetho wokuqala awuzithinteli ezi zigqibono zobucala, kodwa i-conetal iziphumo.

Iindaba Zobuxoki Nenkcazelo

Ukusasazeka kolwazi oluphosakeleyo mayelana nonyulo, isitofu, okanye impilo kawonke-wonke kufune ukuba kumiselwe ummiselo. Noko ke, uMphengululo wokuqala ukhusela uninzi lweentetho zobuxoki, njengo Alvarez wenziwa yacaca. Urhulumente akanakukuvalela ngokuqhelekileyo intetho yobuxoki ngaphandle kokuba ibangele intelekelelo ecacileyo. Amanye amazwe adlulise imithetho ejolise unyulo- olunxulumene nonyulo, kodwa iinkundla ziye zawisa amalungiselelo angacacanga kakuhle okanye angaphezulu kakhulu kwebtrate. Endaweni yoko, indlela ethandwayo ichasene nolunyulo: abafundisi, kunye nabakhangeli-zibanzi bento banokulungisa ubuxoki ngaphandle kokugunyazisa imeko ukuba abe ngumgwebi wenyaniso.

Ukwandisa Imithetho Yomthetho kunye Nokuthembeka

Icandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano Wokongamela unika ukhuseleko kwi-intanethi kumgangatho wokuqulathiweyo okubekwe ngabasebenzisi, lo gama bebavumela ukuba baneliseke ngokufanelekileyo elukholweni olulungileyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi amaqonga awabonisi ngokwaneleyo ngendlela ialgorithm ezandisa ngayo intetho eyingozi, kwaye abanye bacebisa utshintsho ukuze kwandiswe ukuphendula. Noko ke, nawuphi na umthetho omele uqhube amalungelo okuQala oMqululo LoluHlela uGaqo-mthetho lwabathethi kunye nabanini beqonga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT:][FLT] icebisa ukuba imiqathango karhulumente ekufikelelisweni kolwazi olungqongqo.

Ukulungelelana Okuqhubekayo Phakathi Kwenkululeko Nonqabiseko

Inkululeko yokuthetha ayize iphele. Kwanabona bakhuseli baphambili boMphetho-mda wokuqala bayavuma ukuba urhulumente unokuyivala intetho ecacileyo, ekhawulezileyo, neyingozi enzulu. Ucelomngeni lukukuba kuchazwe loo ngozi ngaphandle kokucinezela. Emashumini eminyaka, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqhubela ekukhuseleni okunamandla kokuthetha, ivume imiqathango echaza imilinganiselo ecacileyo. Le mfundiso ibonakalisa imbopheleleko enzulu kwingcamango yokuba, kwidemokhrasi, isicombululo sentetho engalunganga sithetha into eninzi /hn, hayi ukuthula.

Noko ke, ubugcisa obutsha kunye nezithethe ezigqwethekileyo zentlalo ziza kuqhubeka zivavanya imida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka kumaphulo anzulu ukuya kulungelelanisa amaphulo adityanisiweyo olwazi, izixhobo zokuthetha zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunomthetho. Ukuqonda isakhelo esikhoyo(izigaba ezingakhuselekanga), imigangatho yokuhlola, kunye nomongo wembali .

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwisiseko esisemthethweni senkululeko yokuthetha, jonga [[FLT: 0] ICornell Information of the First Amendment Institute incopho yoFirst Constment, i iproject ye-Oyez[ kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo lishwankathelweyo, kwaye uhlalutyo olusuka kwi [[FLT:]] ALU PHEPHA Free Specio Specing . Ezi zinto zinika iingcaciso ezizizo ezizifundiswa apha.