Isiseko Esisemthethweni Seemfuno Eziyimfihlelo

Iimfuno ezizizo zifakwe ngokunzulu kwizithethe ezilawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko kunye nezomthetho ezibeka isidima somntu ngamnye ngaphezu koncedo lukarhulumente. EUnited States, iSinyuselo sesine sivakalisa ukuba i-#820; ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni, aziyi kwaphulwa, kwaye akukho namnye umxhasi oya kukhupha isidima sakhe, kodwa ngesizathu esifanelekileyo, inkxaso ngu-Oath okanye ingqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekile indawo yokuphengululwa, kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. ̵ esi sigwebo sinye sidala uvavanyo oluqinileyo: ukunyanzelwa komthetho kuqala kumele kuqinisekise umgwebi-cala-calathiselo ukuba kukho isizathu esilungileyo sokuhlasela ikhaya. Ngaphandle kokuyimfuneko, nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi ipolisa isikhulu esikhoyo, i-skrini esiqe esiqe esisekelwe kwi-rini, okanye i-rini.

Lo mgaqo udlulela ngaphaya kwe-United States. ISindululo somhlaba Wonke saMalungelo Abantu (Artle 12) kunye neNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu (Article 8) zombini zikhusela ekuphazameni ngokungekho mthethweni ne ̱ ikhaya. EKhanada, icandelo 8 leSiqendu saMalungelo neNkululeko lifuna ukuba uphengululo olusengqiqweni, kwaye imvume iyindlela eqhelekileyo yokwanelisa loo mgangatho. I-United Kingdom ̱ amapolisa nobuGawula bubungqina ngokufanayo bufuna imfuneko yokungena kwindawo yabucala ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe ukwahlukana. Ezi zicwangciso zibalaselwna ukuqonda okuneyo: ikhaya lingcwele elingenakuyilwa limo.

Indlela Abameli Abawakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Empahla

Ukungakhathalelwa kwe-ofisi: Inkcitho yeNkxaso

Abaninzi bacinga ukuba imvume yokukhusela iyingenelo kuphela kubaninimakhaya, kodwa abaqeshi banandipha ikhusi elifanayo lesine soMbetho-mda. Umntu oqesha indlu unolindelo oluthiwa ziinkundla yi-“ ukulindela okusengqiqweni kobumfihlo ̵ kwindawo yabo yokuhlala. Amapolisa akanakungena kwiyunithi yokuqesha, nokuba umnini-ndlu unika imvume, ngaphandle kwemvume okanye umahluko omisiweyo. Oku kwenziwa kwacaca kwityala leNkungagunyaziso Chapman v. United States[FLT:] (11961], apho ubungqina bufunyenweyo emva kwegosamfobe uphando buvumelekileyo ukuba amapolisa aphengulule ishumi elina i-&817; ikhaya lakhutshwe ngaphandle ngenxa yokuba ityala leshumi leshumi leenkume lingavuni livume.

Imfuneko yogunyaziso ikhusela abanini-ndlu ekubeni bafumane amalungelo ayimfihlo. Ikwakhusela abaninimfa abahlala emakhayeni abo i̬ uphengululo lwendlu enye yeentsapho kufuneka lugwetywe ngesizathu esilindelekileyo nesiqinisekiso esikhethekileyo. Le mvume iqinisekisa ukuba i-aftier ehlwempuzekileyo kwindlu enabantu abaninzi kunye nomnini wekhaya otyebileyo ukhuselekile ngokulinganayo.

Umxhasi Njengokuhlola Amandla

Imfuneko yokuba imant angathathi-nxaxheba ahlole ubungqina phambi kokuphengulula uphando lokuloba. I-Magstate ihlolisisa i-affidavit ukwenzela ukuba icace: isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo efuna ukuphendwa kwaye izinto ezifunwayo zibe luncedo[. Oku kuthintela ukuphehlwa kwenqanawa. Isiqinisekiso esithi i-#820; iphendla 123 ELM Street kwaye uthabathe nayiphi na i-comptraband ̵ asisebenzi kuba iswele okuthile. Igosapho kufuneka inxibelele indawo kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezinto ezithile (umz. #820; ii-lectles ezichaziwe ngamanani olungeleneyo XYZ12121212221;21).

Le mfuneko ikhethekileyo ibalulekileyo kwizindlu zokuqesha, apho izakhiwo ezizeleyo okanye ezininzi zinokumema ukukhangela kwingubo. Ukuba isakhiwo esineempazamo samapolisa 2A se 2B, isiqinisekiso asinto. Maryland v. Garrison [1987], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumela indlela elinganiselweyo yempazamo ezifanelekileyo malunga nokuba yiyiphi iyunithi echaziweyo, kodwa ukubamba kusenento yokuba i-precision kusithenjiso esisisiseko sesithembiso.

Inkqubo Engummangaliso: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Umphathi akanakutsho ngokulula, i “ Ndinemvakalelo. ̵ unobangela ofanelekileyo ufuna izibakala ezinokuthi zikhokelele umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo efuna ukuphengululwa. Ukukhangela izindlu, i-affidavit ingaquka:

  • Incam engqinelana nojongo oluzimeleyo.
  • Ubungqina obubonakalayo obubonwa ngokucacileyo kwindawo esemthethweni.
  • Iingxelo ezibonisa indlela engekho mthethweni ebotshelelwe kwidilesi.

I-affidavit kufuneka [[FLT: 0] iphephe izibilisi zolwimi kwaye iquke iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo, ezifike ngexesha. Isiqinisekiso esidala i ̬ enye esekelwe kubungqina obuthi iiveki zidala kwimeko enzima ̬ ayisebenzi. Ijaji ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso, kwaye kufuneka ibulawe phakathi kwefregi yexesha elilinganiselweyo, idla ngokusetyenziswa kwientsuku ezilishumi ukuya kwezili-14, kuxhomekeke kulawulo.

Ukuphunyezwa Kokukhangela

Xa ikhutshwe, imvume kufuneka ikhutshwe ngendlela esengqiqweni. Amagosa jikelele kufuneka ankqonkqoze aze avakalise ubukho bawo phambi kokungena, nangona i“knock kwaye abhengeze i̵ umthetho unokuba uphakamile ukuba ubhengezo lunokuba luyingozi okanye lungabinamsebenzi (umz., iziyobisi zobumpu apho ubungqina buza kutshatyalaliswa). Ngethuba lokukhangela, abaphathi bangathatha kuphela izinto ezidweliswe kwisiqinisekiso, kunye nayo nayiphi na into ebotshelelwe kwikhompyutha efunyenwe ngokombono ecacileyo ngoko nangoko.

Emva kokuphengululwa, umthetho kufuneka ushiye ikopi yemvume noluhlu lwezinto ezibanjiweyo. Le misebenzi iqinisekisa ukuba umntu umele aphendule kwaye inika ummi isiseko sokuvavanya ukuphengululwa enkundleni.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Umthetho ogunyazisayo unamandla kodwa awupheleli. Iinkundla ziyayivuma imiqathango emininzi evumela ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume, nganye inemida ekhethekileyo eqinisekisiweyo ekwakukho kuyo amapolisa kwiinkundla.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umhlali uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo nangobuchule, hayi ngokunyanzelwa ngumqondiso wegunya okanye ukuboniswa kwegunya. Amapolisa akanakuvuma ukuba angxhwabangxwaba ekuvuleni umnyango. Kwakhona, ukuba abantu abaninzi bayayabela indawo yokuhlala, omnye umntu angavuma ukuphendla iindawo eziqhelekileyo kodwa akanakuvuma ukuphekwa kwenye i’ igumbi labucala kulowo mntu unegunya. quepia.[FLT][FLT][FFLT][200], RolfP], (200], iNkuNkundla ephakamileyo okuthe kwabanjwa yi-&817; igumbi lobuqu lokungavumina.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Ingxamiseko ingathethelela ungeno olungasebenziyo. Imizekelo yodidi iquka:

  • Usukelo lwe- lwe-'[FLT'] lorhalaniso olubalekayo olurhanelayo olungena kwindlu yokuhlala.
  • Ukutshatyalaliswa okugqithisileyo kobungqina, njengokugudisa amayeza kwindlu yangasese ukuba abaphathi bevile izandi ngaphakathi.
  • [[Uncedo: 0] olugqithisileyo xa amapolisa ekholelwa ukuba umntu ongaphakathi wonzakele okanye usengozini ekhawulezileyo.

Iinkundla zivavanya ezi tyala ngokwetyala. Amapolisa akanakwenza ungxamiseko ukuze aphule imfuneko efunekayo; ungxamiseko kufuneka lube lolokwenene yaye lungacetywanga. Kuzo zonke izinto zokuqesha, abanini-ndlu abava ukuvuza kwamanzi banokubiza amapolisa, kodwa amagosa akanakusebenzisa oko njengesizathu sokukhangela iziyobisi.

Khangelani Ukubanjwa Okusemthethweni

Emva kokubanjwa komntu ngaphakathi kwendlu, amapolisa angaphengulula umntu kunye nendawo ekumzabalazo we-mouse’ alawula ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ubungqina kunye nezixhobo. I-#820; umgama ohambayo osisigxina; umxinwa; ayigunyazi ukutshayela indlu epheleleyo. Chimel v. California [1969], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalinganisela uphando olunjalo kwindawo apho ababanjiweyo banokufikelela khona ukuze bafumane isikhali okanye batshabalalise ubungqina.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba amapolisa asemthethweni ngaphakathi kwendlu (imvume, imvume, okanye ungxamiseko), kwaye abona into ebonakala ngokukhawuleza njengobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, angayithabatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esahlukileyo. Imfuneko ebalulekileyo yeyokuba ingasebenzi. Ukuba indalo ecacileyo asiyo “ ifuna uphando oluthe chatha, le mfundiso ayisebenzi.

Ubalo

Xa amapolisa ekhupha imoto okanye impahla, ngamanye amaxesha aqhuba uluhlu lokudwelisa izinto. Oku akusosizathu sokuphengulula; ngumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa. Uphando olukhoyo kumacandelo okuqesha lunqabile kuba iyunithi ngokwayo ayiqheleki ukukhutshwa. Kodwa ukuba i-10% iyagxothwa kwaye umnini-ndlu uyabanjwa, amapolisa angangena nomnini-ndlu ̱ ayavuma phantsi kweemeko ezithile, nangona umthetho ojijekileyo ulinganisela lo mngxuma.

Ulwazelelelo Olukhethekileyo Kwabathathi - nxaxheba

Imfihlo yomntu ozimeleyo/ozimeleyo.

Izibandezi zijongene nezodwa ezikhoyo. Amapolisa akanakucela umnini-ndlu ukuba angene, angenele ulungiso, okanye abonise amaqela abahlali abangaphambili. Kodwa imvume yengingqi ayilichasi ikhampani lento ekhoyo ekhoyo kwi ̱ iSindululo sesine soMbetho-Mvumelwano [[. Amapolisa akanakucela umnini-ndlu ukuba abavumele bangene ngaphandle kwemvume, ngenxa yokuba i-tenant ̱ ukulindela imfihlomelo yemfuno ye-mfokazi i-̱ i-ekhompazamfa. [[FLT:] Ston. v[FLT] [1964], iNkuvo ephakamileyo yeNkuvoluvo-om, i-omatiko-master ayifuni ukukhangela undwendwe lwe-&17; i-#17.

Izindlu Ezingenamacandelo Nezinto Ezilindelekileyo

Ezinye iinkundla ziye zaphikisa ngelithi abemi bezindlu zikawonke-wonke okanye eziphantsi banelindelo elinciphileyo lokuzimela ngenxa karhulumente i̱ indima njengomnini-ndlu nangenxa yokuba izindlu ezinjalo zisoloko ziquka iirejithi zokuvuma (umz., zivumela ukuba zingakhangelwanga ngqo ukukhangela ukhuseleko). Inkundla ePhakamileyo yezendlu ePhakamileyo . [Rucker[FLD] v.[FLD 1] [2002] (ivumela ukugxothwa kwendwendwe ezihlala apho amaqela asebenzisa khona amayeza ngaphandle kwezakhiwo, kodwa awazange asebenzise ngqo uphando olungenasiqinisekiso. Amagosa amaninzi ezindlu zikawonke aye azama ukuzalisekisa i-#220; iimfuno ze-actreact. Iimfuno ze-octivestions.

Amaqabane kunye nabantu abahlala nabo

Izindlu ezihlala kunye zibangela ubunzima. Ukuba abantu ababini abahlala kunye bahlala kwigumbi lokuhlala kodwa baneendawo zokulala ezitshixiweyo ezihlukeneyo, amapolisa kufuneka afumane imvume yokuhlala kwigumbi lokulala lomhlala-khaya ongavumelaniyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Fernendandez v. California (2014]) (2014) (ikholelwa ukuba ukuba omnye umntu ohlala apho akayamkeli imvume aze abanjwa, amapolisa kamva angacela omnye ummeli wokuhlala ukuze avume kwanokuba umntu wokuqala akakho. Oku kwenza i-Fluffivo: abaphathi benosusa umntu obe nento emekileyo aze afumane imvume kwi-occuant.

Iziganeko Ezibalulekileyo Zomthetho

Camara v. Inkundla kaMasipala (1967) ̵ Imfuno yeNkqutyana yeNdawo yoLawulo

Kwisigqibo sephawu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi kwanohlolo lwemithetho yemithetho yokuhlala oluqhelekileyo lufuna isiqinisekiso ukuba umgcini-ndlu akavumi. Inkundla yala ingcamango yokuba i “ inkxalabo kawonke-wonke i̵ kwimpilo neyokhuseleko olungenaziqinisekiso. Eli tyala liqulunqe ukuba uphando lolawulo lwamakhaya luphantsi kwemfuneko enye esisiseko njengophendlo lwesigebenga, nangona oko kunokwenzeka kubangela umgangatho wegunyazolawulo lusezantsi (imeko ezibanzi kunokuba kukrokrelezwe ngabantu ngabanye).

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ̵ Umthetho wobugqibi uhambela eUnited States

Phambi [[NTLT:0] , iinkundla zikarhulumente zingavumela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaquka uHlaziyo lwesine ngokuLandliswa kweMpanziso ye-14 kwaye yalawula ukuba ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa kwemfuneko yogunyaziso abunakwaphulwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Lo mthetho wokuzikhulula ngumgaqo oyintloko wonyanzeliso: ngaphandle kwayo, imfuneko yemvume iyakuba yingcebiso elinganamazinyo.

[[FLT: 0] I-Vernonia Isikolo soMgangatho v. Acton (1995) ̵ Iimfuno Ezizodwa Ezikhethekileyo

Eli tyala lithetha ngokuvavanywa kweziyobisi kwabafundi bemidlalo laza laseka i “ iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ̵ ukuchasana nemfuneko yesiqinisekiso, esebenzayo xa urhulumente i’ inzala igqitha kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kunxaxhiweyo kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokuncipha kwimeko yokuhlala, njengophengululo lwekhaya okanye uhlolo lwezindlu zikawonke wonke, kodwa iinkundla ziye zalemana ukulwandisa kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzayo Kubantu Abaneemfuyo Nabaphathi Belizwe

Abasebenzi

  • Wazi amalungelo akho: Umninindlu akanakugunyazisa ukukhangela kwamapolisa ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Ukuba amapolisa abonakala ngaphandle kwemvume, ungala ungeva ukungena uze ubacele ukuba baqhagamshelane nejaji.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fumana isiqinisekiso: Ukuba amapolisa anikela isiqinisekiso, afunde kakuhle. Khangela ukuba idilesi ihambelana neqela lakho, umhla ukhoyo, kwaye izinto ezidweliswe zichaziwe. Ukuba into ingaphandle, yiphawule kodwa ungaphazamisi qobo & #821; igqwetha lakho malicel ’ umngeni ukwenzeka kamva.
  • Uxwebhu lokukhangela : Gcina ingxelo yoko abaphathi bakuthathayo, naziphi na izinto ezingeyonto, nokuba bankqonkqoza okanye bavakalisa ubukho babo.

Kubaphathi Belizwe

  • Bonakalisa ubumfiliba obukhoyo: Nangomjelo oqeshiweyo onika unikezelo lolungiso, ungaze uvumele amapolisa angene ngaphandle kwemvume evela kumntu osebenzayo okanye isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Ukwenza njalo kungakuchanaba kwityala lokwaphula i-pant ̱ amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.
  • Isivumelwano ngaphandle kwemvume : Ukuba amapolisa acela ukungena kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo (iindlela, amagumbi angaphantsi, amagumbi okuhlambela iimpahla) onokuthi uwalawule, ungavuma, kodwa ungavuli iiyunithi zemali ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Impembelelo Yobugcisa Bamanani Kwiimfuno Ezifanelekileyo

Iikhamera zomzimba, ii-fromethi ezisebenzisa ubushushu bomzimba, kunye nee-drones ziphakamisa imibuzo yentsha yokukhangela izindlu. Kyllo v. United States (2001], iNkundla Ephakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni ukusebenzisa umfanekiso oshushu ojikelezayo ukuchonga imilinganiselo yobushushu ngaphakathi kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. INkundla yathi xa urhulumente esebenzisa ubugcisa obungekho kuwonke wonke ukuvavanya umbiso lwangaphakathi lwekhaya, olubumba ukukhangela okufuna isiqinisekiso. Oku kukhusela indawo yokuhlala eqeshiweyo ngokulinganayo: umnini wendlu akanakuvuma ukusebenzisa i-drone kwifestile yesibini yesikhululo, ngenxa yokuba ishumi ligcina uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lwe-ethe ngqini.

Imvume yombane, okanye ii-e-rantara, igqibe le nkqubo. Iimeko ezininzi zivumela abagwebi ukuba bafumane i-affidavits ngombane, zicutha ixesha lokufumana isiqinisekiso ukusuka kwiiyure ukuya kwimizuzu. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba i “ i-exentipency ” isiphumezi-miyalelo, kuba ngoku abaphathi bayakwazi ukufumana isiqinisekiso ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokufuna ukuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezingaphandle.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

CanadaName

Icandelo 8 leCanadian Charter lisebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo kuMphetho-Mgaqo wesiNwevu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada iquke uHunter v. Southam Inc. [19984] ibambelele ekubeni uphengululo olungenagunyaziso alukho ngqiqweni. Abalawuli abanakugunyazisa ukungena kwamapolisa ngokuchasene ne-part ̱ iza. Umente uquke ukususwa kobungqina phantsi kwecandelo 24(2) ukuba ikho ukuvuma okungagunyazisela ulawulo lwetyala kwintywino.

I-United Kingdom

UMthetho wamapolisa nowe-Curriment Evidence ka-1984 ulawula izindululo ezifunekayo zokungena nokuphendla. Kwizindlu, igosa kufuneka lifumane imvume kumphathi-mikhosi, ichaza indawo kunye namanqaku ekukholelwa ukuba akwindawo. I-UK ikwane-“ amandla okungena kwi-” ikhowudi yokuqhuba. Abaphathi-mikhosi bakhuselwa ekungeneni ngokwesiko kwabaphathi bezindlu.

I-Jamani

Inqaku loMthetho oMmandla le-German 13 liqinisekisa ukungakhutyeki kwekhaya. Isiqinisekiso siyafuneka ngaphandle kwiimeko zobungozi obusondeleyo. Abalawuli bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo nomnini; abanini-ndlu abanakukwazi ukulichasa. Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yoManyano-siseko iphinde yazicingisisa ngokungqongqo iindidi ezichaseneyo, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya ukukrokra kwamapolisa kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.

Isiphelo

Imfuneko efunekayo yokuphengulula izindlu kunye neempawu zokuqesha ayingobuchule nje bobugcisa. Ligumbi lesizwe elixabisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye phezu kwamandla karhulumente. Ngokufuna ukuba umthetho ubeke izibakala ezithile kumphathi-mikhosi wobundilele phambi kokuba angene kwikhaya, inkqubo esemthethweni ibeka umqobo wamabhongo ngabom nxamnye nokuphazamisa okungekho mthethweni. Oku kukhusela kudlulela kummi ngamnye, nokuba umninimzi okanye uqeshiwe igumbi, kwaye akunakuthinjwa ngumnini-ndlu okanye yimvume efihliwe kwirejiji.

Iinkundla zikhona, kodwa ziwagcina enekhwele. Intsingiselo kuwo omabini umthetho wasekhaya nowamazwe ngamazwe ibhekisa ku ekuxhumeni, hayi ekuthatheni, imfuneko yogunyaziso njengoko ubugcisa bubhebhetha kwaye bunemfuno yemfihlo. Abaqeshi bajongana nokunkqonkqoza emnyango, besazi ukuba umthetho ongagqibekanga ubanika amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo kwaye uqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uthwale umthwalo wokuzithethelela. Kwixesha lokuchopha kwemikhosi yamaqela kunye nezenzo zobundlobongela, isenzo esilula sokufuna isiqinisekiso phambi kokungena kumntu i̱ ikhaya lihlala lingumnye wezona zikhuselo ezisebenzayo ekuphengululeni ngokungekho mthethweni kwezindlu nokuqesha.