Ukuqonda Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni: Ukuqala Kwayo

Ukukwazi ukucel ’ umngeni umthetho enkundleni kusisixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo zihlala ngaphakathi kwemida ebekwe ngumgaqo-siseko kwaye amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwe ekuphathweni. Kwisiqalo, ukuqhuba imimandla esemthethweni kusenokubonakala kudida, kodwa ukuqonda iindlela ezisisiseko zokuthi imithetho icelwe umngeni abahlali, abaxhasi, kunye noogxabisi bomthetho abanolwazi lokuxhasa utshintsho. Olu khokelo lwandisa kwiingcamango ezingundoqo, iinkqubo, kunye neengqwalasela ezifanelekileyo ezibandakanyekileyo ekuncinyweni ukufaneleka komthetho, ukubonelela isiseko esibanzi sabani na onomdla kule nkqubo yokugweba.

Kuthetha Ntoni Ukucel ’ Umngeni Umthetho?

Ukuvavanya umthetho kunyathelo elisemthethweni elicetyiweyo elithatyathwa ukukhuphisana nokubaluleka, umGaqo-siseko, okanye ukusetyenziswa kommiselo, okanye isenzo sorhulumente. Asiyongxubevange nje yezopolitiko; ifuna isiseko esiqinileyo esisemthethweni nokunamathela kwimithetho emiselwe ngokweprocedro. Imbambano ithetha ukuba umthetho uphula igunya eliphezulu, kwaye umgaqo-siseko (ngokufuthi) umiselwe ngaphandle kwegunya elifanelekileyo, ungqubana nemithetho ekhoyo, okanye usetyenziswe ngendlela engekho ngqiqweqweni. Imingeni ephumelelayo inokuba nesiphumo somthetho owenziwe phantsi ngokupheleleyo, olungiswe ngumyalelo wenkundla, okanye olinganiselwe ekusetyenzisweni kwawo kwimeko ezithile. Le nkqubo iyimfuneko ekulondolozeni umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lorhulumente alingenise amandla awo agqithyo.

EUnited States, amandla okuhlola okugweba, kususela ngoko, amandla eenkundla okuvakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, asekwa kwityala lophawu olubalulekileyo Marbury v. Madison (1803). Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla zisebenze njengezona ziphambili eziphambili zokuqinisekisa enoba imithetho ihambelana nemigaqo-siseko. Ukuvavanya umthetho akuyonto ekhawulezi okanye lula; usoloko ubandakanya iminyaka yokwenziwa kwemali, ugcino-mali olubalulekileyo, kunye nomelo olusemthethweni. Noko ke, ihlala inguwona matshini onamandla wokuqhuba intlalo nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Iintlobo Zocelomngeni Olusemthethweni

Ukuqonda ezi ntengi ziluncedo ekucaciseni iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni nemiphumo enokubakho.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko

Ezi ziintlobo ezixhaphakileyo nezinempembelelo ezininzi zocelomngeni. Ucelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyalwaphula ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, njenge IsiHlaziselo sokuqala (inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, ingqungquthela), [[[FLT:]] [2] Isisombululo [[FLT]] [FON]] [[FLT]] [Okuqala [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [umthetho] [umthetho ophezulu] [umthetho], okanye amanye amalungelo ahlukeneyo.] ucelomngeni olukhoyo.[10] lungamele luhlale lusebenze kwimeko ephantsi kweminye ingqwalazo.[10], kodwa umzekelo okhuselweyokungaphazandle, u-Geneephetho lwe-SPT]

Ucelomngeni Lokumisela Imithetho

Imingeni yokumisela imithetho ayiquki imiba yomgaqo-siseko kodwa endaweni yoko iphikisa ngelithi umthetho ungqubana nomnye umthetho okanye uphathwe kakubi ngumbutho okanye inkundla esezantsi. Umzekelo, umchasi-mthetho usenokuthi umthetho wesizwe utshayela umthetho wasekuhlaleni, okanye ukuba isebe lesizwe ligqithe injongo yalo esesikweni xa likhupha umthetho. Le mingeni isoloko ixhomekeke kwimigaqo yokutolika, enjengomthetho ochaza umthetho okanye ] inkcaza izinjongo zalo zomthetho xa likhupha umthetho. Umthetho ucelomngeni ludla ngokuxhomekeka kumthetho wolawulo, apho amashishini kunye nemibutho yemincintiswano ekholelwa ukuba ingaphaya komthetho owenziwa.

Iingxaki Zolawulo

Le mingeni ijolise kwimithetho, imimiselo, okanye izigqibo zoorhulumente. Iinkqubo zifumana igunya lazo kwimimiselo, kodwa izenzo zazo kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko kunye nezomthetho. Iingxaki zolawulo zisoloko zibandakanya imiyalelo yokuba inkqubo yolawulo yombutho yaphula umthetho iProcture Act (APA) Active Act [iiinkqubo ye-FUTS] [iisebe]] [iii-FLT] [iiijaji] [iiiindlela--P], ukungaqiniseki ukubonelela nokuphendula i- mithetho efunekayo ngumthetho, okanye ukungquzulana nokuphikisa okuqhelekileyo, ukuphikisa ukuba umbutho wezonongamela okanye ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-ngomthetho.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo Nocelomngeni Olunokucalucalulwa

Zimbalwa kodwa zibalulekile, ezi ngxaki zivela kwiimfundiso ezingokwesithethe ezingadityaniswanga kwimimiselo. Umzekelo, umchasi unokufuna information ukuthintela ukugcinwa komthetho osekelwe ekulinganiseni okanye ukuphikisa ukuba umthetho uchasene nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni. Le mingeni isoloko idityaniswe neengxelo zomgaqo-siseko okanye zomthetho.

Abaveleli Abafuna UMthetho Olucelomngeni

Phambi kokuba inkundla ive ucelomngeni kumthetho, ummangalelwa kufuneka afikelele iimfuno ezithile zomda. Ezi mfundiso ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zigqiba kuphela iimbambano zokwenene, ezicacileyo kwaye ziphephe ukukhupha iimbono zobuxoki.

Imile

Ukuma, ummeli kufuneka abonise (1) ukonakala okuqinileyo nokukhethekileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo okanye okusondeleyo), (2) unxibelelwano oluphakathi kokwenzakala nomthetho olucetyiswayo, kunye (3) nokubonakala ngathi isigqibo senkundla esilungileyo siya kulungisa umonakalo. Ngaphandle kokuma, inkundla ayinagunya lokuphulaphula ityala. Umzekelo, ummi akanakugweba kuba engavumelani nomthetho; kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho uyabenzakalisa. Imfuneko yokuma icacisa imeko enjenge . Ljan v. Abameli be-Wildlife [12]], apho iNkuqulumo Ephakamileyo imele ibonise ukona okuzinzekileyo, okungamele kubonise izikhalazo eziqhelekileyo.

Ubukhali

Ukuzinza kuthintela iinkundla ekugqityweni kwemiba ngaphambi kwexesha. Ucelomngeni luba luhle kuphela xa umthetho unyanzelisiwe okanye sele uza kunyanzeliswa ngokuchasene nomchasi-mthetho, kwaye imiba yomthetho iphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba umthetho awukathathi nxaxheba okanye ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuqikelelwa, inkundla ingalichasa elo tyala njengelingasetyenziswanga.

Ukuzimela

Imeko iyaphela ukuba impikiswano engundoqo isombululwe okanye inxele liphelile. Umzekelo, ukuba umchasi ucela umthetho wokwexeshana ophelelwayo ngaphambi kokuba ityala liphele, ucelomngeni lungalahlwa njengentambo ngaphandle kokuba isebenza (umz., umba unakho ukuphinda-phinda kodwa ubuyekezelo).

Ukungamanyani kolawulo nokhuselo lorhulumente

Kwimimandla emininzi, oorhulumente abakhuselekanga kwisuti ngaphandle kokuba bavumile ukumangalelwa. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imithetho ingakhuselwa ngeemfundiso ezinjenge ukukhusela okufanelekileyo kwamagosa karhulumente, okwenza kube nzima ukuvavanya izenzo zabo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela kubaluleke kakhulu xa kucetywa ucelomngeni olusemthethweni.

Indlela Yokuvavanya Umthetho

Uhambo lokususa isikhalazo ukuya kumthetho wokugqibela lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ngalinye elinezingqwalasela zalo ezifanelekileyo. Ngoxa ezi zicacisiweyo zingafani ngokwamandla (inkundla yephondo), isakhiwo jikelele siyavumelana.

1. Ukwazi Izinto Ezinokubangela Ucelomngeni

Inyathelo lokuqala luphando olucokisekileyo olungokwasemthethweni lokuchonga izizathu ezisebenzayo. Oku kubandakanya ukuhlalutya umbhalo womthetho, imbali yawo yowiso-mthetho, umthetho onxulumene nemeko, kunye nemimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko. AbaLawuli kufuneka bafumanise ukuba ucelomngeni kufuneka lube ngolubuso okanye ngolusetyenziswayo, nokuba lunyuse ngokuyintloko kusini na, ngokwemithetho-siseko, okanye kwimiba yolawulo. Ukuhlanganiswa kobungqina kuqalisa kwangoko, ingakumbi kwiingxaki ezithi zixatyiswe zixakekise iimeko ezithile zompopu.

Ukukhalaza

Xa kusekwe izicwangciso, i-paltiff ifakela uxwebhu oluthi lungangxengelwanga kwinkundla enegunya elifanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze isiseko esisemthethweni socelomngeni, sichaze ukulimala okukhoyo, kwaye sicele isiqabu esikhethekileyo (umz., umgwebo wokungagunyazi ukuba umthetho awusebenzi, umyalelo othintelayo, okanye umonakalo). Kwinkundla yolawulo, isikhalazo silawulwa yi-Federal Gavingl Regation of Pocrefe. Kwimigracy, umGaqo-siseko udla ngokubiza urhulumente (umz., i-Attney General) njengomtshutshisi.

3. Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokufunyanwa, omabini amacala efayile angalungisa umlinganiselo wetyala. [[FLT:] ingcinga yokukhupha [[FLT: 1] iphikisa ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ityala okanye ukuba inkundla ayinagunya. ukuququzelela ugwebo olufutshane [ ingqina ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho. Imingeni-siseko emininzi isombulula kugwebo olufutshane ngenxa yokuba izibakala ezi zinto zidla ngokungahoywanga.

4. Ukufunyaniswa kwe-Pase

Ukuba ityala liyasinda kwintshukumo zangaphambi kovavanyo, ukufunyanwa kwalo kuyaqala. Amaxwebhu eepali atshintshisanayo, athatha iziqinisekiso, kunye nezicelo zokuvuma. Kwimingeni ebandakanya iimpikiswano eziyinyaniso (umz., enoba umthetho wokwahlula izithuba unempembelelo ecacileyo), ukufunyanwa kubalulekile. Noko ke, kwiingxaki ezicacileyo zomgaqo-siseko, ukufunyanwa kwengxelo kusenokuba kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuba izibakala zisoloko zisemthethweni okanye zisemthethweni kwindalo.

5. Ukuvavanywa

Uninzi lwemingeni yomgaqo-siseko igqitywe ngumgwebi ongenayo ijaji (ukuchophela ityala), njengoko ebandakanya imibuzo yomthetho endaweni yenyaniso. Zombini ezi macala zimpikiswano kwaye zingazisa ubungqina obuyingcaphephe. Ijaji isebenzisa umgangatho ofanelekileyo womthetho, onjengo uphando lwecandelo [ (kwimithetho ethwesa amalungelo asisiseko okanye ulwahlulo lohlanga) okanye isiseko sokwahlula isiseko solwahlulo [ (kwimimiselo emininzi yezoqoqosho). Isiphumo singumbono ebhaliweyo ephakamisa okanye elulaza umthetho.

6. Izibheno

Kusenokuba icala elinokubhenela kwisigqibo senkundla echongiweyo kwinkundla ephakathi yetyala kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwinkundla ephakamileyo (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yorhulumente). Izibheno zijolise kwiimpazamo zomthetho, hayi iiziphumo eziyinyaniso. Inkqubo ye-applate ingathabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Imingeni emininzi yengqalelo yengqayikiso ifikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo igqitha kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yetyala le-ceretari [[FLT], enikwa yiNkundla yeNkundla yezomthetho yesizwe, enikela kuphela ngamatyala okubaluleka kwesizwe okanye apho iinkundla eziphantsi zithe zahlula imbambano.

Ukuqwalasela Okubalulekileyo Kwimithetho Elucelomngeni

Ukuvavanya umthetho akuthatyathwa lula, ngapha koko kuntsonkothileyo okusemthethweni, izinto ezisebenzisekayo nezicwangcisiweyo kufuneka zilinganiswe.

Umelo olusemthethweni neendleko

Isiluleko somthetho esisemthethweni sibalulekile. Iifemu zoncedo loluntu (umz., i-ACLU, iZiko lobulungisa, okanye i-Lambda esemthethweni) zidla ngokusingatha iingxaki eziphezulu ngaphandle kokuhlasela abaxhasi. Kubantu okanye amaqela amancinane, iindleko zokuhlahlela ngasese zingathintelwa ngezantsi kwemali ehlawulwayo, iindleko zenkundla, kunye neendleko zobungcaphephe zokunikela ubungqina zingafikelela kumakhulu amawaka eerandi. I-probobo i-ekho ukumela i-ekho, kodwa akuqinisekiswanga.

Ixesha noovimba

Ingxaki engokwasemthethweni ingaqhubekeka iminyaka. Kwanasemva kwesigqibo esilungileyo senkundla egwebayo, izibheno zingalibazisela iziphumo ezilandelayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba inkundla ixhasa umthetho, ummangalelwa usenokuba necala kwiindleko ezisemthethweni. Izigqibo zobuchule, ezinjengokufuna umyalelo wokuqala wokuphelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ngexesha lokubekwa kwetyala, zinokuguqula ixesha kunye nengcinezelo.

Ukuma noKhetho lweNgoma

Ukufumana i-otitifell enekonkile kudla ngokuba ngumqobo wokuqala. Amaqela angoontaka asoloko efuna abantu abenzakalisayo ngokobuqu ngomthetho ukuba basebenze njengee-polutiffs. Umzekelo, kwi obergefell v. Hodges (2015), abalawuli babezipekisi babezibini ezingooxwe-exele abangazange bafumane imvume yomtshato okanye batshatiswe kwamanye amazwe angabhaqwa. Ukhetho lwe-Plamptiff lungachaphazela noluvo lwasesidlangalaleni.

Uvavanyo kunye nempembelelo

Imingeni emininzi ephumelelayo iyinxalenye yecebo lophando olubanzi elaziwa njenge umqulu-okanye ulwahlulo-luxanduva. Iintlangano zikhetha ngenyameko izibakala ezingcono kunye negunya ukuze zandise amathuba okulawula okulungileyo. Umzekelo, iqela leNAACP elisemthethweni kwi Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo ikhetha ngemposiso imiba ekhoyo esuka kumazwe amaninzi ukubonisa umlinganiselo we-IBMP, kwaye zakha ingxelo esebenzisa ubungqina benzululwazi yentlalo malunga nomonakalo lwe-INCOM. Ukuqonda imeko yezobupolitika kunye nentlalo kukwabalulekile okanye ingabalwangalwamkeli kakhulu imingeni ekwiminye yemiqathango ye-judia.

Uhlolisiso Lweengxaki Zokuphumelela Kwasemthethweni

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala aphawulekayo kusenza siyiqonde indlela imingeni engokwasemthethweni equkunjelwa ngayo nendlela echaphazela ngayo ibutho labantu.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Olu celomngeni lwemifanekiso luye lwaphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Abafundi base-Afrikan baseMerika kunye nabazali babo − babecinga ukuba “ukudityaniswa kodwa kulingana” kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo, kwaphula isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo u-Equalial Protection Claus[ soMmiselo weshumi elinesine loLawulo. Ityala lalingumgudu olungelelanisiweyo we-NAACP, esikhokelwa nguThurefable Marshall. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sarholwayo sarhoxasayo sarhoxa v. [186]]) kwaye sabeka isiseko samaLungelo aBanga laBanga. Imeko lubonisa amandla afanelekileyo, asemthethweni omthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Jane Roe (ubuxoki obungobuGama boMnumlo we-Norma McCorvey) wacel ’ umngeni imithetho yaseTexas yokuba ukuqhomfa kwaphulwa ngaphandle kokusindisa ubomi bomfazi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi i- i-Duetiod Procession Clause[ yeSinyuso se 144] sikhusela ilungelo lomfazi lokuba abesese, nto leyo edibanisa isigqibo sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. Nangona Roe v. [ade[FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT] kamva [12] ipheliswe kwi [[FLT:] uDobs.IInhlangano yamabhinqa yempilo [FLD] [5] [202], ihlala ingumzekelo obalulekileyo wendlela yokuvavanyanisa ngayo ityala lesizwe lomthetho-mthetho-zwezwezwezwe.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Le meko yaqinisa ucelomngeni oluninzi lokumisela uvalelo-mgaqo-mdima. Abalawuli baphikisa ngelithi ukungavumi kwamalayisensi omtshato kwaphula ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata [[FLT: 0] i-Duetiod Procesme Clause kunye ne[FLT]Aququal Ligatee [. INkukhusela uClaviso lweNkuthintelo [FLT]]. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula iminyaka emalunga noxaso loluntu iphumele i-5]. Inkundla ilawula ukuba izilangazelelo zomdla ofana nowe-ACU no-Galda, kwaye ingene kumbono wasekuhlaleni. [[FLT] Brown, ityala layiyokugqibezela iminyaka emininzi yemibutho yenzala kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, i-onke, kwaye ingene kwimintluvo lwawoluvo lwawoluvo lwaselu

Eminye Imizekelo Ephawulekayo

Manda v. Arizona (1966]) luvavanyiwe ucelomngeni oludumileyo “Malungelo eMiranda” phantsi koMphetho-Mdathiso wesihlanu, olufuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokreleka ngamalungelo awo. Gideon v. Wainright [1963]) wacel ’ umngeni ukukhanyelwa kwesiluleko sabamangalelwa abagwebi abagwebi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulungeni kwegqwetha kuzo zonke iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba imingeni-ngxaki ivela kubantu ngabanye ngoovimba omncinane kodwa ngoncedo oluncinane kodwa ngoncedo lwabakhuseli-wonke okanye nge-proono.

Indima Yamaqela Anomdla Woluntu Nemibutho Yobugunya

Amaqela oncedo lukawonke-wonke ngamaqela alawulayo aphambili kucelomngeni olukhulu olungokwasemthethweni. Amaqumrhu afana ne- e-American Libertiation Union (ACLU), yaseMazantsi yoLuntu (SPLC), [[FLT]] i-Intertitutive yeJastitu yeJaji [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]], Imanyano yesizwe yokuqhubelwa phambili kombala wabantu (NACPC) [[FLT], neT] ye-General Defestivestion [FLT:] ye-Generaltic [FFF] [FFULT]], kunye ne-omati yemigrati yemist yoomatiethi yezenter, iminikelo yomthetho, nezo zemali ezithenti.

Bakwabandakanyeka kwi curiae [ii-fish zenkundla”], ezivumela imibutho ukuba idlulisele impikiswano kwinkundla nokuba ayibanga nanxaxheba ngqo kwityala. IAmicu mifutshane ingaguqula ukuqonda kwenkundla kwimibandela entsonkothileyo ngokunika ingqiqo eyongezelelekileyo, uphando lwenzululwazi yentlalo, okanye iimbono zezentlalo kwingingqi ezichaphazelekayo. Umzekelo, u-Oberge', uninzi lwemishwankathe ye-ams lwabekwa ngumbhali-mbali, uqoqo, ulawulo, namaqela onqulo oluthe lwazisa iziphumo zezomthetho.

ngapha koko, la maqela axhasa utshintsho lowiso-mthetho aze afundise uluntu ngamalungelo asemthethweni. Umsebenzi wawo uqinisekisa ukuba ukucel ’ umngeni umthetho akungommandla wezityebi okanye onxibelelanisiweyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuvavanya umthetho enkundleni sisixhobo esinamandla sokuqhubela phambili kobulungisa, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokubeka ityala kurhulumente. Ngoxa inkqubo inzima, ixabisa, kwaye inika ixesha elininzi, ukukwazi ukuguqula isixokelelwano, kuyenza ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yebutho ledemokhrasi. Ukuqonda iintlobo zeengxaki. "```ignostitutional, i-athorion', kwaye ilawule i-"atractory,' kunye nenqanda-mgams' njengemiqobo,'iingxaki enzima, efana nokuma, ukubola, nokungalawuleki, kunika abemi amandla okubandakanye nento engundoqo. Uphakal' uphando lwe-RGenethi ye-FOFFM.[4] [FFFFFFFFFFFM]. [5].[FT.[0] IBrogglalgn. kunye noncedo lwemithetho esemthethweni olusemthethweni lungalungele ukunyuka ukunyuka.[Foplec. "ieances]