Ukufundiswa Kwemithetho Eyimfihlo Yamapolisa

I-data yamapolisa kunye nemithetho efihlakeleyo ilawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe odityanisiweyo kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Le mithetho ilawula indlela abameli bomthetho abaqokelela ngayo, abagcini bezinto ezigciniweyo, abasebenzisa, babelane ngenkcazelo ngabemi — ukususela kwiingxelo zokubanjwa nokujongwa kwemiqathango ukuya kulwazi olungokwasemthethweni kunye nendawo. Ngoxa imithetho karhulumente efana ne-Priversity’s Infic Protection Act ka-Alkhonct ka-Accel ka-1997 inikela ukhuseleko olusisiseko, inkoliso yemithetho ephantsi yemithetho ivela kwiindlu zombuso. Ukuqonda okungavisisani ezikumgangatho wamazwe kuyimfuneko kwiingcali zomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, nabahlali bemithetho abafuna ukwazi amalungelo abo.

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokubonakala koluntu kunye nokuzimela kwabo ngabanye luye lwakhula njengoko ubugcisa bunceda ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olungenayo. Iikhamera eziziintloko-ntloko, abafundi bepleyiti yelayisensi, iinkqubo zokwazi ubuso, kunye namaqonga obungqina bamanani avelisa intabalala yolwazi olunovelwano. Imithetho karhulumente kufuneka ifake umlinganiselo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa anolwazi olufunekayo ukuze aphengulule ngoxa ekhusela abemi ekuchopheni okunga okungaqinisekiyo, ekubeni bazizi ukuba bani, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi lwabo.

Ukuhlolisisa Umahluko Womthetho KaRhulumente

Akukho maphondo mabini aphatha ugcino-lwazi lwamapolisa ngokufanayo. Amanye, njengeKhalifoniya neNew York, anemiqathango eqinileyo elinganisela ukufikelela kwiingxelo ezifana ne-mugshot, ukusebenzisa iingxelo ze-grace, kunye nenkqubano yequarera. Amanye, njengeTexas neFlorida, agxininisa iirekhodi ezivulekileyo kunye nokufikelela kwabantu, yaye imiqathango encinci, ebangelwa kukungavisisani kwezithethe zezobupolitika, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye nezinto eziphambili.

Imithetho yeFederal ibeka umgangatho — umzekelo, i-Heal Inshorensial Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA) ikhusela ugcino-lwazi lwezonyango kwanaxa lugcinwe ngamapolisa, kunye noMthetho weNtsapho wemfundo ne-Associal Act (FERPA) okhusela iingxelo zabafundi. Kodwa iindidi ezininzi ze-data yamapolisa ziyawa phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, amaphondo kufuneka aqulule imicimbi yokuzikhulula xa imithetho yasekuhlaleni okanye imigaqo-data yamapolisa yesixeko ingqubana nomthetho.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zogcino-lwazi Lwamapolisa Ezifunyaniswe Yimithetho Karhulumente

Imigaqo karhulumente ithetha ngeendidi eziliqela zenkcazelo. Udidi ngalunye lunenkxalabo ehlukeneyo yobuqu nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni.

Ulwazi olunokuchazwa (PI)

IPI iquka amagama, iidilesi, amanani okhuseleko loluntu, amanani ephepha-mvume lomqhubi, kunye nezixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwe-biometric. Iingxelo ezininzi zithintela ukukhutshwa kwe-PII xa iyinxalenye yeengxelo zamapolisa, ingakumbi kumaxhoba, amangqina, kunye nabantwana. Eminye imithetho ikwakhulula iidilesi zabasebenzi basekhaya abaqeshi bomthetho kunye nenkcazelo yentsapho ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa nokukhathazwa kwamapolisa.

Iingxelo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Imbali yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho — ukubanjwa, ukuvalelwa, imvume neempawu — ziphantsi komlinganiselo owahlukeneyo wokufihla imfihlo. Amazwana amaninzi alinganisela ukufikelela kwiingxelo ezingeyonxalenye ye-projekthi (iintlawulo ezingalandelwanga ngokuqiniseka) aze azicime okanye azityhalele emva kwexesha elithile. Abaqeshi kunye nabanini-mali abasoloko bengakwazi ukufumana iingxelo ezivaliweyo. Ukupapashwa kwemibhalo eshicilelweyo kuyalawulwa; ubuncinane, amazwe aliqela athintela iiwebhusayithi zentengiso ezingekho mthethweni okanye afune ukuba zisuswe ii-foto emva kokuba kugqitywe amatyala.

Isantya somzimba kunye neVidiyo yoMzimba

Ukunyuka kweekhamera zesiqu senqanawa kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho umthetho karhulumente. Amazwana amaninzi adala ukungakhululeki kwimithetho yerekhodi kawonke-wonke yeentlobo ezithile: kwizindlu zabucala, ukubonisa abantwana, ukubonisa amaxhoba okuhlaselwa ngokwesini, okanye ukutyhila ulwazi lwezamayeza. I-Pricies iyahluka xa kufuneka ikhululwe emva kwesiganeko esinzima kwaye anokuyijonga (amalungu eentsapho, iibhodi zolawulo, uwonke-wonke). Amanye amaphondo afuna amagosa ukuba azise imicimbi xa zibhaliwe.

Iingxelo zoThungelwano

Amapolisa asoloko eqokelela izigxobo, imiyalezo yokuthumela imiyalezo, kunye nee-imeyili ezivela kubakrokrele, amaxhoba, kunye namangqina. Imithetho egunyazisa uthintelo lonxibelelwano. Amanye amazwe afuna imvume epheleleyo yokushicilela; amanye avumela imvume enye. Ukugcinwa komthetho wokunxibelelana okugcinweyo (njengendawo yeseli) kulawulwa ngumthetho we-Umthetho we-Vend Commons Act, kodwa iinkundla zikarhulumente zimisele iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokufumana i-9220.

I-data yendawo

Inkcazelo yendawo evela kwicell phone, kwiGPS, nakwipleyiti yelayisensi ezenzekelayo ingxamisekile. Imithetho karhulumente ifuna isiqinisekiso esingakumbi ngaphambi kokuba amapolisa afumane i-cellmasassite data engokwembali okanye asebenzise iindawo zokulahla iiseli. Iimeko ezininzi ziyakuthintela ukugcinwa kwemisongo yelayisensi nokucinywa emva kwexesha elifutshane ukuba akukho lwaphulo-mthetho ludityanisiwe.

Imithetho Ecacileyo YasebuRhulumenteni: Imizekelo Ekwi-23Deft

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ebanzi okanye etsha yamapolisa elawula imimandla ethile.

EKhalifoniya

Umthetho ka-2018 othi “Isibane kunye nemfihlo” ubekelwe imiqathango yokufikelela kwisiqu senqanawa ehlasela ukulindela ukuba yimfihlo. Kwakhona urhulumente uyakuthintela ukukhululwa komqhaphu wenjongo yentengiso kwaye uthintela ukusetyenziswa kobukho bekhompyutha kwikhamera yequmrhu lamapolisa.

New York

I-Civil Rights Law yaseNew York i-32 5086a yakhululwa ngo-202020, iphelisa amashumi eminyaka okufihla imbali yeengxelo zoqeqesho zamapolisa. Ngoku, iingxelo zokungalawuleki, ukusebenzisa ingcinezelo, kunye nezikhalazo zivuliwe ngokuphandle. Noko ke, iNew York ikwakuthintela ukukhutshwa komgangatho wesidumbu oza kufumana izibhengezo eziyimfihlo okanye ulwazi lwezonyango lwabucala. “Umthetho we-New York Acceswork" (ugunyaziwe) uya kunika abami amalungelo anamandla kugcino-data lwamapolisa, kodwa awukadluliswa.

I-Texas

ITexas inesithethe esivulekayo esivulekileyo. UMthetho wayo woLwazi lwamapolisa ufuna ukuba kutyhilwe iirekhodi zamapolisa ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe umahluko othile. Ezi zinto ziquka inkcazelo enokuthi iphazamisane nophando, ihlasele umntu ngokobuqu, okanye ibeke engozini. Ithexas ikwayalela ukuba umzimba we-mebrara ephantsi ukhululwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo emva kwesiganeko esinzima, esinokuchanabeka kwiziphumo ezitsha. Ngo-2021, urhulumente wabeka umda ekusetyenzisweni kobukho bobuso, efuna isiqinisekiso sokuqwalaselwa okuqhubekayo.

Illinois

I-Illinois Bimetric Information Act (BIPA) ngomnye wemithetho engqongqo ye-biometricādata kweli lizwe. Ifuna amapolisa (nayiphi na into ekhoyo ezimeleyo) afumane imvume ebhaliweyo phambi kokuqokelela iminwe, iiscan zobuso, okanye ii-scan ze-is. I-BIPA ikwayalela ukuba kubekho ucwangciso olukhoyo olubonakalayo. I-Lawsuit iye yanyanzela amaziko amapolisa ukuba abeke umda ekusebenziseni kwawo ukuqwalaselwa kobuso kunye neenkqubo zokuchola iminwe.

Virginia

I-Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA) inika abemi amalungelo okufikelela, okuchanileyo, kunye nokucima inkcazelo yobuqu egcinwe ngamashishini — kodwa iyawukhulula umthetho owiswayo. Noko ke, iVirginia inegunya lomthetho elahlukeneyo lokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa: ilinganisela idata ezenzekelayo yokufunda ipleyiti yelayisensi iintsuku ezi-7 ngaphandle kokuba inxulumene nophando olusebenzayo, kwaye ifuna imvume yokuba iseli i-cell Terrimetic data inikwe indawo ethile. Ngo-2022, iVirginia ikwakwakukwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwalela ukusetyenziswa kophawu lobuso kwiikhamera zomzimba ngaphandle kweemeko ezimngcibini.

Ucelomngeni Noxanduva Kwindawo Efihlakeleyo Yogcino-lwazi Lwamapolisa

Ukulungelelanisa amathuba emicimbi yobuqu nomthetho owiswayo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Izithintelo ezicace gca.

Imithetho yengxelo kawonke-wonke yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uya kuphendula, kodwa ukuvunywa kwenkcazelo yamapolisa kungabenza abantu ngenkohlakalo, ingakumbi abo bangabanjwanga ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amaphondo aye azama ukudibanisa inaliti ngokumisela imiqathango “yenjongo" — evumela ukufikelela kwiinjongo zophando okanye zokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kodwa ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo. Eminye ixhomekeke kwi-redaction, kodwa incwadi yokulungisa ibiza imali eninzi kwaye iphazama impazamo. Imposiso enye ingakhokelela ekudibanisweni okanye ekuphathweni kwamapolisa.

Ukuphuma komthetho ogunyazisa ubuxhakaxhaka

Ubugcisa obutsha — njengenkqubo ezingasetyenziswayo zoomatshini abasebenza ngenqwelo-moya (umz. drones), i-algorithms zobupolisa, kunye nokujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle — busoloko busebenza kwingingqi engwevu esemthethweni. Imithetho yezorhulumente ayifane ilindele ezi zixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, mambalwa amaphondo alawula ngokucacileyo ukuqokelelwa kwe-data esuka kwi-apps yesithathu (umz., indawo yogcino-lwazi olusuka kwizixhobo ezilungelelanisayo) okanye kwi-Internetic systems. Abameli babiza ubugcisa obuzinziswam lika-1659neutheral obugxininisa ukuqwalaselwa kwenkcazelo nenjongo yokuqokelelwa kwemali, kunokuba basebenzise isixhobo esithile.

Izigwebo Zenkundla Nezicatshulwa

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhalifoniya kwi iLong Beach Administrars v. IsiXeko saseLong Beach (2014] sakholelwa ukuba iingxelo zabasebenzi azikhululwa ngokuzenzekelayo ekutyhilweni; kufuneka zichazwe ngokwengxelo. EMassachusetts, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezeejaji yagqiba kwelokuba amapolisa angakwazi ukufikelela kwii-data ze-cellscover ngaphandle kwemvume, nangona umthetho karhulumente ngexesha wawungafuni mfuneko enye. Le mithetho ibangela iingxelo eziphembelela impembelelo kumthetho.

Ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi ngaphaya kwesigwebo

Ugcino-lwazi lwamapolisa lusoloko luqukuqela kwiintambo zikarhulumente ngolwabelano lweenkqubo zolwazi lwengingqi (njengoMthetho we-Enigrance Information Exchange). Urhulumente onemithetho engqongqo yobuqu ungafumana ugcino-lwazi lwawo luchaziwe kwilizwe elinemithetho engekho mthethweni. Ii-interstate comming kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zogcino-lwazi zizama ukuphendula oku, kodwa kunzima ukuqinisekisa. Inkqubo ye-Criminal Justice Information Systems (CJIS) imisela imigangatho encinane yokhuseleko, kodwa ayiwuyekeleli umthetho we-mgaqo-mstiki.

Impembelelo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho

Imithetho yezobuqu yelifa lemveli ibeka umthwalo obalulekileyo kumaziko amapolisa. Iinkonzo kufuneka zifake imali kwiinkqubo ezilawula ulawulo lokufikelela, ukugcinwa kwenkcazelo, nokuvelisa ii-logs. Amagosa okuqeqesha ngoko kunokubhalwa, kugcinwe, kwabelana ngawo abalulekile — kodwa amasebe amaninzi amancinane aswele uqeqesho olubanzi.

Amaxabiso okuqokelela anokuba maninzi. Ividiyo yeBody āmera ifuna ugcino olunikezelweyo, kwaye i-software yokuguqula izinto ukufihla ubuso, iipleyiti zelayisensi, kunye nolwazi lobuqu zibiza ixabiso elininzi. Amasebe angakuphumeleliyo asenokujamelana nokumangalelwa, ukuphulukana nokubonelela ngemali, okanye ukungathembani kukawonke-wonke. Amanye amazwe aye ayila imilinganiselo yesizwe ebanzi ukuthoba lo mthwalo, umzekelo ngokulungisa izicwangciso ezifakelwe kwi-mebrage.

Phezu kwayo nje le mingeni, imithetho ecacileyo ikwanceda ukugcinwa komthetho. Xa imimiselo ithe ngqo, abaphathi bayayazi imida yokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi oluvumelekileyo. Imithetho efakelweyo yobuqu inganciphisa ubungozi bokucinezelwa kobungqina, njengoko iinkundla zingenabo ubungozi bokungalufaki ulwazi olufunyenweyo ngokuvisisana nemithetho ecacileyo. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zikwaqinisa ukuthembana kwabantu, nto leyo egxeka ukuphumelela kobupolisa.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Namathemba Abemi

Kubemi, imithetho yamapolisa yogcino-lwazi lwezobuqu ikhusela abantu — kodwa ikwabangela ukudideka. Abantu abasoloko bengazi ukuba amapolisa athini ngawo okanye indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lokwazi ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukulawulwa ngantoni. Amanye amazwe avumela abantu ukuba bacele ukuthotywa kuphela ukuba benziwe into ethile; abanye bavumela nabani na ukuba acele ukuthotywa, ukuba aphinde afumane iziphumo ezithile.

Amaxhoba olwaphulo - mthetho asenokuxhalatyiswa kukuba inkcazelo yawo yobuqu — njengedilesi, imeko yempilo, okanye iinkcukacha — iya kugqalwa njengeyomntu wonke ukuba ivela kwingxelo yamapolisa.

Abahlali banawo nobuchule obulinganiselweyo bokulungisa ugcino-lwazi olungachananga. Ukuba i-gagshot ipapashwa kwi-intanethi kodwa izityholo ziyahla, umntu kusenokufuneka axhomekeke kwimithetho yokucima urhulumente ukuze asuse umfanekiso — inkqubo exabisayo nexesha . Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba iziphumo zomngxuma zisuswe kwii-data zikawonke-wonke emva kokuba ityala liphelisiwe, kodwa ukuthobela kwabo bahluli bee-data zabucala kuyaphikisana.

Utyekelo Nemithetho Yexesha Elizayo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyaqhubeka ziseka nokulungisa imithetho yamapolisa eyimfihlo.

Ulungelelaniso logcino-lwazi lwe-bimetric

Illinois, Texas, neWashington ziye zayidlulisa imithetho yebhayoloji. Amaphondo amaninzi acinga ngendlela efanayo, ingakumbi njengokuba ukusetyenziswa kobuso kusanda. Amatyala anconywayo asoloko efuna isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba asebenzise ubuchule bobuso ngexesha lokwenene kwaye agunyazise ukususwa kwendlela yokusebenzisa ibhayoloji esetyenziswayo emva kwexesha elimisiweyo.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobuchule Bokuxela Ikamva

Izixhobo ze-AI ezixela kwangaphambili amachaphaza olwaphulo-mthetho ashushu okanye amanani omngcipheko aphantsi kohlolo. Amazwana ambalwa, anjenge New York neKhalifoniya, aye asungula amatyala afuna ukubonakala nokuphindwa kwemithetho esetyenziswa ngamapolisa. Le mithetho iya kuyalela ukuba amasebe atyhile amagalelo olwazi kunye nenkqubo yolwazi esetyenziswa ngokumisela imizekelo engaphambili kwaye ayithintele ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezithile zogcino-lwazi (umz., uhlanga okanye umsebenzi wezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi) njengamagalelo.

Ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi kube yimida encinane nemilinganiselo yokuzigcina

I-State ijongiswe ku- “data system system" imigaqo - qokelela kuphela into efunekayo ngenjongo esemthethweni kwaye icinywe ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, iColorado ilinganisela ukugcinwa kogcino-lwazi oluzenzekelayo lokufunda ipleyiti yelayisensi kwientsuku ezingama-90 ngaphandle kokuba i-fetfix. Imida efanayo ye-drone permage kunye nevidiyo ye-ramera ifumana inkxaso ye- biparstanan.

Uxinzelelo lomanyano nomanyano lwentlalo

Nangona umthetho wezogcino-lwazi lwamapolisa obanzi wezolwazi lwamapolisa ungekafane usebenze kwicandelo elikufuphi, iSebe le-Ofisi yeNkqubo yeJaji liyaqhubeka lihlaziya i-Criminal Justice Informations Security Policy. Amazwe anqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokunika ezimiselwe ngurhulumente kufuneka athobele. Ngaphezu koko, i-National Association of Childing Information Are Society Agement isebenza kwiinkqubo zenkqumrhu zemfundo yesizwe zokulinganisa umthetho, izimisele ukunciphisa ukwahlukana.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yezogcino-lwazi lwamapolisa kunye nemithetho ecacileyo yokufihla imfihlo yezomthetho inamandla kwaye yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Ibonisa iingxoxo ezinzulu zoluntu malunga nendlela yokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukubonakala korhulumente, kunye neyomntu ngamnye. Kumaziko onyanzelisa umgaqo-mthetho, ukuqhuba le ndawo kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo, utyalo-mali kwezobugcisa, kunye nemigaqo ecacileyo. Kubemi, ukuqonda le mithetho linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo nokubeka amapolisa exanduva. Njengoko ubugcisa busanda, ukwazisa abantu, izikhulu zikarhulumente ziya kuqhubeka zicombulula le mithetho — ukwenza umxholo obaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculweni kwemithetho yezaphuli-mthetho yanamhlanje.

Ukuhlala befundile, abafundi bangajonga izibonelelo ezifana neNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gaqo-siseko sombuso kunye noKhuselo logcino-lwazi kwiphepha elikhoyo. , i-[FLT]ACLU]'s Body Camera Cate Cap kwiphepha[, kunye ne-[FLT] i-Projectecentieding Policial Data yesizwe egunyazisiweyo ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili. Iwebsite nganye ye-mthetho ye-Overtive ikhupha imikhondo nemithetho enxulumene nogcino-miyalelo kugcino-lwazi lwamapolisa. Ezi zinto zinika indawo yokuqala yophando olunzulu lomthetho, ubugcisa, kunye namalungelo e-obuqu eUnited States.