Yintoni Imithetho Yamakhaya?

Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kungumthombo wenkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika yokulungisa iimpikiswano ezingangeni tyala phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente emangalela umntu ngokophula imithetho kawonke wonke, ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kubandakanya amaqela azimeleyo afuna amayeza afana nezono zemali, umsebenzi othile, okanye imiyalelo. La matyala avela kwiingxoxo ezininzi, kuquka ukwaphulwa kweezivumelwano, umonakalo wobuqu, iingxabano zempahla, ukuhlabhlawulo, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokumangalelwa kwabemi kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na onokuba ngummangalelwa okanye ummangalelwa, njengoko ewagunyazisa ukuba aqhube izingqi zenkundla ngentembelo.

Ukuqalisa ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yamakhaya, jonga isikhokelo se U.S.I.

Inkqubela yomthetho wengingqi: Isikhokelo senyathelo Ngenyathelo

I-oyile yenkundla yamakhaya esemthethweni ilandela uthotho lweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo, ukusuka kwingxubusho yokuqala ngokubhena okunokwenzeka. Ngoxa igunya ngalinye linokubekwa imithetho ekhethekileyo, isakhiwo jikelele sihlala sihambelana kwiinkundla zorhulumente neenkundla zesizwe.

1. Umgangatho ophambili wolawulo

Phambi kokuba naliphi na icala libekwe ngokusemthethweni, amaqela adla ngokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yangaphambi kokubekwa kwetyala elungiselelwe ukuvavanya imbambano nokuzama ukuvavanya isigqibo ngaphandle kwenkundla. Eli candelo linokonga ixesha, imali, kunye noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo.

  • Isivumelwano ngeAttorney: I-pollaff enokubakho idibana negqwetha ukuxubusha izibakala, ukuvavanya iimfanelo ezisemthethweni, uqikelelo lomonakalo, nokugqiba ummiselo wemiqathango. Amagqwetha amaninzi anika ukhangelo lwasimahla.
  • [[UMTL:0] ILeta ye-Demand: igqwetha le-Placttiff lithumela ileta esemthethweni efunwayo kummangalelwa, lichaza izikhalazo, licaphula umthetho onxulumeneyo, kwaye lichaza isiqabu esifunwayo, ngokufuthiwe ngumhla wokuphendula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izivumelwano zokwahlula kunye nokuzithethelela: zingabandakanyeka kwingxoxo engqalileyo okanye zisebenzise umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba ekuhloleni ukhetho lokwahlulwa. Ukuzinziswa kweliqonga kuphepha iindleko zohlalo kunye neengxelo zenkundla kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukhuphiswano: Ama-Attorney amacala omabini aqokelela ubungqina bokuqala, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, kunye nohlolo lwamaxwebhu ukomeleza iindawo zawo phambi kokuba afakelwe.

Ukuzifica Izikhalazo

Ukuba imigudu yangaphambi kokumiselwa komthetho iyasilela, ummangali uqalisa ukumangalelana ngokufaka isikhalazo enkundleni efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka siqulethwe:

  • Juridiction kunye neVenue: Ingxelo echaza isizathu sokuba inkundla inegunya phezu kwetyala (umz., ulawulo oluhlukeneyo okanye umbuzo wengingqi) kwaye apho ityala limele liviwe khona.
  • Icandelo eliqulethweyo: Ukuchazwa ngokucacileyo kwe-caltiff(s) kunye nomtyholi, kuquka ubumi babo obusemthethweni (obobuqu, umbutho, njl.njl.).
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingxelo emfutshane yeziganeko ezibangela ingqwalaselo, enikezelwe kwimihlathi edweliswe ngamanani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo zomthetho (amanani): nganye ingcamango esemthethweni apho umcuphi efuna uncedo, njengokwaphula isivumelwano, ukungakhathali, okanye ubuqhetseba phantsi kwayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isicelo esikhethekileyo somonakalo (ukuhlawula, ukukhupha), ugwebo lokukhupha ilanga okanye ezinye iingcaciso.

Isikhululo sihlawula umrhumo wefashoni, yaye inkundla inika ityala nejaji.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokubhala, ummangalelwa makadlulisele isikhalazo ngokusemthethweni kunye nezicelo ezisemthethweni kummangalelwa. Inkonzo yenkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana isaziso kwaye unethuba lokusabela. Imithetho yenkonzo iyahluka: amanye amagunya avumela ukunikezelwa kobuqu ngenkqubo yomncedisi, amanye avumela iiposi eziqinisekisiweyo okanye impapasho xa umtshutshisi engenako ukufunyanwa. Inkonzo efanelekileyo iyagxeka; ukungaphumeleli kunokukhokelela ekugxothweni.

Ukusabela Kwamagqwetha

Ummangalelwa udla ngokuba neentsuku ezingama-21 ukusa kwezingama-30 (zixhomekeke kwigunya) ukuze aphendule. Iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Impendulo: [ Ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye uyasikhanyela isityholo ngasinye kwaye angaqinisekisa ukhuseleko (umz., ummiselo wemiqathango, ukungakhathali kokunikela, ukuphambanisa).
  • Ukukhupha: Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi nokuba zonke izityholo zinyanisile, isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ikhawunti esemthethweni (Umthetho ka Faro womthetho wobuNondyebo 12(b)(6). Ezinye izizathu ziquka ukungalawuleki okanye inkonzo engafanelekanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibala elingummangalelwa lifakela ityala ngokuchasene ne-staff, ngokusisiseko lijika iitafile. Umzekelo, kwisivumelwano sesivumelwano, ummangalelwa angamgweba ummangalelwa oqhawulwe kuqala.
  • Crosclaim okanye iSipheke sesithathu seKhathelo likhalaza: Ummangalelwa angazisa amaqela awongezelelweyo anokuba noxanduva.

Ukufunyaniswa kwe-Pase

Ukufumanisa okusoloko kuyinxalenye enkulu nebiza imali eninzi yokumangalelwa kwetyala. Bobabini batshintshisana ngenkcazelo nobungqina ukuze balungiselele ukuvavanywa. Izinto ezingundoqo zokufumana izinto ziquka:

  • Izicelo ezibhaliweyo ziphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, eziqheleke kakhulu kwi 25 (umthetho ongokwasemthethweni). Iingingqi zinceda ekucaciseni iindawo nakumangqina.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwakhiwa:[ Umbuzo womlomo wamaqela, amangqina, kunye neengcaphephe eziququzelelwa phantsi kwesifungo, ezibhalwe ngumcholacholi wenkundla. Amagqwetha avumela amagqwetha ukuba avavanye ukunyaniseka kunye nesitshixo sobungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu: Iimfuno zee-imeyili ezifanelekileyo, izivumelwano, iirekhodi zezamayeza, iingxelo zemali, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo ezithi iqela eliphikisanayo limele livume okanye likhanye, licuthe impikiswano.
  • I-Expert Discovery: Kwimeko ezibandakanya ulwazi olukhethekileyo (ubuchule bonyango, injineli), amaqela atyhila amangqina olwazi neengxelo zawo.

Umlinganiselo wokufumana ubanzi kodwa ulinganiselwe ngokokusebenza, ulungelelwano, kunye nelungelo. Iinkundla zingangenelela ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngezicelo ezingafanelekanga. Imiqathango emininzi ekufunyanisweni inokufunyanwa kwimithetho ye- ye-Procedial ye-octive [.

6. Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nolawulo lomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amaqela asenokubhala iinkqubo zokulungisa imiba engokwasemthethweni okanye alahle ngokupheleleyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FT:1] ifayile xa kungekho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo, icela ijaji ukuba ilawule njengombandela womthetho. Ukuba ivunyiwe, akukho luvavanyo lufunekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wokufumana i-Discovery: Ifuna xa iqela lingaziboni izicelo zokufumana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine:[[FT:1] icela inkundla ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile ekucinyweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo zokwalatha: Ukuvavanya ukungabonakali kobungqina obungobuchule.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ingqungquthela yamatyala: Ijaji idibana namagqwetha kwimibandela elandela imiqathango, icwangcise ixesha elimisiweyo, kwaye ikhuthaze ukuhlaziywa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ityala liza kuvavanywa ngamatyala asezibhedlele (ekugwetyweni kuphela), kodwa naliphi na iqela lisenokufuna ityala lejaji ukuze lichazwe ngokusemthethweni (IziHlomelo Zeshumi Elibini). Ityala liyacaciswa ngokweendidi:

  • Ukhetho (Indawo yesandi):[[FTL:1] IAttorney kunye nabagwebi babuza ukuba abalawuli bejaji abanokuba ngabalawuli abagqibekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukungacaluli.
  • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina eliza kubunikela. Ezi asizompikiswano kodwa zijongwa phambi koshicilelo.
  • Umzekelo-ngecala lomntu oqhelekileyo: I-Placttiff inikela ubungqina ngamangqina kunye nemifanekiso. Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo, ukunqamleza, ukubuyisela, kunye nokunqamleza kwakhona.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umzekelo weDefentant: Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bakhe, elandela umlinganiselo ofanayo.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Oqhathayo noMqukumbelo: obunye ubungqina bokuphikisa imicimbi emitsha.
  • Impikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye libongoza abachopheli-tyala okanye ligwebe ukulawula ngokuxhasa kwabo.
  • Imiyalelo esetyenziswayo iJaji ichaza umthetho osebenzayo kubachopheli-tyala.
  • I-Deberation kunye neSigwebo: Ijaji (okanye ijaji) ifikelela kwisigqibo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, umgangatho “kukuqwalasela ubungqina”/_umlinganiselo ongaphezulu kunokungabikho.

8. Isigwebo nomgwebo

Emva kwesigwebo, inkundla yangena esigwetyweni, yaye izigwebo ezisenokuba ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Umonakalo ombaxa: Umonakalo wokuqokelela (ulahleko olufana nemali yezamayeza, umvuzo olahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla), umonakalo jikelele (ubuhlungu nokubandezeleka), kunye nelahleko yesohlwayo (ukusohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiphumlisi esiPhambiliyo: imiyalelo yeNkundla efuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze into (umz., susa inkathazo) okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into (umz., yeka ukusebenzisa uphawu).
  • Umgwebo wokwalatha: Isindululo senkundla samalungelo amaqela ngaphandle kokuyalela inyathelo.
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo: Kumatyala esivumelwano, inkundla inganyanzela iqela lokwaphula ukuba lenze isenzo esivumeleneyo xa umonakalo wemali unganele.

Ukuba ummangalelwa uyaphumelela, ummangalelwa ufumana umgwebo, yaye ityala liyapheliswa ngekhethe (ukuphinda afumane).

9. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva komgwebo, elo qela liphulukana nalo lisenokufuna ukucingisiswa okanye ukuhlolisiswa:

  • Motion for Justice Nayiphi na iVerdict (JNOV): icela ijaji ukuba ibhukuqe isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala ukuba akukho bagwebi abafanelekileyo abanokufikelela kweso sigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kwetyala elitsha: ibhenela iimpazamo ezinjengemiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-tyala, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye igqwetha eliziphethe kakubi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Appel: Iifayile zamaqela ezilahlekileyo zesaziso sesibheno kwinkundla ephezulu, ehlola ingxelo yokuvavanya iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Izibheno azikhange ziphinde zifumaneke; inkundla yezicelo ivavanya ukuba inkundla esezantsi iwusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo umthetho. Iintlanganiso zinganikezela iimpikiswano ezifutshane nezikhoyo zomlomo. Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye ibuye ifumane ityala elitsha, okanye ilungise umgwebo.

Iintlobo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Ukumangalelwa kwabantu kubandakanya iindidi ezininzi zomthetho. Ukuqonda olu hlobo kuyanceda ekuxeleni kwangaphambili inkqubo nemiphumo enokwenzeka.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Ukuncitshiswa kwamatyala esivumelwano kuvela xa omnye umntu engakwazi ukuzalisekisa izithembiso kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo okanye esidluliselwa ngomlomo. Ngokufuthi iDementi iquka ukonakaliswa kwengeniso elahlekileyo, ukusebenza okukhethekileyo, okanye ukubuyiselwa. Imizekelo iquka iimbambano zokuthengiselana ngefa lefa, izivumelwano zemali, kunye nemibandela yesivumelwano sesivumelwano semisebenzi.

Imithetho Yetoti

Iithoyi zezolwaphulo-mthetho ezibangela umonakalo.

  • Ingozi zemoto, utyibiliko nokuwa, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezamayeza.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izixhobo zentelekelelo: Ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukunyelisa, ukumeneza, ubuqhetseba.
  • [[Ukwahlula:0] Ukusebenziseka okungagqibekanga: Imveliso yetyala yeempahla ezinesiphene.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Ungquzulwano olulawulayo, ukungavisisani, izinto ezingalunganga, kunye nemibandela yokuhlahlela iwela phantsi komthetho wempahla. Le meko idla ngokubandakanya izenzo ezizolileyo okanye izicelo zokugxothwa.

Umthetho Wentsapho Ubalulekile

Uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yabantwana, ubukho boburhulumente, nokukhuliswa kwabantwana yimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, nangona amazwe amaninzi aneenkundla ezihlukeneyo zentsapho. La matyala angqale kakhulu kwaye asoloko econjululwa ngoncedo lonxibelelwano.

Iintshukumo

Xa abantu abaninzi bethetha into efanayo ngokuchasene nommangalelwa oqhelekileyo (umz., amayeza anesiphene, ukuqhatha ngeziqinisekiso), isenzo seklasi sivumela omnye ummangalelwa ukuba amele iqela. Isiqinisekiso sifuna ukuba angabi nanto, abe nento efanayo, abe yindlela efanayo, kunye nobuchule bokumela.

Imiphumo Nezigqibo Ezinokufumaneka

Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya akufane kuphele ngesigqibo sokuchophela ityala. Amatyala amaninzi asombulula ngaphambi kwexesha ngokuhlaliswa, ngokugxothwa, okanye ngokugwetywa ngokufutshane. Ukuqonda uludwe lweziphumo kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo.

  • Ubeko: Ngaphezu kwamatyala abemi ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa. Amanyathelo okuzinziswa axoxwa ngokufihlakeleyo, ngokufuthi ngokhupho lwezibhaqo. Amathala anokuvumelana kwimali yexhulum, elungiselelweyo, okanye amanani angeyo-monetary (umz., ukucela uxolo, isivumelwano esingadibaniyo). Ii-Media kunye no-rbittion ziyindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusombulula impikiswano (ADR).
  • Umgwebo Omiselweyo: ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula okanye avele, ummangalelwa angacela ugwebo olumiselweyo, ephumelela ngokuphumeleleyo uphumelele ngaphandle kokhuphiswano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Dismissal Ngaphandle kwekhethe: Ityala liyarhoxiswa kodwa linokubuyiselwa kwakhona (umz., ukuba i-planttiff ayiphumeleli ekukhonzeni inkqubo). Ukususwa kwemivalo yekhethe kuphinde kubonakale.
  • Isiqinisekiso se- se-Plaintiff:[[FT:1] ifumana umonakalo okanye olunye uphumlo. Noko ke, ukuqokelela umgwebo kunokuba lucelomngeni ukuba ummangalelwa uswele izinto okanye i-inshorensi.
  • Isivumelwano sokukhusela: i-Placttiff ayifumani nto kwaye ingaba netyala kwindleko zenkundla yommangalelwa (nangona ingeyiyo intlawulo yegqwetha ngaphandle kokuba imvume okanye isivumelwano sizinika zona).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appeles:[ Isibheno singabuyisela okanye silungise umgwebo, kukhokelela kuvavanyo olutsha okanye ukugxothwa. Izibheno zongeza iinyanga okanye iminyaka kwinkqubo.

Iindleko Nexesha Kwindawo

Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kusenokubiza imali eninzi kwaye kungenisa ixesha. Iindleko ziquka iimali zamagqwetha (ngeeyure okanye ngokufanelekileyo), iindleko zemali zemali yenkundla, iindleko zobungcaphephe, iindleko zobonelelo, iindleko zokongezwa, kunye neendleko zokufumana. Ityala elilula lingabiza ii-R2,50 000 (iii-R3,50 000) kwimirhumo esemthethweni; ukurhweba okuntsonkothileyo kungagqitha i-R4,50 000 000 (izigidi).

Ixesha lokwahluka: amatyala amancinane angagqitywa kwiinyanga; amatyala anzima karhulumente anokuthatha iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihlanu ukusuka ekugqityweni ukuya ekuvavanyeni. Izinto eziquka ukuxinana kwezibuko, ukufunyanwa kwengxelo, ukuhamba, kunye nokuxoxisana. Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziyinyaniso kunceda amaqela avavanye iingenelo zokuchasana nesigqibo esichasene nesinye impikiswano.

Ukuqwalasela okunenkcukacha kwixabiso lemali, funda [[FLT: 0] ICornell Information Institute yophando lweligital'ii-[[FLT: 1].

Enye iNkxaso

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba azame i-ADR phambi kokuvavanywa. I-Mediation ibandakanya ummeli ongathathi-nxaxheba oncedayo ekuthetheni ngokuhlalisana kodwa onganyanzeli sigqibo. I-Arbitry kukuhamba kwabucala apho umququzeleli unikela isidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. I-ADR ingakhawuleza, ingabi naxabiso lini, kwaye ingabikho ngqongqo kunokusetyenziswa kwelixanduva. Noko ke, ulwahlulo lungamisela ukufunyanwa kwanokunikwa umda namalungelo. Xa kusenziwa izivumelwano, qwalasela ukuquka imvume yokuphelisa impikiswano.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zomthetho zamakhaya zintsonkothileyo nezinento ezibandakanyekileyo kubo bonke. Ukusuka kuhlolo-ndlebe lokuqala kunye nokuququzelela ukufunyanwa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka, isigaba ngasinye sifuna ukulungiselela nokuzinzisa izigqibo zobuchule. Ngoxa inkoliso yeemeko ihlala, iqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo ezinokwenzeka, imigwebo enika uncedo, ukugxothwa, kunye nokubhenela ku-"abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa ukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi. Ngokuqonda amanyathelo okuqulunqwa, iintlobo zemiba, kunye nendima yesinye isisombululo, nabantu ngabanye, kunye namashishini anokuyilawula kakuhle inkqubo yezobulungisa kunye nezigqibo ezintle.

Kuvimba ogqibekileyo kwinkqubo yamakhaya, jongana neSiko loMgaqo-siseko wezeeJaji ukwenzela izinto zokufundisa kunye nezikhokelo zolawulo lwetyala.