Ulwalamano phakathi kwemibutho yoluntu namalungelo omgaqo-siseko luyinkqubo esebenzayo nenobuchule obuye badala ubume bemeko yezomthetho waseMelika kangangeenkulungwane. Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko unika isiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye, isoloko iphenjelelwa ngumsebenzi odibeneyo (iziphumo, ukudityaniswa, ukuququzelelwa, uluntu, kunye nezinyuko zotyaniso ezicwangcisiweyo ) ukuze ukufikelela kokwenyaniso kunye nentsingiselo yaloo malungelo avavanywe kwaye anwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela intlukwano zoluntu eziye zaphembelela ngayo ngokwembali nangendlela yokuzinzisa, ukuhlaziselwa komkelo, nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqululiweyo kwemimiselo lwemiqatha eUnited States, ukuqwalasela imizekelo nemisebenzi eqhubekayo.

Imbali Yemibutho Esekuhlaleni

Imibutho yentlalo iye yaphembelela ukwanda kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Kusukela kumbutho wokupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko ukuya kumbutho wabasebenzi, abemi baye baququzelela ukucel ’ umngeni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni neyasekuhlaleni engafuni nkululeko esisiseko. Le migaqo idla ngokusebenza ngaphandle kwemigaqo esesikweni yezobupolitika, ukanti ilolonga ngokunyanzela ulungiso olutsha, iphembelela ukucaciswa kwemigaqo esesikweni, kunye nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yoluntu.

IMbutho yezeNkcukacha neMimiselo yoQonda

Umbutho wokuphelisa wenkulungwane ye-19 wakhokelela ngqo ekumkelweni koMphetho-mva-mda weSindululo soQoqo-mthetho se-18, se-14, nese-15 soHlaziyo (esiye saphelisa ubukhoboka), saqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, saza saphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotelweni. Ezi zindululo zawuguqula ngokusisiseko umGaqo-siseko zaza zabeka isiseko samalungelo abantu alandelayo. Imigudu yabaxhasi abanjengoFrederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne-1960 isengumzekelo onamandla wemibutho yanamhlanje elawula umthetho wentlalo. Ngokuqhubeka nokuqhankqalaza okungenabundlobongela, ubuchule bomthetho, kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke, abaxhasi bachitha isiseko esisemthethweni sikaJim Crow Convertion. Impumelelo yalo mbutho iquka izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomthetho wesizwe owandisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye namalungelo okuvota.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yavakalisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke olungekho semthethweni, ibhukuqa le “mfundiso eyahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” kunye nokuqinisekisa idinga loMphetho-mda we-14.
  • UMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi ka1964 ongekho mthethweni wocalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezihlawulwa ngurhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umthetho wokwenza amaLungelo ka1965 wakwalela ukwenziwa kokhetho localulo, ukuphendula ukungavumelani okuthe jikelele kwamaMelika aseAfrika.

Intshukumo yowiso-mthetho ixhomekeke kwizenzo zombini ezithe ngqo (izithuthi zenkululeko, iitrafiki, iiflags) kunye nelitha elibonisa indlela intsebenziswano ezisebenzisa ngayo izixhathiso ezininzi ukuze kufikelelwe utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Uloyiso lwasemthethweni lwaluphelekwa kukutshintshana kwabantu, nto leyo eyathi yabangela ukuba izigqibo zixhaswe.

Intshukumo Embi Yamabhinqa

Umbutho wamabhinqa owehlisa isidima walwa phantse inkulungwane ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa, ifikelela kwincopho yokwenziwa kwemiqathango yoMthetho we-19 wezolawulo. Lo mbutho wavavanya imigaqo-nkqubo exhaphakileyo yobufana neyomgaqo-siseko eyaye yangawafaki amabhinqa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Iziganeko ezingundoqo ziquka iNgqungquthela yeSeneca Falls (1848), i-aclivism kaSusan B. Anthony noEliza no-Elizabeth Cady Stanton, kunye nephondo lombuso-oomasipala elakha ingcinezelo yezenzo zolawulo. ISinyuselo se-19 sisaqhubeka singu isivumelwano sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko xa imiqathango okanye imiqathango yezo yezo yezomthetho iviyo

IQumrhu Labasebenzi Namalungelo Ezoqoqosho

Nangona isoloko ingahoywa kwiingxelo zomgaqo-siseko, umbutho wabasebenzi waphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 walwela amalungelo abasebenzi okulungiselela, ukudityaniswa, nokubetha kunye/ukuqiqa-ukubekwa phantsi kweSigqibo Sokuqala nemigaqo efunekayo. Lo mbutho wakhokelela kuMthetho weNational Labor Relations ka-1935 kwaye waphembelela izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Stel Corp.[[FL:1] [1977], oxhasa ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko wokukhusela umsebenzi phantsi koLawulo lwe-Clast Claus.

Imisebenzi yale mihla yentlalo kunye nempembelelo yayo yomGaqo-siseko

Imibutho yakutshanje iyaqhubeka inyanzela imida yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, isoloko igxininisa kwimibandela abasebenzi benkqubo abangayilindelanga, njengobuhlanga, ubuni, ukukhubazeka, kunye nokuzimela kwamanani. Le ntshukumo isebenza kumgaqo-siseko otshintshiweyo kodwa ihlala ibalulekile kwindaleko yomthetho womgaqo-siseko oqhubekayo.

Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile Nokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

IBlack Lives Matter, eyafumana uphando lwesizwe emva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown eFruson, eMissouri, yaza yaqhubeka yaqina emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020, iye yaphinda yabangela iimfuno zotshintsho lwamapolisa kunye nobulungisa bobuhlanga. Le nkqubo iye yaphembelela utshintsho lwenkqubo kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukuvalwa kolawulo lwezithintelo, iimfuno zekhamera zomzimba, kunye neebhodi zolawulo lwabaphathi-majoni. Ngelixa iziphumo zayo ezithe ngqo zomgaqo-siseko zisekwaphucutha, umbutho uye wabangela imingeni esemthethweni phantsi kwe-Credibene kunye neMithetho elungele ukuma ngeenjongo ezigqithisileyo, kwaye ikhuthaza umthetho womthetho karhulumente ofana nowenziwe kwimithetho ye-Chosalvi. Intshukumo ebalasemswokuqala kwiSinyuselo sokuKhuselwa kolawulo, njengoko kungenelwa kobundlongo lwasekunene nokuvuzwa kwamaqela.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Ukusuka ku Stonewall ukuya kuObergefell

I-LGBTQ+ amalungelo aye aphumelela uloyiso oluphawulekayo lomgaqo-siseko ngokudibanisa ukuhlaziywa, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yesizwe, ukutshintshwa kwezithethe. Ukuqala ngezibheno zamatye ohlahlo lowe-1969 nokuqhubeka kwamatyala kaGawulayo namaphulo okulingana komtshato, umbutho uye wayiguqula indlela iinkundla eziyiqonda ngayo inkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo phantsi koMmiselo we-14.

  • [[NTL: 0] Lwrence v. Texas (2003) yabetha phantsi imithetho yesodoma, iqonda ukuba ihambo esondeleyo enxulumeneyo ikhuselwe yinkqubo ka Claus.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yaseka ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko kumtshato olinganayo kwilizwe lonke, iseka isigqibo kwinkqubo yomcimbi ofanelekileyo kunye nemigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela.
  • UMthetho [[UMTHETHO: 0] Wobungalingani, odlula kwindlu amaxesha amaninzi kodwa ongekabi ngumthetho, uzakunikezela ukhuseleko olubanzi lwamazwe olubhekiselele kwimbonakalo yesondo nakwisini.

Le nkqubo yakwaphumelela ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko phantsi kweSihloko VII kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kubock v. Clayton County [2020], eyayikholelwa ukuba ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye umgangatho wokuguqula i-transder lulucalulo lwesini. Esi sigqibo sibonisa indlela intsebenziswano enokuba nempembelelo ngayo esemthethweni naxa kungekho mthetho, ngokuyila ukucaciswa kwemithetho ekhoyo.

Iqela lamalungelo angaqhelekanga neADA

Umbutho wamalungelo okukhubazeka wavela ngo-1970 nangoo1980, ophumela kwiMelika enemithetho yokukhubazeka (ADA) ka-1990, elwalela ucalucalulo ngokuchasene nabantu abakhubazekileyo emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nakwindawo zokuhlala. Nangona ingeyonkqubo yokulungisa i-ADA isekelwe kuMphetho-we-14 weSimemezelo soMphetho ne-Umthetho woKhuselo kaNophuhliso lweNyaka, kunye ne-ADADACIA ikhokelele iinkundla ezibhekileyo ezijongenelucalucalu-calucalulo olusekelwe ekuphulweni kwamalungelo abantu abaneziququlukileyo.

Okusesikweni Kwemeko - bume Namalungelo Okuhlala Kwimeko - bume Entle

Umbutho osandayo wezentlalo ugxininisa kubulungisa bokusingqongileyo, ukunxulumanisa ukuwohloka kwemekobume namalungelo abantu. I-Actigons iphikisa ngelithi ungcoliso, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamatyala okungalinganiyo kuyingozi kuluntu olucekelwe phantsi, lungavumelani nokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Ngoxa iinkundla bezimathidala ukuqaphela ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni lokusingqongileyo, umbutho uye waphembelela ukulawulwa kwemithetho-siseko yemekobume, ngokuncinane kweendawo zikarhulumente /ade 10 zamazwe ngoku anokutshintsha amalungelo okusingqongileyo. Ityala eliphawulekayo lesizwe, v. United States (ifayili ngo 2015), ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente ekutshintsheni kwemeko yemozulu, inkululeko nempahla. Nangona ithe yathiwe yakuba ityala, ityala imo embutho yemigqele yolungeleniso.

Indima Yecudia

Imisebenzi yejaji njengemngxumi ebalulekileyo phakathi kwemibutho yoluntu kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zitolika umGaqo-siseko ngokuphendula imingeni ebangelwa ngabaxhasi bomthetho, kwaye abagwebi basoloko beqwalasela imigaqo egqwethekileyo yezentlalo. Noko ke, le nkqubo ikude kakhulu kwizigqibo ezilandelelanayo ./isigqibo somthetho sisenokukhawulezisa okanye sithintele usukelo, kwaye ukuqanjwa kweenkundla kusenokutshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ityala lophawu lwelizwe eliqhutywa zintshukumo

Inkoliso yezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ngumphumo ongqalileyo wemibutho yasekuhlaleni eyazisa amatyala ngokufanelekileyo. La matyala awamiselanga nje isithethe esisemthethweni kodwa akwakhuthaza ukuthabatha amanyathelo angakumbi.

  • .Isigqibo sakutshanje [[FLT] v. [773] saveliswa ngumbutho wamalungelo abesifazane wendlela yokuzimela, ekwamkeleni ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela, phantsi kolawulo lwe 14th Amendment. Isigqibo sakutshanje Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], esibonisa ukuba imibutho yasekuhlaleni iyakwazi ukuqhuba ukuthoba kwamalungelo .
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (63) wamisela ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zetyala, emva kweminyaka yokungagunyaziswa kwamaqela afana neSivumelwano soluntu saseMelika kunye nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke abaphikisa ukuba uLawulo lwesithandathu lufuna amagqwetha ukunikezela kubamangalelwa abagwebi.
  • ICIIzen ezimanyeneyo v. FEC (2010) yabunjwa yintsebenziswano yemibutho ebambelele kwimithetho elawulayo yokusetyenziswa kwephulo, inika imibutho kunye nemibutho ilungelo lokuchitha iinkcitho ezingenasiphelo kwintetho yezopolitiko phantsi koMphetho-mva-mva.

Indima yejaji asingomsebenzi ophantsi; izigwebo ziphenjelelwa yimibutho yentlalo ebanzi, imiqathango emifutshane ebekwe imibutho yengingqi, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwenkundla ephikisayo kuthetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha intsebenziswano ziphumelele iimpumelelo zokugweba naxa zingenankxaso yemithetho-mthetho.

Ucelomngeni Nokuchaswa Yibhench

Umzekelo, intsebenziswano yentlalo isoloko ijongene nokuchasana kwezomthetho. Imithetho ye-20 yenkulungwane yabethwa phantsi njengengquzulwano engekho semthethweni kwinkululeko yesivumelwano (umz., [[FLT: 0]] iLechochner v. New York[, 1905]). Imposiso yezomthetho iphumelele ekuthinteleni ukufikelela koMthetho we-Voling Rights (umz. [[FLT:]] Iphondo le-Shookthi. [i-Rightkt]. Hanger, 2013, eyathi yandisa i-precrateance game) kunye nokuyelela inyathelo lokuyekelela ([FLD:]

Ukudibana Kweentshukumo Nomthetho

Ngoxa imibutho yoluntu isoloko iphethukela kwiinkundla, ikwakhuthaza utshintsho lwemithetho olusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko. Ulwalamano phakathi kwemibutho neNgqungquthela luntsokothile, kodwa inkqubela yemibutho enxulumene nokukhuthaza, imicimbi yezobupolitika evotiweyo, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

Uphumelele Okusemthethweni Okuvela Kwiziko

  • I Umthetho wonyaka ka1965 waba ngumphumo othe ngqo weSelma ukuya kuhambo lweMontgomery kunye nokwenza umkhosi kaMartin Luther King Jr. kunye nezinye.
  • I-Melika ephethe uMthetho weNkcitho (1990) yagqithiswa emva kokuba igqitywe kakhulu ngabaxhasi bamalungelo esiphene, kuquka ukuqhankqalaza kukaCapitol Crawl apho iidemon zashiya izitulo zabo ezinamavili ukuze zizirhuqele amanyathelo eCapitol.
  • I Ugonyamelo oluchasene namabhinqa (umthetho we1994) lwabunjwa ngumbutho wamalungelo abesifazane ngenxa yokuvuma ugonyamelo lwasekhaya nokuhlasela ngokwesini njengokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Le mithetho inikela intsingiselo ecacileyo kwisiqinisekiso somgaqo - siseko esingacacanga, ibonisa ukuba imibutho yoluntu ibalulekile ekuguquleni amalungelo asuka kwisikhumba ukuze asetyenziswe.

Amatyala angokwexesha elizayo kunye nekamva lamaLungelo omGaqo-siseko

Xa kuvela izisongelo nokungalingani, intsebenziswano yoluntu iza kuqhubeka ivavanya imida yomGaqo-siseko. Imimandla emininzi ngoku iphambili kule ndaleko.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Ukwanda kophando lwamanani kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kuvulele umbutho wamalungelo obuqu. ICarcenter v. United States (2017]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo yogcino-lwazi lwecell, ukwandisa uKhuselo lweSine Lomthetho-Mthethweni kummandla wamanani. Imibutho efana ne-Electronic From Foundation iyaqhubeka ixhasa ukukhusela okunamandla okuzimela, kuquka umthetho ofana ne American Dataal Accounting and Protection Act, eya kufaka imigaqo yemithetho esemthethweni emalunga nokuqokelelwa kogcino-data nokusetyenziswa.

Ukubonelela Ngamalungelo Emva Kwephondo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2013 Selby County v. UHoder wasusa imfuneko ecacileyo yoorhulumente ngembali yemithetho yokuvota esemthethweni, ikhokelela kwisamkelo somthetho wokuvota ongqongqo. Ngokuphendula, kuphumele umbutho omtsha wamalungelo okuvota, unyanzelela ukubuyiselwa komthetho weVoting Rights ngokuhambelana nomthetho kaJohn Lewing Vocting Regres Adment Act kunye nenkululeko yoMgaqo-wo-wodwa weSikolo. Lo mbutho ukwagxininisa kumthetho wesizwe, inyathelo okucela ukuvota, ibhola, kunye nokuvota, kunye nokurhoxiswa phantsi komthetho wesizwe.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho NomGaqo-siseko

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungakuchazi ngokungqalileyo ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, imibutho ekhuthaza ukuhlawulwa kwemali ephilayo, irhafu, kunye nokugcinwa kwempilo yehlabathi lonke iphikisa ngelithi ukungalingani okugqithisileyo kunciphisa inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nekhusi elingalinganiyo. Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi injongo yantlandlolo ye-14 iquka ukukhusela amalungelo ezoqoqosho, nangona iinkundla zingavumi ukuvuma amalungelo afanelekileyo entlalo-ntle. Noko ke, imibutho yasekuhlaleni exhasa ukuqeshwa kwerhafu, ukwanda komvuzo, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwetyala kwabafundi kuyaqhubeka kuvavanyaniswa kwemiqathango yendlela yokutolika.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokusesikweni Kwesizukulwana Esineemvelaphi Ezingafaniyo

Abaxhasi abaselula baye bafaka ityala kwilishwa lokuba ukusilela kukarhulumente ukuthabatha inyathelo kwinguqulelo yemozulu kuhlawulisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko phantsi kwe-Adtic Processom Clause kunye nemfundiso yoluntu ethembekileyo. Ngoxa ityala lika-Juliana lirhoxisiwe, ukuhlaziywa okufanayo kuyaqhubeka kumgangatho wesizwe. Lo mbutho ekugqibeleni ungaphumelela ekumiseleni ukuba umGaqo-siseko uthetha ilungelo kwimozulu emileyo, ingakumbi njengoko ubungqina benzululwazi busanda kwaye uthe bhenela phambili.

Isiphelo

Intsebenziswano yentlalo iye yasoloko ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwindaleko yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko eUnited States. Ukusukela kwabaphelisi ukuya kumagunya amanani okuzimela, le ntshukumo iye yavavanya ukuma kobume, yakhuthaza izigqibo zomthetho, yaqhubela phambili iinguqu zemithetho ezinika ubomi kwizithembiso zomGaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ayisoloko ihambela phambili ``````ukususwa''''' kusenoko kunokuthi kwakhona kukhokelele ekulungiseni'''izenzo zamanani azimeleyo, kodwa ukudibaniselwana ngamandla phakathi kwezenzo zobucala kunye nokuchazwa komgaqo-siseko kuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu olusekiweyo luhlala luhleli luphila, lukhuphikiswana umngeniselo wezomthetho. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha, indima yentlalo yokhuseleko nokwandisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko ihlala ibalulekile njengakuqala.