Isiseko somGaqo-siseko Senkululeko Yabemi

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ingakumbi ngoMgaqo-siseko waMalungelo kunye noMphengululo weshumi elinesine, umisela inkqubo yenkululeko yabemi. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa ukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, neyesibongozo. UMthetho Wesine WesiHendezelo ukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mbuso unokuphazamisa nabani na umntu ophilayo, inkululeko, okanye ipropati engekho mgaqo ofanelekileyo. Lo mGaqo-siseko unika isizinziso sokuzikhusela nokuzikhusela nxamnye nokuzikhusela.

Inkululeko yamakhaya yahlukile kumalungelo abantu: inkululeko ikhuselwe ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente, ngoxa amalungelo esoloko efuna ukuthathwa kwenyathelo likarhulumente lokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Zombini ezi ntlobo ziye zavela ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho, umthetho, nangemibutho yentlalo. Ukuqonda esi siseko kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba amatyala achazwe ngezantsi athwale ubunzima obunjalo kumthetho waseMerika.

Iimeko Zophawu Ezabangela Ukuba Abantu BaseMerika Bakhululwe

La matyala alandelayo abonisa amaxesha anzima ekuphuhlisweni komthetho wenkululeko yabemi.

Schenck v. waseUnited States (1919)

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uCharles Schenkck wasasaza amaphecana akhuthaza ukuchasa umkhosi, ekhokelela kwityala phantsi koMthetho weEspionage ka1917. Inkundla Ephakamileyo, ingqinelane neJaji uSikhulu uMondella Holmes Jr., yaxhasa ukuqiniseka kwaye yaseka "uvavanyo olucacileyo nolukhoyo". UHolmes wachaza ukuba intetho ingathintelwa ukuba inokuba ibeka isisongelo esinzulu kukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye kulungelelwano lukawonke wonke, ingazange ibala libonakale ukuba ukukhwaza kwe-"File" kwiholo exineneyo ayikhuselwanga. Eli tyala lihlala lilityele lokuqonda imidaba yokuzinziswa kwenkululeko ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe. Iimeko ezinje zinjalo, njenge vBranç, zicoliswe ukufuna ukusondela kwesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa u-Scheck umgangatho wokuqala akamiselangalunyukisiwe.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi esona sigqibo sidumileyo samalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika, Brown v. Board of Education yaphelisa ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye ukuba amaziko emfundo awahlukeneyo awalingani, aphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Clausso lwe-1449th Amend Amendment. Esi sigqibo sayiguqulayo "iiimfundiso kodwa iyalingana" esungulwe kwiPlessy v. Ferguson (1996). ISikhulu seSigwebi somthetho uEarl Warren sabhala ukuba i-evo lokuthoba libangela ukuthoba okuthiwe yintyeleleko yokuba intshukumisa umntwana ukuba afunde. ISibo esilawula amaqela afundisayo sasekuhlaleni sasekuhlaleni, sarhobo sokunika amaqela esazi ngemfundo yemfundo yemfundo equlukileyo.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda wabanjwa ngenxa yokuqweqwediswa nokudlwengulwa, yaye emva kweeyure ezimbini zokuncinwa, watyobela ukuvunywa kwetyala ngaphandle kokuxelelwa ngelungelo lakhe lokukhalipha okanye ilungelo lakhe lokuhlala ethulile. INkundla Ephakamileyo, kwisigqibo esizii-5-4, yawisa umthetho wokuba ukuncinwa kwesohlwayo kufuna ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho efuna ukunyanzeliswa kwelungelo lamalungelo eSigqibo sokuGqibela iSihlanu ngokuchasene nokuzithethelela nokuzithethelela nokuncina kwe-mthetho, yaye ityala elixhobisayo ngoku limele inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo yezohlwaya yezomthetho, nto leyo emele ikhuselwe ukukhusela amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho xa isithi i-Mirna ithelekele ityala.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Eli tyala lavuma ukuba kuqukwa ilungelo elingokomGaqo-siseko lobucala elibandakanya isigqibo somfazi sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. Inkundla Ephakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu-7-2, yathi i-Unit Procession Claus yeSinyuso se-145th Communite ikhusela ukhetho lwebhinqa, nangona ilungelo lingenako ngokupheleleyo kwaye limele lilungelelaniswe kwimfuno yezombuso kwimpilo kamama kunye nobomi obunokwenzeka. Uluvo loMphathi-mthetho uHarry Blackmun lwamisela ubuchule obuncinane: ngexesha lobethwali eliphakathi komtyalo wokuqala, alunakukuthintela ukuqhomfa; ebudeni belityekelo lwesibini, banokulawula ukukhusela impilo kamama; yaye ebudeni besithathu, banokuthintela okanye bathintele ukuqholoza kobomi bomntwana. Ngokuchasene nokuqonda okuthe kokugqibela komthetho. Ngokungaphazaliswa komthetho, umgaqo-mthetho othe .

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon waqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iitepi ezirekhodiweyo kunye namaphepha abhalwe ngumtshutshisi okhethekileyo uLeon Jaworski. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba uMongameli umele avumelane ne-subpoena, angavumi ukuba athethe ngokugqibeleleyo. IJaji enkulu uWarren Burger yabhala ukuba imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamandla okanye imfuneko yokufihla imfihlo ayinakuthethelela ilungelo elifanelekileyo lomongameli ngokuphengulula ikomiti. Le sigqibo sanyanzela uNixon ukuba akhulule iikhase, nto leyo eyathisela igalelo lwakhe kwibhaqo lomthetho osisigqugqisileyo yaza phambili kwaye yakhokelela ekulahlweni kwakhe. Ityala labonisa ukuba umongameli akathanga ngaphezu komthetho nelo gunya, ngoxa imele inikwe ngokusemthethweni, imele inikwe kwiimfuno zenkqubo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Gideon wabekwa ityala lokuqhekeza igumbi lokuhlala eFlorida. Engakwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, wacela ukuba inkundla imisele enye yakhe, kodwa umthetho karhulumente unikeze icebiso kuphela kumatyala angokomnqamlezo. UGidiyon wazimela kwaye wabanjwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana. Yajika ityala, ibambe ukuba ilungelo leSindululo seSithandathu soMphengululo linelungelo elibalulekileyo elisebenzayo kumazwe akwiSinyusombululo seshumi elinesine. IJajiki Blabhule-Black yabhala ukuba "ameli kwiinkundla zetyala zolwaphulo-mthetho ziyimfuneko, hayi ubunewunewu bobunewunewuzelelo. UGidiyon yafuna ukuba anikeze amagqwetha amacala akwityala angoonogalelo-mthetho, kamva landiswe ngokungekho mthethweni abathwali betyala elifanelekileyo kwi-Argergererner v. Hamlin2.

ISithili seTinker .Des Moines Independent School Community (1969)

NgoDisemba 1965, abafundi abathathu, uJohn Tinker, uMary Beth Tinker, kunye noChristopher Eckhardt-wore iintonga ezimnyama zesikolo ukuze baqhayise imfazwe yaseVietnam. Abaphathi besikolo babaxhome, bacaphula ukuphazamiseka. INkundla Ephakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu-7-2, yagqiba kwelokuba abafundi ‘ abawayeki amalungelo abo asemthethweni enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo. Inkundla yaba nemeko yokuba ingalo lengalo yayiyiyohlobo lokuthetha olufuzisela ukukhuselwa yiSinyuko Sokuqala, kwaye abaphathi besikolo abanakukwazi ukubeka imiqathango ngaphandle kokuba iphazamisana nemisebenzi yesikolo. I-Tinkerker yaseka ukuba umfundi afumane ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo, nangona kamva kungenxa yeSikolo se-Hasselwoodcood. Kuith (1988) kunye ne-MorseFrederick (200) abanokukhuselwa ityala elishwa ngezo zithenjiso.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yala Matyala Kuluntu LwaseMerika

Isiphumo esinyukayo solu lawulo ludlulela ngaphaya kwezibakala ezikhethekileyo zetyala ngalinye. Ziye zayila umgaqo-siseko kwimimandla emininzi enzima. Okokuqala, ziye zamisela imigaqo esemthethweni ekhusela abantu ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukusuka kwizilumkiso eziya kulungelo lokunika icebiso. Okwesibini, zichazi uhlahlelo lwenkululeko, zivumela impikiswano eqinileyo ngoxa zivuma imida esemthethweni esekelwe kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakulungelelwano lukawonke wonke. Okwesithathu, ziye zaphuhlisa ukulingana kohlanga ngokugatya i-lonke nangokuqinisekisa ummiselo olinganayo wokukhusela phantsi komthetho. Okwesine, ziye zachaza ubukhulu bamalungelo emfihlo, ingakumbi ekwenzeni izigqibo zokuvelisa inzala, njengoko loo malungelo eqhubeka eguqukayo.

La matyala akwabonisa ukutshintsha kwendlela yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Ingqiqo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo itshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha ekuphenduleni utshintsho lwentlalo, ubuchule bomthetho, kunye nokutshintsha kwentanda-bulumko egwebayo. Umzekelo, "uvavanyo olucacileyo kunye nolukhoyo" olusuka kuSchencck kamva lwathathelwa indawo ngu "umgangatho othe ngqo wokungathobeli umthetho" kwiBrandenburg v. Ohio, ebonisa indlela yokuzikhusela engakumbi yokuthetha. Ngokunjalo, ulungelelwaniso oluncinane eRoe lwagxekwa ngenxa yokuqina kwalo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kumgangatho wokusebenza kakuhle eKlated Parenty v. Casebreaced kunye nokutshintsha kwexesha lokuphuma kwe-Dobs. Le ndaleko ibonisa ukuba inkululeko yesizwe ayihambelangangqinelanga ndawo; ngokunjalo, iyaphinda ihamba ngomthetho, umthetho, kunye nentetho kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke

Imvelaphi Eqhubekayo Yenkululeko Yamakhaya

Iingxoxo ezingenkululeko yabemi ezisoloko zisekelwe kubugcisa obuvelayo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye ne-media yamajelo entlalo. Iingxoxo ezifana nokuhlola urhulumente phantsi koMthetho wePatriot, ukukhowudwa kwamagama kunye namalungelo obuqu, kunye nomthetho wokuthetha ngekhompyutha zinika ucelomngeni olutsha olufuna ukucaciswa ngokubhekele phaya kwezomthetho. Iimeko ezifana neCarplanter v. United States (2088), ezithi zikholelwa ukuba urhulumente usoloko efuna imvume yokufumana ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yecell phone, ibonisa indlela iinkundla eziyitshintsha ngayo imigaqo yeSine sokuHlambulula Iindlela-Prometers kwiimeko zoluvo. Ngokufanayo, iimpikiswano ngentetho ekhuthaza inkcukume, ukurhoxabana nokulinganisela komlinganiselo ophakathi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemiqatha yendlela yokuthetha ngenkululeko yomntu kwi-Interne.

Unyuso, amalungelo okuvota, kunye neLGBTQ+ ukulingana kusekho nako kuhlala kuphambili kwisigqibo senkululeko yabemi. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eObergefell v. Hodges (2015) savunywa ukuba umtshato-wokunye nowesondo-mgaqo-siseko wamkeleka kwangamalungelo afanayo, ngelixa iBostock v. Clayton County (202020) yandisa ukukhuselwa kwemisebenzi ngokukhetheka kuLGBTQ+ abasebenzi. Ukulungisa amatyala amalungelo afana ne-Shelby County v. Raker (203) kunye neKomiti yesizwe ye-Dermocracratic (2021) ngokuphawulekayo iguqule umthetho wamaLungelo. Ezi ziganeko ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuchaza nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi, kunye nokujongana kwesizukulwana ngasinye ngokujongana kwenkululeko yoluntu nolawulo lorhulumente.

Ukufundisa Ukukhululeka Kwabemi Eklasini

Kubafundisi-mfundo, ukufundisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kufuna indlela elungeleleneyo egxininisa imbali kunye nokubaluleka kwala matyala. Uqeqesho olunempumelelo lunceda abafundi baqonde ukuba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akayonjongo nje engaqhelekanga kodwa akhusela ngendlela ebonakalayo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Amaqhinga alandelayo anokubenza baqinise ukuganana nokuqonda abafundi.

Okokuqala, dibanisa amatyala kunye nezixhobo ezisisiseko, ezifana neembono zenkundla kunye neengxoxo ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, ukunceda abafundi bahlolisise ukuqiqa okusemthethweni. Iprojekthi ye- inika ushicilelo oluvakalayo olufumanekayo kunye nezishwankathelo zamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo. Okwesibini, sebenzisani imigaqo yemiqathango kunye nemigaqo yenkundla engundoqo ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise imigaqo esemthethweni kwiimeko ezintsha. Umzekelo, abafundi banokuphikisana enoba isikolo sinokohlwaya umfundi kwimiqathango yemiba yezentlalo ekhutshelwe ngaphandle kwesikolo, ukushwankamla kwemibatho ye-ndaba, ukushwampuza kwetyala lika-Tinker kunye nemibambo kamva. Okwesithathu, nxibelelana izigwebo zembali kwiziganeko zangoku. Ukuxoxa ngemiqathango yoluntu oluhlala uluntu, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho woluntu, imigaqo-mthetho yezentlalo, kunye nezo zoluntu, i-United States isebenza kwimicimbi yoluntu, iUnited States isebenza kwimistfo okanye indlela elungelelaniso yezo

I-[[NTL:0] IQumrhu loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko linika ithala leencwadi elibanzi leembono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye noovimba bomGaqo-siseko abalungele ukusetyenziswa kweklasi. Ngokudibanisa, i-jaji yemfundo yengingqi yezemfundo yequmrhu lesizwe [ inika izicwangciso zesifundo kunye nezixhobo zokufundisa ngenkundla. Ezi zixhobo zinganceda abafundisi bakhe ulwakhiwo lwezifundo olungqongqo nolufikelelekayo.

Ekugqibeleni, khuthaza abafundi ukuba babe nengxoxo ehloniphekileyo malunga nokuthengiselana okubangelwa yinkululeko yabemi. Umzekelo, uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nelungelo lobuqu, luxhathisa iimpendulo ezilula. Ngokuxakeka zezi zinto zintsonkothileyo, abafundi bavelisa ubuchule bokucinga obunengqiqo kunye noxabiso olunzulu kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda amatyala angundoqo abumba umthetho waseMelika akuyo nje imithambo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo.

Isiphelo

Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo ahlolwa kweli nqaku amela incopho ebalulekileyo kuhambo oluqhubekayo lokuchaza nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi eUnited States. Ukusuka kuScheck'''''''' nokuzicingela ngengozi ekhoyo" kuGidiyon ukuqinisekisa ngesiluleko, ukusuka ekulahlweni kukaBrown ukuvalwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha kwabafundi, isigqibo ngasinye sifak ’ isandla kwisakhiwo esisemthethweni esilungelelanisa inkululeko negunya likarhulumente loluntu. Le meko isikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afuna ukukhuselwa nokukhuselwa okusebenzayo. Njengoko imingeni emitsha ivela kwinguqulelo yezobugcisa, kunye nokutshintsha kwezi migaqo yezobupolitika, imigaqo yemithetho emiselwe kule mithetho iza kuqhubeka ikhokelwa zinkundla, imimiselo, imimiselo-mthetho, kunye nabemi. Kubafundi kunye nabafundi kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo, abafunda ezi meko aziqheliselwayo kwimbali zezomthetho zelizwe kwaye basebenzisa idemokhrasi.

Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yabemi kuxhomekeke kumntu onolwazi nothembisene. Ngokufunda kwixesha elidluleyo, sizixhobisa ukuba siphendule imibuzo yenkululeko yabemi yexesha elizayo, siqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko siseyinto ephilayo kubo bonke.