Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi Namankululeko

Ingcamango yamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko eUnited States isekelwe kumaxwebhu asungulweyo esizwe, ukanti iye yaba yindawo yokulwa nokutolika okuqhubekayo. ISikhuseli samalungelo ibhekisela kukhuseleko olusemthethweni olusekelwe kwiempawu ezifana nohlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye isiphene, ngelixa inkululeko engundoqo ikhuselwa nguBhili wamaLungelo, unqulo, indibano, kunye nelungelo lokuzingcamlathiso phakathi kwezi ngcamango zimbi ezimbini ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela umthetho ozikhusela ngayo ngexesha eliphakathi kobuhlanga.

UMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo ekuqaleni wawunezinto ezimbalwa ezicacileyo zokukhusela amalungelo abantu. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngo1791, yongeza iinguquko ezilishumi ezikhusela abemi kurhulumente ekuphathweni. Noko ke, ezi zithintelo zasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wezwe, hayi kumarejistamendi `isithuba esingavalwanga ngokupheleleyo de inkulungwane yama-20 idlule imfundiso yokuqukunjelwa kweSindululo se 145. [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [[FLT: 1] [18] [18]) [18] u-Clausced Claus noMkhithi othekileyo wenkqubo e-Balukileyo, eyaba yi-enjini yokukhuliswa kwamalungelo abantu. Kodwa, isithembiso sale `i-Genearcomsting [12]

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wangoku woo1950 kunye noweminyaka yee1960 waguqula ngokusisiseko ummandla osemthethweni. Umthetho welizwe wophawu onjengoMthetho we-Civil Amalungelo ombuso ka-1942 kunye nomthetho we- wokwahlula amalungelo ombuso osusiweyo ka-1965] nowe-1950 wocalucalulo lwemeko kwiendawo zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye novota. Le mithetho, idityaniswe nemiyalelo yemithetho yezolawulo nemithetho yenkundla, yadala isakhiwo esalandelayo imibutho yamalungelo amabhinqa, ukukhubazeka, LGBT++ + amalungelo, kunye namanye . Ucalucalucalulo olunzulu lwembali, [FLT:]

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nesithintelo Sangaphambili

Izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi ezimiselwe inkululeko engundoqo: ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yonqulo, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphangweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, namalungelo omtyholi. Noko ke, la malungelo asungulwa njengeechelo kumandla orhulumente. Iingcaciso zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yesibini, umzekelo, iye yatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo, njengoko kuboniwe ku [[FLT: 0] [FLT]] [[1]] i-Pirlateoder ye Columbia v. [[FLT:] [2008] [2008] [FLT], eqonda ukuba nelungelo lokuba nezixhobo zokuzilwa kwemipulmfo. Ngokufanayo, ukhuseleko olukhululekileyo luvavanywe kulwazi lwezorhwebo olusuka kwezezorhwebo. [FFFFFG:] [5]

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu

Iintsika ezintathu zomthetho wamalungelo abantu ziphawulwe njengenguqu:

  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka1942: Isihloko II salela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke; isiHloko VII saluphelisa ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi esekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Oku kwadala kwakhona i-Auncility Proclation Obportunity Commission (EOC) ukunyanzela ukukhusela umsebenzi.
  • Umthetho wokuvota wamalungelo onyaka wama-65: Lo mthetho wokuphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, irhafu yovolo, kunye neminye imiqobo esetyenziselwa ukususa i-Efrantine blackvota. Icandelo 5 lifuna amagunya nembali yocalulo "preplace" naluphi na utshintsho lokuvota norhulumente wezwe/ilungiselelo elikhutshwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FLT][FLT]] Shelby County v. Raker[FLT: 4.] Icandelo elifuna amagunya aquka imbali yocalucalulo kurhulumente (2017:5]). [FLT:] olulawula impikiswano emalunga nemithetho yokuvota kunye ne-gerdering.
  • Umthetho weFair Homes ka-1968: ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo ekucaluni ucalulo, ukuqeshisa, nokuxhasa indlu. Emva koko iintlawulo zongezelele ukhuseleko kwiintsapho kunye nabantwana nabantu abaneziphene.

Le mithetho yayingeyonto ezenzekelayo. Inyanzelisa ukuba kufuneke ukuba kwenziwe ingcebiso eqhubekayo, imingeni yenkundla, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. AU umsebenzi we-ACLU kubulungisa bobuhlanga [ ibonisa indlela ingqwalaselo eqhubekeka ngayo ukomeleza le mimiselo.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaba likhaka kunye nekrele kumalungelo nenkululeko yabemi. Izigqibo zayo ziye zandisa amalungelo kwezinye izihlandlo kwaye zawafumana kwamanye amatyala. Ukuqonda amatyala angundoqo kunika imaphu yembali engokwasemthethweni yaseMerika.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

  • [FLT][FLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] : Ngethutyana yabetha phantsi “kokulinganayo kodwa” imfundo, ibhukuqa [ Plubs v. Ferguson. Lo mba ubonise amandla obungqina benzululwazi yentlalo (“uvavanyo olupheleleyo”) ukutshintsha utoliko lwesiseko. Ukuchasana okulandelayo (kuquka“impikisana-massss''''" kwi South/Chow isalathi yenkundla kuphela ayinakuqinisekisa utshintsho kwintlalo yentlalo.
  • [[NTLT:0] . [1973]] : Yaliqonda ilungelo lomfazi lokuqhomfa phantsi kwe 145 Demetrition. Emva kweminyaka engama-50, yajijwa [[FLT:][FLT]][5].
  • owell v. Hodges (2015) : Umtshato owiswe ngokwasemthethweni-kunye kwilizwe lonke, ubambe ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo ekhuselwe yi-'Act Project" ne-----Moniment Clausss. Umzekelo owakhiwe ku- United States v. Windsor, eyathintela ukhuselo loMgaqo womtshato njengendlela yomtshato phakathi komntu nomfazi.
  • Shelby County v. Umbalo [2013] : Yawasebenzisa amasebe okugquma asetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo efunekayo ngaphambi kwegama phantsi koMthetho weVoting Rights Act. Oku kwakhokelela kwiliza lemiqathango yokuvota entsha kumazwe angaphambili agqunyiweyo, ibalase umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokufumana ivota.

Ezinye izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ziquka Genon v. Wainwright (1963) (ilungelo lokucebisa), [[FLT:][FLT][5]] [FLT]][FULT]][[FLT]]][FOLD [ [196] [[6][6][6][6] [[6] [iiiiindlela] (ikungaphakade ukuhlala buthule), [[FLT:][8][FLT][9][9]][FLT] v [197] [iiiiiijista yomthetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho wokwe-mthetho womthetho othengezelelweyo] [iiiiindlela] [indlela yokwahlukeneyo] [inani eliqhelekileyo] [iii, iNkhlu]

Iimbambano Zangoku Kumalungelo Abemi Nakumankululeko

Nangona umgaqo-siseko wokulingana uye wanda ngokuphawulekayo, imingeni yangoku ibonisa ukuba olu ngquzulwano alusekho. Iimbambano zokuhlaziywa kwamapolisa, amalungelo okuvota, amalungelo okukhuphela umkhosi, nokuchaza amalungelo akhululekileyo kujoliswe kwimixholo yephephandaba nakwizikhundla zenkundla.

Utshintsho Lwamapolisa Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ukubulawa kwabantu abamnyama abangaxhonywanga, u-Brienna Taylor, u-Eric Garner, wakhupha imvukelo enkulu kwimbali ye-U.S. ngowama-202020. Le ntshukumo ifuna ukuphendula ngokwemilinganiselo efana nokuvalwa kwemida, iphelisa ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo, kwaye icheba ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali ukusuka kwimisebenzi yezentlalo-ntle. Imigudu yemithetho efana ne [[FLT:]] Jorne Flod Justice kwiPolic Act [[FLT: 1] iqhubekile kwimithetho yeBhunga, kodwa uninzi lwamagentente ezifake iinguqu. [[FLT:] [FFF]] [5] [5]

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo kunye nokufumaneka kokhetho

Emva kwesigqibo [[[FLT: 0] seSiqithi se-Shelby sathi kulo lonke ilizwe kudluliswe imithetho ye-ID yevoti, kucuthelwe iiyure zokuvota kwangethuba, kwaye kucociswe iirologo ezibotshelelweyo. Imigudu yokubuyisela Amalungelo omntu onegunya lokuvota. Iyaqhubeka inciphisa amandla amancinane okuvota. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula [[FLT:][FLT][5] [FLT]] RUP] . Rúcroucker [5] v [FLT] [5]

Amalungelo Adlulisayo Nee-autonom

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo siye saba siso sesiseko kwidabi lamalungelo abantu. Ama- States aphumeze imithetho ethintela ukuthatha inxaxheba kolutsha kwimidlalo yesikolo ehambisana nobudoda, ithintela ukufikelela kwimidlalo ekhuthaza ubufanasini enikwa abantwana, kwaye ilawula ukufikelela kwendlu yokulambela. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT]] [1] Bostock v. County[[[FLT:]] [20020] [FLT] [12], esikholelwa ukuba ukuvalwa kweSihlomelo se-I socalo ngokwesini sifihla imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza ubufana neentlobano zesini, sinikela igobo elinamandla emsebenzini. Noko ke, imingeni enxulumene nokufumana imvume yokuqhambuzela ukungophala. [FLT] [5] [5] [5] [5]

Ukuthetha Kakhululekileyo Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

ISigqibo Sokuqala soMgqibeko sijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwi-intanethi. Amaqonga onxibelelwano oluphakathi, aphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba asebenza njengabadlali besizwe (kwaye ngaloo ndlela kufuneka axhase intetho ekhululekileyo) okanye amalungu azimeleyo ngemithetho yawo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi ] iPackham v. umNtla Carolina [ [2017]] [2017] [2017] [2017] [FLT]] [iindawo yokufikelela kwi-medipolasi yonxibelelwano njengendawo yokuthetha) kunye [[FLT:]] [5]]. [ii-Mattlect. [ignethi ye-FLT] [[FLT] [FL:6] [iglated transtiesting translatedmentsss, kunye nentelliances transmes, profileast, ingscc

Okusesikweni Kobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwezoqoqosho

Amalungelo amakhaya adityaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobulungisa bezoqoqosho. Umahluko wobutyebi bobuhlanga, ukwahluka kwemfundo, kunye nokufikelela okungafaniyo kwezemfundo yezonyango yimibandela yokwakha ebangela ukungalingani. Isenzo sokuqinisekisa ekulahlweni kookholeji sancitshiswa kakhulu yiNkundla . [[FLT]] [12] [2023], ebethelelwe phantsi kwendlela yokungena elubala. Esi sigqibo siya kuchaphazela iingcinga-zahluka-tshintsha zemiba kweminye imiba. Okwangoku, njenge [[FLT:] [FFF:5] [F] [FF] [FF]] [5] [FT] [FT] [5] [FFF]] [5] [ig.Generallktialgs .[A]

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ekufundiseni Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Abaqeqeshi banembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokunceda abafundi baqonde ukuntsonkotha kwamalungelo nelungelo lokuzikhethela, hayi njengembali egqityiweyo, kodwa njengomzabalazo oqhubekayo. Ubuchule bokufundisa obuphumelelayo bungakhuthaza ukucingela amatyala, uvelwano, kunye nokubopheleleka kwequmrhu.

Imbali eshukumayo neziganeko zangoku

Abafundi kufuneka babone indlela imilo yangaphambili edityaniswe ngayo kwiingxoxo zale mihla. Umzekelo, ukufundisa iNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-Onkelksi ye-1960 ecaleni kombutho we-Black Lives Matter kubonisa indlela amaqhinga (okungavumi ngezenzo zobundlobongela, amaphulo asemthethweni, amajelo eendaba) azenzeka ngokuzenzeka. Iinjongo zesifundo zingathelekisa iindlela zikaMartin Luther King Jr. kunye noMalcolm X, okanye zihlole indlela Amalungelo oMthethwe ngomlomo [[[FLTLT:1]] (okuqala acetyikiswe ngo1923])

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Esisiseko Neembono Ezingafaniyo

Ukufunda amazwi abaxhasi, abamisi-mthetho, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo kuzisa imbali ephilayo. Ithala leencwadi leeNtlanganiso zamalungelo embali linikela iingxelo zomlomo ezivela kubathathi-nxaxheba. Ootitshala bakwamele baquke amazwi avela kumaqela asezantsi adla ngokushiywe kwiincwadi ze-Illand esebenzi (ofana ne-Latinx famart (Chavez, Doloress Huerta), Idionsssbon (American Movement, abameli bamanzi), kunye ne-American Constivements (Fred Koretsu, Vincents Chin). Okubala ukudibana kwemibalwano-ms, uhlanga, ubufana ne-canalme, no-Drigame-s .

Ukukhuthaza Intetho Yamakhaya Nengxoxo Yamakhaya

Amagumbi okufundisa kufuneka abe zindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokuxoxa ngemixholo ephikisanayo. Iingxoxo eziququzelelweyo kwimiba efana nemida yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo (intiyo zentetho vs. ikhuselwe) okanye intsingiselo yokulingana (ukulingana kwamathuba vs. ukulingana kwesiphumo) zinceda abafundi ukuba bavelise impikiswano. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa iintetho zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwimixholo efana nentetho yabafundi ([[FLT: 0][FLT]]][FLT]]] Isikhonkwane se-, [[FLT:]], [FOLT]] amatyala v.[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]]] okanye i- commodiations resourvences [f]

Imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa

Abafundi bafunda kakuhle intlalo-ntle ngokwenza. Imisebenzi efundwa yinkonzo ."enjengokubhalisa abavoti, ukusebenza ngokuzithandela ngemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, okanye ukwenza amaphulo okunika uluntu ulwazi olusemthethweni ." banika abafundi ingqiqo yombutho. Izikolo zingasebenzisana nezahluko zasekuhlaleni ze-ACLU, i-NAACP, okanye amaqela amalungelo okufuduka ukunikela imfundo esekelwe kuluntu. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba baye kwintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo okanye kwibhunga lebhunga lokuphulaphula amalungelo abantu kubonakalisa indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo kwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabafundi abahlala behleli, kukho izixhobo ezininzi zokuqinisa ukuqonda amalungelo nenkululeko yamakhaya. Ngezantsi luludwe oludweliswe lwezinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.

Incwadi

  • “ I-Jim entsha Crow: Udityaniso lwe-Macaster kwiXesha lombala Ubumfama” nguMichelle Alexander – Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo lwendlela imfazwe yeziyobisi kunye nenkqubo yezobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho ekhuthaza identiliki yesizwe.
  • “ Intembeko esesikweni: Ibali lobulungisa nentengiselwano” nguBryan Stevenson-A aretir ngegqwetha eligweba ukufa elihlola ucalucalulo lwendlela yokusebenza kunye namandla enceba.
  • “ Ibekwe ukusuka ekuqaleni: Imbali yeRefictical of Racist Ideas in America” ngu Ibram X. Kendi – A Imbali ebanzi yengcinga yobuhlanga kunye nokuchasa kwe-ractic.
  • "AmaLungelo aBafundi: Isikhokelo esisisiseko se ACLU kuMalungelo oMfundi” nguJanet R. Price, Alan H. Levine, noEva Cary – A aluncedo ekuqondeni ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ubumgamshela-bucala, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwizikolo.
  • “ Umlo Wenkululeko Yokuthetha: Iimeko Ezilishumi Ezichaza Inkululeko Yethu Yokuqala Yokukhululeka” ngu-Ian Rosenberg – uphando oluFikelelekayo kulwazi oluchaza ngokukhululekileyo.

Iingxelo Nemifanekiso Eshukumayo

  • (dir. Ava DuVernay, 2016) – ihlola ukunqamleza kohlanga, ubulungisa, kunye nokuvalelwa komthwalo eUnited States.
  • [[NTL:0]“ Andinguye iNegro yakho” (dir. Raoul Peck, 2016) – Isekelwe kumbhalo-ngqangi kaJames Baldwin ogqityiweyo, eqwalasela ngobomi nokubulawa kweMedgar Evers, Malcolm X, noMartin Luther King Jr.
  • -“Xa Basibona” (dir. Awa DuVernay, 2019) – Ukwenziwa kweqokobhe le Central Park 5 imeko, ibalaselisa ikhethe lobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.
  • "Ibali lothando” (dir. Nancy Buirski, 2011) – Ibali likaRichard noMildred Loving, abameko yakhe isemthethweni yemiba engokwamaqela eentlanga.

Kwi - Internet Kukho Iinkcazelo Zemfundo

  • “ Amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabemi” (Icawa, enikelwe yiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania) – Isifundo sophando sigqubuthela umthetho wesomGaqo-siseko kunye neempikiswano zangoku.
  • "Umthetho ongowobuPhostoli” (exX, enikelwe yiHarvard University) – Ukuhlalutya okunzulu kwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neemfundiso.
  • “ Amalungelo angaphakathi eMelika: Ukusuka kubukhoboka ukuya kwiNtlanganiso” [Ikladeya yeKhan) – Inkululeko, iimodyuli ezizimeleyo ezinevidiyo kunye nemithombo engundoqo.
  • “ Ukufundisa imbali enzima: ubukhoboka baseMelika” (Ukufunda Ubulungisa) – Umthombo wenkqubela-phambili yabafundisi, kunye nesiseko sokufundisa ngobukhoboka kunye nelifa labo.

Imibutho Neewebhsayithi

Isiphelo

Navigating the complexities of civil rights and libertiesKufunwa okungaphezulu kunokuqhelana nje nokumanyana okanye umthetho obonakalayo. Kufuna ukuqonda imikhosi yembali eye yadala umthetho, ukuxakeka okuqhubekayo okucel ’ umngeni imida yawo, nendima yommi ngamnye ekusekeleni imigangatho yedemokhrasi. Kubafundisi-lwazi, oku kuthetha ukucaphula ngokunzulu imihla neziganeko ukuze kuveliswe ukucingela okunentsingiselo esesikweni, ukulingana, nenkululeko. Kubafundi, kuthetha ukuvuma ukuba amalungelo abanawo namhlanje afunyanwa ngemigudu yezizukulwana ezidlulileyo, kwaye idinga labo lokuzibophelela ngokwabo linokubumba ikamva. Ngokufundisa ngemisi, ngebali elipheleleyo, elikhuthaza amalungelo abantu, sixhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuba siqhube loo msebenzi.[[UMTL]