Table of Contents

Ukuba ngummi kusimo esisisiseko esichaza ulwalamano lomntu nesizwe esizimeleyo, ukunika amalungelo, namalungelo athile. Ukuqonda indlela ummi ofunyanwa ngayo nowokulondolozwa kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukumisela indawo yokuhlala ehlala ngokusisigxina, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle, okanye ukuqhuba indlela entsonkothileyo yokuhamba kwezizwe ngezizwe. Esi sikhokelo sichaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana ubumi, iimfuno ezingokwasemthethweni ezibandakanyekileyo, kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlula imithetho yobumi kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ukuqonda Ukuba ngummi: Umsebenzi Osemthethweni

Ukuba ngummi kumela okungaphezulu kunegama elisemthethweni elingu-(iquka amalungu ebutho lezobupolitika kunye namalungelo kunye nezibopho. Abami bafumana ilungelo lokuvota, lokuphatha isikhundla sikarhulumente, lokufumana ukhuseleko lukarhulumente emakhaya nakwamanye amazwe, nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zentlalo-ntle.

Ulawulo lweziko lomthetho lobumi lwahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kumazwe ngamazwe, lubonisa izithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zembali, iintanda-bulumko zezobupolitika, kunye neenjongo zenkqubo zale mihla. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezilula ezibangela ukuba kungenelwe ubumi, ngoxa amanye egcina imigaqo engqongqo elungiselelwe ukufikelela. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kubalulekile kuye nabani na oqhuba inkqubo yobumi.

Ukuba Ngummi Ofanelekileyo: Jus Soli NoJus Sanguinis

Imigaqo emibini esisiseko elawula ubumi ekuzalweni ngu-jus soli (ekunene komhlaba) kunye jus seluinis[ (icala legazi). La magama esiLatini achaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunikana uhlanga.

IJus Soli: Ukuba ngummi ngenxa yendawo yokuzalwa

UJus soli uthetha ukuba ubumi bufunyanwa ngokuzalwa kunokuba buzuzwe ngenzala. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgaqo, nawuphi na umntwana ozalelwe kwimida yelizwe okanye kummandla ngokuzenzekelayo unikwa ubumi kwelo lizwe (nangona abazali babo bengengobemi. Le ndlela igxininisa unxulumano lwengingqi kwaye isetyenziswa ngokwembali ukukhuthaza umanyano nokuthintela ukunqongophala kolawulo.

Ii-jul soli ezingekho mthethweni zifumaneka kakhulu kumazwe aseMerika. Kusukela kuma-2025, malunga namazwe angama-30, ubukhulu becala kumazwe aseMerika, zinika ubuzibulo obupheleleyo, obungaxhomekekanga ncam. I-United States inika omnye wemizekelo ecacileyo yobumi bobuzibulo obungamiselwanga. UMthetho-siseko we-U.S. uGaqo-siseko we-14 unika nabani na ozalelwe kumhlaba wase-U.S.

Noko ke, utyekelo lwehlabathi luye lwasuswa ekubeni ngummi opheleleyo. I-Ireland iphele ngokupheleleyo i-juli soli ngo-2005. I-Ireland (2005, i-Indiya (1987), kunye ne-UK (1993) zonke zikhethe ukumisela okanye ukuphelisa ubumi bobuzibulo. Ezi nguqu zibonisa inkxalabo ngokulawulwa nokuzichaza kwesizwe.

Isoli Ekwimeko

Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela ubumi obunemibandela okanye obusikelwe umda obufuna imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo ngaphandle kokuzalwa kummandla. Amanye amazwe amisela imfuneko efunekayo kubazali abahlala kwelo lizwe iminyaka ethile ngaphambi kokuba abantwana abazalelwe kwelo lizwe bafaneleke ukuba ngabemi bemiqathango.

Ngokomzekelo, eJamani, abantwana abazalwa ngo-1 kaJanuwari 2000 okanye emva kokuba bezelwe bengengomaJamani abazali bafumana ubumi baseJamani ukuba ubuncinane omnye umzali unemvume yokuhlala ngokusisigxina kwaye uhlala eJamani ubuncinane iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana. IFransi isebenza inkqubo efanayo apho umntwana ozalelwe kumhlaba waseFrentshi kubazali basemzini anokuba nobumi baseFransi ngokuzenzekelayo xa eneminyaka eli-18 ukuba iimeko ezithile zihlanganisiwe, ingakumbi ukuba ebehlala eFransi ixesha elifanelekileyo ukususela ekukhuleni kwakhe.

Ezi nkqubo zidityanisiweyo zasetyenziswa ukuze ziphumeze izibopho zesivumelwano emva kwezenzo zenkohlakalo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zandisa ukuphaphela kwabantu abangenaburhulumente. Injongo kukulungelelanisa ulawulo lokufuduka noncedo oluyimfuneko lokuthintela ukungabi nabuzwilakhe.

AmaJus Saguini: Ubumi nguDescent

UJus silwiinis, okuthetha ukuthi 'ilungelo legazi', ngumgaqo wobuzwe apho ubuzwe bumiselwa okanye bufunyanwa ngohlanga lwabazali okanye bobabini. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, umntwana uzuza ilifa lobumi kubazali bakhe kungakhathaliseki ukuba bazalelwe phi. Le ndlela iqhelekile kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kuquka iJamani, iItali, neJapan, kwaye igxininisa umnombo okanye unxulumano lobuhlanga nohlanga.

Ngamazwe angama-35 kuphela anika ubuzibulo obungathintelekiyo obusekelwe kwindawana yokuzalwa kuphela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkoliso yamazwe ehlabathi ixhomekeke kwinzala ukugqiba ukuba ngubani ongowama-Esiya. E-Asia, i-jujuwiinis ingumthetho oqhelekileyo, kwaye ubumi bobuzibulo bunqabile. Amazwe amaninzi ase-Asia, njengeJapan okanye iTshayina, asekela ubumi babazali kuphela.

UJus saluinis unakho ukunyusa ubumi kwizizukulwana ezininzi, kwanaxa iintsapho zihlala kwamanye amazwe kangangamashumi eminyaka. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anabemi abaninzi abanophawu oluphezulu (umz.) kuquka i-Itali, iGrisi, i-Ireland nePoland ._ukunika inzala yelizwe langaphambili ubumi. Oku kuvumela abantu abanolwalamano nookhokho ukuba bafumane ubumi nokuba abazanga bahlala kwelo lizwe.

Noko ke, iinguqu zakutshanje zemithetho zivelise imiqathango. Ngokomzekelo, i-Itali iye yaqinisa ubumi bayo ngemithetho yomnombo. Umthetho omtsha uthintela ukufaneleka kwabantu abanomzali okanye umakhulu wase-Itali owazalwa eItali. Ezi nguqu zibonisa inkxalabo ngokulawula umthamo wezicelo zobumi nokugcina unxulumano olunentsingiselo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente.

Inkqubo edityanisiweyo: Ukudibanisa yomibini imigaqo

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, phantse onke amaphondo asebenzisa intlanganisela yee-juli soli kunye neejans kwimithetho yesizwe sawo ukusa kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. I-United States ibonakalisa le ndlela yokuzimela. Nangona inika phantse bonke abantu abazalelwe eMerika ubumi obusekelwe kwijujuniss kubantwana abazalwa ngaphandle kwemida yabo kubazali abaphantsi kwemiqathango ethile yabazali besizwe okanye ubukho bomzimba.

Olu manyano luvumela amazwe alungelelanise iinjongo ezikhuphisanayo: ukukhuthaza ukudibana kwabo bazalelwe kwintsimi ngeli xesha agcina unxulumano nabemi abahlala kwelinye ilizwe. Ulungelelwaniso olukhethekileyo luyahluka kakhulu, lubonisa iimeko zembali zelizwe ngalinye nezinto eziza kuqala kwixesha langoku.

Ukuzivelela: Indlela Yokufumana Uluntu

Ukwenziwa kwendalo lisenzo okanye inkqubo apho ilizwe elingengomazwe alo lifumana khona ubuzwe belo lizwe emva kokuzalwa. Le ndlela ivumela abantu belizwe lasemzini abaye bamisela unxulumano oluluqilima nelizwe ukuze babe ngabemi abapheleleyo abanamalungelo afanayo nabo bafumana ubumi ekuzalweni kwabo.

Phantse phantse onke amazwe ehlabathini avelisa indlela ethile yokuzivumela ukuba zihambele kulo mhlaba, nangona iimfuno zingafani kakhulu. Ukuqonda ezi mfuneko kubalulekile kuye nabani na ocinga ukuba ziyindlela yokufumana ubumi.

Iimfuno Zokwenziwa Kwendalo

Nangona iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zingafani macala onke, uninzi lweenkqubo zokwemvelo ziyadlelana:

Ukuchasa Okusisigxina Okungomthetho

Phantse onke amazwe afuna abafaki-zicelo ukuba kuqala bafumane indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni esisigxina ngaphambi kokuba bafanelekele ukulawulwa ngokwendalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye baseke isiseko esisemthethweni kwelo lizwe kwaye babonakalisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukuhlala apho ixesha elide.

Ixesha lokuphinda uzenzekele

Ngokutsho kwenqaku lesi-6 leNdibano, imo nganye ngokuzimeleyo imisela iimeko zokuyila, kodwa ixesha eliyimfuneko lokuhlala elingekho ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-10 linconyelwa.

  • IPortugal neIreland ziphakathi kwezona zibhetyebhetye eYurophu, yaye zinokuhlaziywa emva kweminyaka emihlanu zihlala apho.
  • EKhanada, le nkqubo ifuna ukuba abaceli bahlale kweli lizwe ubuncinane iminyaka emithathu kwemihlanu edluleyo.
  • EOstreliya, ukusetyenziswa kwendalo kufuna ukuba abafaki bezicelo bahlale kweli lizwe iminyaka emine behlala apho ngokusisigxina, ubuncinane benonyaka omnye behlala apho ngaphambi kokuba bafake isicelo.
  • ESpeyin, kufuneka uhlale iminyaka eli-10.
  • Kuthabatha iminyaka engama - 20 ukuba ngummi waseAndorran.

Ezi zihlandlo zisenokuncitshiswa kwiindidi ezithile zabaceli, njengamaqabane abemi, iimbacu, okanye abantu abanobuchule obukhethekileyo okanye abanikelayo.

Ukuhlala okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlala ngokuqhubekayo kuthetha ukuhlala e-United States njengommi osisigxina osemthethweni kwixesha elifunekayo (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emihlanu, okanye iminyaka emithathu ukuba utshate nommi wase-U.Aphaya, jikelele kwithuba eliziinyanga ezintandathu, kungaphazamisa ukuhlala okuqhubekayo nokungalibazisi ukufezekiswa kwendalo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo baye badibana ngokunyanisekileyo nebutho labantu kunokuba bagcine indawo yokuhlala yegama kuphela.

Ukuzibanga kolwimi

Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba abantu abacela ukuncedwa babonise ubuchule kulwimi okanye kwiilwimi zesizwe. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ubungqina bokuba ubuchule beelwimi (umzekelo, iB1 ngesiTaliyane okanye isi-A2 ngesiPhuthukezi) kunye nomgangatho othile wokuxubana kwenkcubeko. Oku kubonisa inkolelo yokuba ubuchule bolwimi bubalulekile ukuze umntu abe nenxaxheba ngobuchule kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokudibana kwezoqoqosho.

Amanye amazwe anika abakhulileyo okanye abo baneziphene. Abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-50 okanye ngaphezulu abaye bahlala e-U.S. njengemitshayelo ubuncinane iminyaka engama-20 abakhutshwa kwimfuneko yolwimi lwesiNgesi (kodwa kufuneka bavavanywe ngabasemasikweni ngolwimi lwabo). Abafaki-zicelo abaneminyaka engama-55 okanye ngaphezulu abaneminyaka eli-15 behlala ngokusisigxina e-U.

Ulwazi Ngemilinganiselo Yembali, Urhulumente Nemithetho

Abacebisi kufuneka baphumelele kwiimvavanyo ezibonisa ulwazi lolwimi, imbali, urhulumente, kunye nemilinganiselo yentlalo. Ezi zihlolo zihlola ukuba abafaki-zicelo bayayiqonda imigaqo esisiseko, imibutho, kunye neziganeko zembali eziye zalolonga uhlanga. Umxholo nobunzima bezi nvavanyo bahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe.

Amanye amazwe, njengoIreland, akayaleli ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lolwimi okanye lwenkcubeko, nangona esenokubuhlola ubungqina bomanyano loluntu. Oku kubonisa iintanda - bulumko ezahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele oko kuthethwa kukunxulumana nendlela ekufuneka kulinganiswe ngayo.

Ukuziphatha Okuhle

Abafaki-zicelo zokuzimela kufuneka babonakalise isimilo esifanelekileyo, esidla ngokuthetha ukungabi nazinkolelo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuthobela iimfanelo zerhafu. Ii-checks zemva ziqhutywa ukuqinisekisa imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lwalowo ucela izicelo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba bafikelela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo yesimilo yahlukile, kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukunganyaniseki okuqhelekileyo okungakufanelekanga.

Isigqumathelo Sobugocigoci

Ukusetyenziswa kwendalo kudla ngokubandakanya isithembiso sokuthobela nokuphakamisa imithetho yelo lizwe nokuthatha nokubhalisela ukunyaniseka. Le mfuneko ibonakalisa imbopheleleko yomfaki-sicelo kwilizwe lakhe elitsha nolwamkelo lweembopheleleko zokuba ngummi. Amagama angqalileyo ezifungo ayahluka, kodwa aquka izifungo zokuxhasa umgaqo-siseko, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye kwezinye iimeko, ukukhusela uhlanga.

Inkqubo Yokuziqhelanisa

Le nkqubo iquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-sicelo bahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zobunyani phambi kokuba banikezele isicelo sabo, beqinisekisa ixesha labo lokuhlala ngokusisigxina okusemthethweni nobukho obuphathekayo elizweni, kwaye begqiba kwaye befaka iifomu zesicelo ezifanelekileyo kunye noxwebhu oluxhasayo kunye nerhafu efunekayo.

Amazwe amaninzi afuna ingqokelela yogcino-lwazi lwebhayoloji, kuquka iminwe kunye nemifanekiso, njengenxalenye yokuvavanya ukhuseleko. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ungubani kwaye uqhuba i-steochess ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo bahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno.

Emva kokufaka isicelo, abafaki-zicelo badla ngokubuzwa amagosa asebenza njengabafuduki. Ebudeni bolu dliwano-ndlebe, amagosa aqinisekisa inkcazelo elungiselelwe, ubuchule bokuhlola ulwimi, kunye nokuvavanya iimvavanyo zezentlalo-ntle. Udliwano-ndlebe lunika amagosa ithuba lokuvavanya enoba abafaki-zicelo baye badibana ngokunyanisekileyo na nebutho labantu yaye baqonda iimbopheleleko zabo zexesha elizayo njengabemi.

Xa bevunywa, abafaki-zicelo baba nenxaxheba kumsitho wokuzimela izinto zemvelo apho bafunga ukuzinikela baze bafumane isiqinisekiso sabo sobumi.

Umahluko Kwizinto Eziyimfuneko Emvelweni

Amazwe ahluke kakhulu kwindlela azisebenzisa ngayo ngokungqongqo iimfuno zendalo. Iintlanga ezinjengeSwitzerland, iOstriya neQatar zaziwa ngeemfuno ezinde zokuhlala, zifuna iimvavanyo zokudibanisa, kunye nokuvavanywa okungqongqo kwamaqhina enkcubeko kunye nebutho labantu. Ukulungelelanisa imigaqo yendalo kungathatha iminyaka emininzi, kwanasemva kokufikelela kwiimeko zokungabi nabungozi.

Ngokuchasene noko, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa iindlela ezifikelelekayo. iPortugal neIreland zaziwa ngokusebenzisa ixesha elifutshane lokuhlala. Oku kwahlukahlukana kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kumazwe ngokuphathelele ukufuduka, ukudibana, nokuxabiseka okubekelwe ukwandisa abemi.

Ukuba ngummi Ngomtshato

Amazwe amaninzi anika abantu abatshate nabemi iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuba ngabemi. Oku kuphawula amaqhina entsapho adibanisa abantu kwilizwe elithile aze ancede umanyano lwentsapho.

EIreland, kufuneka utshate ubuncinane iminyaka emithathu kwaye useke "indawo yokuhlala elungele ukuhlalwa kwakhona", oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka uhlale kwelo lizwe iintsuku ezingama-35 ngonyaka ongaphambi kokuba udibanise iminyaka emibini kwiminyaka emine engaphambili. EItali, kufuneka ube neendawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni iminyaka emibini (okanye iminyaka emithathu ukuba wena neqabane lakho nihlala kwilizwe elahlukileyo).

Ezi ndlela zisekelwe emtshatweni zifuna amaxesha amafutshane okuhlala kunexesha eliqhelekileyo lokuhlala kodwa zisafuna ubungqina bolwalamano lomtshato lokwenene nokunxulumana nebutho labantu. Amazwe asebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka udliwano-ndlebe, iimfuno zoxwebhu, kunye namathuba okulinda, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imitshato inyanisile.

Ukuba ngummi Ngokuziselelwa

Indlela ethandwayo yokufumana ubumi ibandakanya ukunikela ngemali eninzi kwilizwe ngeenkqubo zotyalo-mali. Ukuba ngummi ngeNguqulo kunika indlela ecacileyo. Endaweni yokulinda iminyaka, abafaki-zicelo abafanelekileyo bangafumana ubumi kwiinyanga ezithile ngokwenza igalelo elivunyiweyo.

Amazwe amaninzi e-Caribbean asebenza iinkqubo ze-CBI ezimiselwe kakuhle. i-St Kitsis ne-Nevis banika ubumi ngeenketho ezivunyiweyo zotyalo-mali, ezisoloko zicaciswa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. I-Dominica inika indlela yeCBI elungelelanisiweyo kunye nokufakwa kwentsapho. i-Antigua kunye ne-Barbuda ivumela abatyali-mali ukuba baquke abaxhomekeke phantsi kwemigaqo echaziweyo.

Ezi nkqubo zifuna utyalo-mali lwezindlu, amaqhina karhulumente, okanye imali yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ngoxa abaxhasi bephikisana, batsala ikomkhulu lamazwe angaphandle kwaye baphembelela ukwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Iinkqubo zobonelelo-mali ezisekelwe kubuchule bobumi zahlukile kwisithethe semveli kuba zibeka igalelo lezoqoqosho ngaphezulu kweendawo zokuhlala ezinde kunye nenkcubeko. Akukho ndawo yokuhlala yokwemvelo ekudala ifuneka kwiimeko ezininzi. Oku kwenza ukuba abantu abazizityebi bakhange babe nobumi obungakumbi ukwenzela ishishini, uhambo, okanye ukhuseleko.

Ukuba Likhaya Nobumi Obuninzi

Ingcamango yokuba umntu ungowesizwe esimabini ithetha ukuba umntu ulisizwe samazwe amabini ngexesha elinye. Ilizwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo yobuzwe esekelwe kwimigaqo yalo. Ukwamkelwa kobumi bamazwe ababini kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nangona imigaqo-nkqubo yahluka ngokubanzi.

Umthetho waseUnited States awufuni mmi waseUnited States akhethe phakathi kobumi baseUnited States nobunye ubumi (okanye ubuzwe basemzini).

Noko ke, amanye amazwe agcina imigaqo engqongqo. Abantu abangabantu baseSpeyin badla ngokuyeka ubuzwe babo bangaphambili, njengoko umthetho waseSpeyin umisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokuba ngummi wabemi abaninzi.

IJamani isandul' ukunikezela indlela yayo. UmThetho woMthetho wesiModernity of Citizenshity owaqala ukusebenza ngowama-2024 wenza ukuba kube lula ukuba ngummi abaninzi. Oku kubonisa intsingiselo ebanzi yokwamkela ubumi obubini njengoko ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunyusa ukuhamba-hamba kwezizwe ngezizwe kunye namaqhina entsapho anqamlezayo.

Ngokomzekelo, umntwana ozalelwe kwilizwe lasemzini eUnited States kubazali besizwe selinye ilizwe laseUnited States kunye nelizwe lokuzalwa. Okanye, umntu ozalwa enohlanga olunye usenokuba ngowemvelo kwelinye ilizwe aze abe lisizwe esimabini.

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zabemi Abasebenzisanayo

Amazwe amabini ase-U.S. afanele anyaniseke kwiUnited States nakumazwe asemzini (okanye amazwe, ukuba ngamazwe angaphezu kwelinye). Kufuneka ukuba athobele imithetho yawo omabini amazwe, yaye naliphi na ilizwe linelungelo lokunyanzelisa imithetho yalo. Oku kunokubangela iimeko ezinzima apho kudityaniswa iimbopheleleko.

Abemi abazimeleyo banandipha amalungelo angakumbi, kuquka amandla okuhlala, ukusebenza, nokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kumazwe amaninzi. Basenokuvota kunyulo nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zentlalo kuwo omabini amazwe. Noko ke, bakwajamelana neengxaki ezinokwenzeka, ezifana nerhafu ephindwe kabini, iimbopheleleko zenkonzo yasemkhosini kumazwe amaninzi, kunye nokungakhuseleki kobuzwe xa bekwilizwe lolunye uhlanga lwabo.

Iindlela Ezizodwa Nezodwa

Ngapha koko, emva kwendlela eyintloko yokuzalwa, yokuzalwa, yokuzalwa, yokuzalwa nokutshata, iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zinokukhokelela ekubeni ube ngummi.

Ukuba ngummi Kwabantu Abangenaburhulumente

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uyabuqonda ubungozi babantu abangenabuzwe ." abo bangenalo uhlanga. Malunga nama-60% awo onke amazwe ehlabathini lonke anomgaqo omqathango onika abantwana abazalwa kwimida yabo abangakufanelekeli ukuba ngabemi kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe. Oku kunceda ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko phantsi kweendibano zezizwe ngezizwe ezilungiselelwe ukunciphisa ukungabi nabuzwe.

Uqeqesho

Amanye amazwe anika abantwana ilungelo lokufumana usana oluthatyathwe ngabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe, ngoxa amanye efuna ukuba bafumane uluntu oluza kuba ngummi wawo.

Inkonzo Yasemkhosini

Amanye amazwe anika intelekelelo yendalo kumntu ongengomntu okhonza kwimikhosi yawo exhobileyo. Oku kuphawula igalelo elikhethekileyo nokunyaniseka okuboniswa ngenkonzo yasemkhosini. Umzekelo, iUnited States, inelungiselelo elivumela amanye amalungu omkhosi ukuba azenze ngokukhawuleza nangeemfuno ezinciphileyo.

Iminikelo Ekhethekileyo

Ngamaxesha athile, amazwe anika abantu abaye banegalelo elikhethekileyo kwimidlalo, ubugcisa, inzululwazi okanye ishishini.

Ukuphulukana Nokubuyiselwa Kobumi

Kanye njengokuba ubumi bunokufunyanwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, busenokulahleka okanye bungalahlwa ngokuzithandela. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kubantu abahamba kwiimeko ezinzima zabemi.

Ukuhlawulelwa Ngokuzithandela

Abemi basenokukhetha ukulahla ubumi babo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuphepha iimbambano ezibini zabumi, ukunciphisa iimfanelo zerhafu, okanye njengemfuneko yokufumana olunye uhlanga. Ukubuyiselwa kudla ngokufuna inkqubo esesikweni, kuquka ukuvela phambi kwamagosa angoorhulumente kunye nezindululo zokutyikitya. Amanye amazwe afaka imirhumo okanye afune abantu ukuba bazinzise iimfanelo zerhafu ngaphambi kokuba bavumele ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu.

Ukuphulukana Ngokuzenzekelayo

Kusenokuba kukuthiwa ngummi ozimelayo ulahleke ngokungakhathali kwiimeko ezithile. Amanye amazwe achitha ubumi ngokuzenzekelayo xa abantu bebonke, ingakumbi ukuba bayabalela ukuba ngummi wamanye amazwe. Ezinye izizathu zokurhoxiswa zisenokuquka ukujoyina iqela elivukelayo emva nje kokubekwa kwendalo (ukuqinisekisa ukuba isifungo sokuthembeka sathatyathwa ngokungekho mthethweni), ukukhutshwa ngokungenasidima kwinkonzo yasemkhosini phantsi kweemeko ezithile, okanye ukungavumi ukungqinela phambi kweBhunga ukubandakanyeka kwemisebenzi yokuvukela urhulumente. Inkqubo yokuphelisa ubumi ibandakanya ukuvavanywa okusemthethweni apho urhulumente kufuneka angqine, kwaye umntu unelungelo lokuzikhusela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imilinganiselo yokungqinela ukukhutshwa kwendalo iphakal

Ukuqhatha kwinkqubo yokuziqhelanisa kumele esinye isizathu sokurhoxa. Ukuba abasemagunyeni bafumanisa ukuba umntu ufumene ubumi ngokubugqwetha okanye ngokufihla izibakala zezinto eziphathekayo, basenokuqalisa ukusungula iziphumo zokupheliswa kwendalo. Oku kubethelela ukubaluleka kokunyaniseka nokuchana kulo lonke ixesha lokufaka isicelo sobumi.

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zobumi

Ukuba ngummi kunika amalungelo apheleleyo kwaye kubeka iimbopheleleko ezihambelana nawo. Ukuqonda olu lungelelwano kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba ngummi.

Amalungelo Ezobupolitika

Abami banandipha amalungelo asisiseko ezobupolitika awahlulayo kubemi abangengobemi abahlala emakhaya. Ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwesizwe livumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekukhetheni urhulumente wabo nasekuphembeleleni inkqubo ethile. Ilungelo lokuba nesikhundla sikarhulumente linceda abemi ukuba bakhonze kwiindawo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kumabhunga asekuhlaleni ukuya kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe nakwiziofisi ezilawulayo. La malungelo ezobupolitika abumba isiseko sobumi bedemokhrasi kwaye enza ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yezentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko

Ukukhuselwa ekugxothweni kunikela unqabiseko noxolo lwengqondo, njengoko abemi belo lizwe bengenakushenxiswa kwelo lizwe ngaphandle kweemeko ezinqabileyo ezibandakanya ubuqhetseba kwinkqubo yokuzinzisa. Oku kwahlukile kubemi abasisigxina, abasenokujamelana nokugxothwa ngenxa yeenkolelo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ezinye izaphuli-mthetho.

Abemi bafumana inkxaso-mali xa behlala kwelinye ilizwe.

Iingenelo Zezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Amathuba omsebenzi ayanda ngokuba ngummi, njengoko ezinye iindawo zikarhulumente kunye nokhuseleko zifumaneka kubemi kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, abanye abaqeshi bakhetha okanye bafuna ukuba ngummi ngenxa yeendima ezithile.

Ukulungelelaniswa kohambo kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, njengoko abemi benokufumana iipassport ezivumela ukungena ngemvume engenazimvume okanye lula kumazwe amaninzi. Amandla epasi sindwendwe selizwe (ukulinganiswa linani lamazwe anokungena ngaphandle kweemvume zokuhamba/iibhanki), okwenza ukuba ubumi kumazwe athile bube luncedo kakhulu ekushunyayelweni kwamanye amazwe.

Ukumanyaniswa Kwakhona Kwentsapho

Iindlela zokubuyisela umanyano lwentsapho zixhaphakile kakhulu kubemi kunakubemi abasisigxina. Izakhamuzi zinokuxhasa iindidi ezingakumbi zezalamane ukuze zifuduke kwaye zisoloko zijongene nexesha elifutshane lokulinda iimvume zokufumana iimvume zentsapho. Oku kwenza ukuba ukuba ubumi buxabiseke ngokukodwa kubantu abafuna ukuzisa amalungu entsapho ukuze bathelele wona.

Iimbopheleleko Zesigqeba

Isabelo sobumi sineembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo. Abami baneembopheleleko, kuquka ukuthobela imithetho yelizwe, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, imbopheleleko yokwenza imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni enjengenkonzo yokuchophela ityala. Iimbopheleleko zerhafu zisebenza kubemi kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi, nangona imithetho ethile yahluka ngokwelizwe. Ezinye iintlanga zifuna inkonzo yasemkhosini kubemi, mhlawumbi njengembopheleleko enyanzelekileyo okanye ngexesha likaxakeka.

Ngaphandle kweembopheleleko ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuba ngummi kuthetha imbopheleleko yokuziphatha ukuba negalelo kwibutho labantu, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, nokuphakamisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi.

Izinto Ezibangela Izigqibo Zemvelo

Uphando luye lwafumanisa izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphembelela enoba abahlali abafanelekileyo bakhetha ukufikelela kwindalo okanye bayazi ukuba indalo ilawulwa njani.

Ilizwe Lemvelaphi

Abantu abafudukayo abasuka kumazwe aneenkqubo zezobupolitika ezingathathi nxaxheba okanye ezicinezelekileyo badla ngokubonakala kakhulu kunabo bavela kumazwe angaphezulu kwedemokhrasi. Abantu abazalwa kwamanye amazwe abasuka kumazwe kuquka iVietnam, iPhilippines, neRashiya bonke banamanani endalo angaphezulu kwama-70%. Amazwe anabaphambukeli ababonisa umlinganiselo ophezulu wendalo othelekisa umgama omkhulu welizwe ukusuka eUnited States, umgangatho wedemokhrasi okanye ungxinaniso olungakumbi, kunye noothunywa bemeko kunye neentlekele eziqala ukuqukuqela kweimbacutha ne-asylates.

Imibandela enxulumene nejiyografi. Abafuduki abasuka kumazwe akufutshane banokuzenza zibe nomlinganiselo ophantsi kuba banokukwazi ukulondoloza unxulumano namazwe abo yaye basenokuceba ukubuyela ekugqibeleni.

Ukufumaneka kobumi bobunye

Ukufumaneka kobumi bamazwe ababini kunxulumene nokuzimela kwendalo kwamanye amaqela, ingakumbi lawo aseMzantsi Merika. Abaphengululi bacinga ukuba ubumi obubini bunganciphisa imiqobo ekudalweni ngenxa yokuba buvumela abantu base-United States ukuba babe ngabemi ngaphandle kokuncama amalungelo abo kumazwe abo emvelaphi. Xa abantu bemele balahle ubumi babo bokuqala, basenokungathandi ukwenza into yemvelo, ingakumbi ukuba ukwenza oko kungabangela ukuba impahla ibe yeyabo, amalungelo okudla ilifa, okanye unxulumano lwentsapho kwilizwe labo.

Ukujongana Nezoqoqosho

Abanye baphikisana, kwaye uphando lwentengo lwemali lubonise ukuba iindleko zemali zangoku zibangela imiqobo ekufunyanisweni kwendalo kwe-LPRs. USCIS, umbutho okhutshelwe imali, uxhomekeke kule mali ukuhlawula iindleko zayo. I-USCIS isoloko imisela iindleko zokwemvelo ngaphantsi kwexabiso elipheleleyo lokunikezela ngeenkonzo zokwemvelo. Iindleko zokwenziwa kwendalo, kuquka iindleko zesicelo, uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nokulungiselela ukuvavanya, zingamela umqobo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi.

Abantu abanemfundo ephakamileyo nobuchule obungakumbi bolwimi bafumanisa kulula ukuphanda inkqubo yokuvelisa nokuphumelela kweemviwo ezifunekayo.

Uluntu kunye neenethwekhi zoNyaka

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuhlala kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abavela kwelinye ilizwe abavela kwelinye kunokwenza kube lula ukuvelisa inkcazelo yemvelo, inkxaso nokhuthazo. Imibutho yoluntu isoloko inika iiklasi zabemi, izicelo zoncedo nenkxaso eluncedo ekuphumeleleni ukuqhuba inkqubo.

Iingxubusho Nenkqubo

Inkqubo yobumi isengumbandela wengxoxo enkulu yezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yemeko nempikiswano zangoku kunika umongo wendlela umthetho wabemi otshintsha ngayo.

Imiqathango Engokuzalwa Kufanelekile

Ukususela ekuqaleni konyaka wama-1980 (ngokubhekiselele kuMthetho weSizwe saseBritani ngo1982), amazwe aphucukileyo ebemisela ilungelo lejus soli (kwaye ijujuweinis, njengokuba kwenzeka kumthetho wesizwe sase-Itali ngo-2025) ukuphendula kwiingcinezelo ezichasene nonyuko lwezopolitiko kunye nokuthintela ukufuduka kwezoqoqosho ukusuka kumathangalengi angaphambili namazwe angakhuliswanga phambili. Oku kubonisa inkxalabo ngolawulo lwejaji, ubuzwe, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kobuzibulo ngabakhenkethi bexesha lokuzalwa.""

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka enoba ubumi bobuzibulo bufanele bulondolozwe, buthintelwe, okanye bupheliswe kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Abaxhasi baluphikisayo lukhuthaza ukudibana, ukuthintela ukungabikho korhulumente, kwaye lubonakalisa imilinganiselo yesizwe epheleleyo. Abahlalutyi baluphikisa ngokuthi lubangela intshukumisa yokufuduka okungekho mthethweni kwaye luvumela abantu abangenalo unxulumano olufanelekileyo nelizwe ukuba bafune ukuba ngummi.

Iimfuno Zokwabelana

Amazwe amaninzi aye omeleza iimfuneko zokunxibelelana ukuze kufunyanwe indalo, kuquka ukuvavanywa okungqongqo kolwimi, ukuxilongwa kwezithethe nokuhlolisiswa kolwazi lwenkcubeko.

Abahlalutyi bathi imfuneko efuna izinto ezingaphaya kwengqondo ibangela imiqobo engayimfuneko kwaye isenokucalula abo bacelayo okanye abo baneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Abaxhasi bayavuma ukuba imfuneko yokudibanisa izithethe eziqinileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ubumi bunentsingiselo yaye abemi abatsha banolwazi nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwibutho labantu.

Ubumi Ngoosomashishini

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ubumi bungabuvumela ubumi, bafaka ingxuba encotsheni ngokuvumela izityebi ziphephe iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kwaye balulaze umgaqo wokuba ukuba ummi ufanele ubonise unxulumano lokwenene nelizwe. I-European Union iye yanyanzela amazwe ukuba aphelise iinkqubo ezinjalo, ishwankathela inkxalabo ngemali yokuthuthwa nokukhuselwa.

Abameli bale nkqubo bafumana inkxaso-mali exabisekileyo, benza imisebenzi, baze banike oosomashishini kunye nabatyali-mali behlabathi indlela esemthethweni. Baphikisa ngelithi igalelo lezoqoqosho lisisiseko esifanelekileyo sokuba ngummi, ingakumbi kumazwe amancinane afuna inkqubela-phambili.

Ingxelo

Ukuxhasa imfundo yesiNgesi neyoluntu ukuze kufikelelwe kwiimfuno zomthetho zokuyila indalo yenye inkalo enokuba nomdla.

Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa ukunciphisa umrhumo, abarhwebi, okanye iinkqubo zokulungiselela ngesisa ukwenza ukuba ukwenziwa kwendalo kufumaneke. La manyathelo abonisa ukuba ubumi abufanele kufumaneka kuphela kwizityebi okanye abafundileyo, kodwa bufanele bufikeleleke ngabo bonke abafikelela kwiimfuno ezincinci baze babonise ukuzinikela kwilizwe labo abalifumeneyo.

Ukunyamekela Abahlali

Abantu abacinga ngokuba ngummi, bafanele baqwalasele izinto eziliqela.

Iimfuno Zophando Ngokucokisekileyo

Iimfuno zobumi zahluka kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe kwaye zinokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abacebisi kufuneka baphande ngenyameko ngeemfuno zangoku, kuquka amaxesha okuhlala, imilinganiselo yobuchule bolwimi, iimfuno zoxwebhu, kunye nerhafu yerhafu. Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni kunye namagosa agunyazisiweyo anika ulwazi olunegunya, nangona ukudibana namagqwetha okufuduka okanye abameli abagunyazisiweyo kunceda ekuhloleni iimeko ezinzima.

Gcina Iingxelo Ezichanileyo

Ukwenziwa kwendalo okuphumelelayo kufuna uxwebhu lwembali yokuhlala, uhambo, umsebenzi, ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu, nezinye iinkalo zobomi bomntu ofaka isicelo. Ukugcina iirekhodi ezicwangcisiweyo ukususela ekuqaleni kwendlu esisigxina kwenza inkqubo yesicelo ibe ntle kakhulu. Oku kuquka ukugcina iikopi zemali zerhafu, izivumelwano zokuqesha, iirekhodi zemisebenzi, kunye neengxelo zohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukulungiselela Iimvavanyo

Uvavanyo lweelwimi nolwezibonelelo lungaba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi kubantu abanemfundo encinane okanye abo bafunda ulwimi olutsha emva kwexesha elithile. Abantu abaninzi bafumana iiklasi zokulungiselela ubumi ngesisa okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto kuphucula amathuba okuba iphumelele. Ziqhelise kunye nezinto zokufunda zidla ngokufumaneka kwi-intanethi okanye kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Khawucinge Ngeengxaki Zokuba Ngummi Olinganayo

Ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafune ukusetyenziswa kwendalo, kufuneka baqonde indlela okuya kubachaphazela ngayo ubumi babo banamhlanje. Ingaba kuza kufuneka balahle ubuzwe babo bantlandlolo? Ingaba ilizwe labo livumela ubumi bamazwe amabini? Ziziphi iimpembelelo zerhafu zokuba nabemi abaninzi? Le mibuzo ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo nezingokweemvakalelo ezifanele ziqwalaselwe ngenyameko.

Ukuqonda Ixesha

Ukusetyenziswa kwendalo akufane kukhawulezi. Phakathi kwemfuneko zokuhlala, ukulungiselela nokufaka izicelo, ukuxilongwa, ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimibhiyozo, kuthatha iminyaka. Ukuqonda ixesha elifanelekileyo kunceda abafaki-sicelo bacebe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye baphephe ukunxunguphala ngenxa yokungaphepheki kolibaziseko.

Funa Ukhokelo Loogqirha Xa Lufuneka

Ngoxa abantu abaninzi bekwazi ukuzimela ngokwabo, iimeko ezinzima zisenokufuna uncedo lobuchule. Amagqwetha ajongana nolwaphulo-mthetho anokunceda kumatyala anzima abandakanya imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukungahoywa okanye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Utyalo-mali olukulwalathiso lobugcisa lungathintela iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi luze luphucule amathuba empumelelo.

Ikamva Lobumi

Umthetho wobumi uyaqhubeka utshintsha ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukufuduka, ukuxhalabela ukhuseleko nokutshintsha kwendlela abantu abajongwa ngayo.

Ukuhambelana okuthe kratya nokukhula kwemimandla yamazwe ngamazwe kucel ’ umngeni iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zokuba ngummi wesizwe esinye. Abantu abaninzi bahlala benxibelelana namazwe amaninzi ngeentsapho, umsebenzi, namaqhina enkcubeko. Oku kubangela ukuba uluntu lwamkelwe ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nangamanye amazwe, nangona ukuchaswa kusekho kwezinye iindawo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela esetyenziswa ngayo nokuqinisekiswa ngayo ubumi. Iinkqubo zokuchaza ubumi, isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwebhayoloji, kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwi-intanethi zenza ukuba ulawulo lobumi lusebenze kakuhle xa kunyuswa inkxalabo yemfihlo. Ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokhuseleko, ukuphumelela kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kuza kuqhubeka kuguquka njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili.

Njengoko ukwanda komgangatho wolwandle kusongela amazwe aseziqithini nokuwohloka kwemekobume, kusenokufuneka kumiselwe imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe ukuze kuhlangatyezelwe amalungelo amalungelo eembacu neendawo ezihlala kuzo ezingenarhulumente.

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwendlela ezizizizo nezingqongqo zobumi luza kuqhubeka. Amanye amazwe ayaqhubeka evumela ukuba abemi bakhona bafumane isiphiwo, bacombulule iingxaki zobuni kunye nokukhuthaza ukudibana. Amanye ayakugcina okanye aqinise imiqathango ephendula kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika kunye nenkxalabo yesizwe. Ezi ndlela zokwahluka-hluka zibonakalisa imibono eyahlukileyo ngoko kuthetha ukuba ngummi nokuba ngubani ofanele afikelele kuyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuba ngummi kumela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ezisemthethweni umntu anokuba nazo, amisele amalungelo, amathuba, kunye neembopheleleko. Izindlela zokufumana ubumi (enokuba zibangelwa kukuzalwa, umnombo, ukuzalwa, ukutshatisa, okanye utyalo-mali) olubonisa izithethe neenjongo ezahlukeneyo zemithetho kumazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuqonda iimfuno zobumi kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukumanyanisa ilizwe, ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle, okanye ukuchukumiseka kwendlela enzima yokuhamba. Nangona iimfuno ezithile zingafani kakhulu kwiimeko zolawulo, kuvela imixholo eqhelekileyo: ukubaluleka kokumisela unxulumano lokwenene nelizwe, ukubonisa unxulumano lwentlalo, nokwamkela iimbopheleleko ezihambisana namalungelo obumi.

Njengoko ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuqhubeka kutshintsha indlela abantu abahamba ngayo kunye nonxulumano lwamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho wabemi uza kuqhubeka ucombulula. Ucelomngeni lwabayili bomgaqo-nkqubo lukukulungelelanisa inkxalabo esemthethweni ngokhuseleko, umanyano, kunye nokuzichaza kwesizwe nemfuneko yokuqaphela inkxaso yabaphambukeli nokunceda umanyano lwentsapho. Kubantu abasebenzisa ezi nkqubo, uphando olucokisekileyo, ukulungiselela nokuzeka kade umsindo lusafuneka ukuze baphumeze usukelo lwabo lobumi.

Enoba uphanda ngezakho iindlela zokuba ngummi okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda le nkalo isisiseko yokuzimela ngokusemthethweni, ukuqonda ukwahlukahlukana kwemithetho yobumi nemigaqo esekelwe kuyo kusinceda siqonde indlela amazwe awachaza ngayo amalungu nokuwajonga njengamalungu ehlabathi eliya lisiba linye.

Kwinkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga neemfuno zelizwe elithile, jonga iiwebhsayithi zorhulumente ezisemthethweni zokufuduka ezifana ne- U.S. uBumi kunye nokhokelo lwe-Immigration Service , , i-Immugration, i-Refugees kunye nobumistricial Canada, okanye [[FLT:]UK] ukhokelo lobumi bamazwe oluntu [[[FLT]].