Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ime njengesiseko senkqubo yomthetho yanamhlanje, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana ukuphathwa kakuhle phambi kwelizwe okanye amaqela azimeleyo athatha izenzo ezichaphazela amalungelo abo asisiseko. Kumongo wokugxothwa, inkqubo efanelekileyo isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela, ukukhusela abaqeshi kwimeko engafanelekanga, ukukhulula, okanye ukususwa okungekho mthethweni emakhayeni abo. Xa umnini-khaya efuna ukugxotha umgcini-khaya, ukhuseleko oluvelayo olunikwa yinkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nesaziso esifanelekileyo, kunye nethuba lokuviwa, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele--"nenoba uthuthwa ngokusesikweni okanye abe ngumhluzi wezindlu zabo. Eli nqaku lihlola indima efunekayo ekuphumeni kwe-Rhostrump, ukuchasana kwamalungelo alo, ukuphazamisa umgangatho opheleleyo, kunye nobuchule obuqhubekayo bokusetyenziswa ngolungelenempumelelo.

Isiseko Senkqubela Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomthetho omnye kodwa ngumqokozo weziqinisekiso ezisisiseko ezisekelwe kwiinkulungwane zesithethe somthetho. EUnited States, uHlaliso-mda lwesihlanu nolweshumi elinesine kumGaqo-siseko ngokucacileyo luyamnqanda urhulumente ukuba angamhluthi nabani na "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. ” Ngoxa ukugxothwa kwerhafu kusungulwa ngabanini-mali, ukubandakanywa kweenkundla zorhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kuthetha ukuba ekugqibeleni kusetyenziswe ukususa urhulumente osisiXhobe se-10. Njengomphuzo, umgaqo-siseko wenkqubo ekufuneka usebenze ekugxothweni, ufuna ukuba urhulumente aqinisekise ukuba inkqubo elungileyo phambi kokuba akhutshwe.

Inkqubo ePhakathi

Inkqubo elindelekileyo isoloko yahlulwa yaba ziindidi ezimbini. ichaza inkqubo efunekayo iqwalasela iindlela namanyathelo amele alandelwe `njengesaziso, ukuva, kunye nesibongozo. Squansberg. [ uhlola ukuba umthetho ngokwawo usengqiqweni nakancinane kwaye awunawo owemvelo. Kwimeko ezifanelekileyo, inkqubo efunekayo ethathwayo ithatha iqonga phakathi. Inkundla ephakamileyo ye-U. i-U.S. inkundla ephakamileyo kwi- Goldberg v. [1970]) uvikelo luchaziwe ukuba inzuzo phambi kokuba kumele, imisele umgaqo obanzi ongenakukhuselwa ngaphandle kwenkxaso. Nangona iziphumo ezifunekayo, i-Promentialsting isenokukhuselwa, kwaye ingabikho: "ithroot"

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kuqhubekeko lolwando

Xa umnini-ndlu efakela ityala lokugxothwa, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba lowo usebenza apho afumane isaziso esinentsingiselo sesenzo kunye nethuba lokwenene lokukhuphisana ngaso. Oku kubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi angundoqo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Isaziso seWritten: Umnini-khaya kufuneka anike isaziso esibhaliweyo esichaza isizathu sokuxoshwa kwenqanawa (njengentlawulo yokungahlawuli irente, ukuxhathisa, okanye ukubotshwa kwemali eqeshiweyo) kwaye, kwimimandla emininzi, ixesha lonyango okanye umhla apho ikhampathi kufuneka irhoxiswe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhambisa kunye nomsebenzi wokuthumela: Umnini-ndlu ukhalazo kwinkundla, kwaye umgcini-ndlu ukhokelwa ngezicelo kunye nekopi yesikhalazo. Inkonzo kufuneka ihambelane nemithetho esemthethweni (umz., unikezelo lobuqu, ukuthumela kwiindawo, okanye iposi) ukuqinisekisa umfaki-sicelo ukuba wazi ngetyala.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Opportiny ukuphendula: i-Menults zinexesha elicwangcisiweyo loku faka impendulo okanye lokuvela enkundleni, zinyusa ukhuselo olufana nesaziso esingalunganga, impindezelo, iimeko ezingahlaliyo, okanye ucalulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuva nokuvavanywa: Ijaji okanye imantyi iva ubungqina macala omabini kwaye ikhupha umthetho. Ukuba umnini-ndlu uyaphumelela, inkundla ikhupha ugwebo lokufumana into kunye nogwebo lokugxothwa, oluthi umthetho uphumeze emva kwexesha elichaziweyo.

La manyathelo asenokuhluka ngokwemeko nendawo, kodwa iziqalelo ezingaphakathi ```amanotice', indlebe, isigqubu-sichongi esingakhethiyo''. Ukungabikho kwayo nayiphi na kwezi kungabangela ukugxothwa komntu kungasebenzi kwaye kuphule ilungelo lenqanawa lokukhupha impahla.

Phawula Izinto Ezifunekayo Nenjongo Yazo

Isaziso sisokuqala nesisisiseko sokhuseleko. Kufuneka kucace ngokwaneleyo ukwazisa umntu onengqondo ngoko kuthethwayo noko kumele kwenziwe ukuphepha ukugxothwa. Kwimimandla emininzi, isaziso kufuneka siquke umthamo wetyala lerente, intlawulo yomhla ifanele, kwaye iziphumo zokungaphumeleli ukuhlawula. Ukusilela, isaziso kufuneka sikhankanye ulwaphuko kwaye sinike umntu onesigxina ithuba lokuyilungisa (ngokufuthi kubizwa "iityala lokuphilisa"). Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, abaqeshiweyo bangalahlekelwa ngamakhaya abo ngokungagqibekanga nokuba banezinto zokuzikhusela ezisemthethweni. Iinkundla zithe zaphelelwa isaziso apho zazinesiphene, umzekelo, xa umnini matshini ebekwe kwindawo efihlakeleyo okanye esetyenziswayo ulwimi olungacacangaqondakaliyo.

Impembelelo Yenkqubo Efanelekileyo Yamalungelo

Imigaqo elindelekileyo yokukhusela ichaphazela abaqeshi ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Xa ezi khuseleko zihlonelwa, abaqeshi bafumana umlinganiso wokudlala; xa bebuthathaka okanye bedlula, abaqeshi baba ngamaxhoba okuxhatshazwa.

  • Imposiso yokugxothwa ngokuphosakeleyo: inkqubo elindelekileyo ivumela abasebenzi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni ukugxothwa okusekelwe kwintelekelelo yobuxoki, iinjongo ezingalunganga, okanye ukungafezeki kobugcisa kwimeko yomnini ndlu. Umqeshi ohlawule kakuhle irente anganikela ubungqina kwaye aphephe ukususwa.
  • Ukhuseleko nxamnye nempindezelo: Umthetho uyalela ukugxothwa okuye kwathathwa ekuphindeni ityala labaqeshi befuna amalungelo asemthethweni afuna ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni. Ngokufana nokukhalaza ngeemeko ezingakhuselekanga, ukulungelelanisa umbutho wamadoda asebenzayo, okanye ukuxela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yokwakha. Inkqubo elindelekileyo inika abaqeshi i-folom ukuphakamisa ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela.
  • [[NTLA:0] Amanani kumayeza asemthethweni: Abasebenzi bangacela umonakalo wemali ngenxa yokugxothwa ngokuphosakeleyo, imiyalelo yokunqanda ukutshixwa okungekho mthethweni, kunye neendleko zegqwetha apho imimiselo ivumela khona. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lweprocedtural, ezi ndlela zonyango zihlala zishwankathelwe.
  • Isiqinisekiso sozinzo lwezindlu: uphando lubonisa ukuba abaqeshi abafumana isaziso kunye nomelo olwaneleyo abanamathuba amancinane okugxothwa. Ukugcina iintsapho kumakhaya abo kulondoloza umanyano lwasekuhlaleni, imfundo yabantwana, nokuqhubeka nomsebenzi.

Imodeli Efanelekileyo Njengokungenzi Nto Ngokucwangciswayo

Abanye abanini-ndlu bazama ukugqitha iinkqubo ezisesikweni zokugxotha ngokufaka kwi-"zinceda" izitshixo ezithiywe ngokuzitshintshwayo/ukucinezela, ukuvala izinto eziluncedo, okanye ukususa impahla yabasebenzi. Umthetho wenkqubo ofanelekileyo uyazenqanda ezi zenzo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, umnini-ndlu makafumane ucwangco lwenkundla phambi kokukhupha umenzi---- nqanawa; kungenjalo, ukususwa akuvumelekanga. Abasusi bafumana ukugxothwa ngokwabo ukuze bafumane umonakalo, baphinde bafumane. Isisongelo seziphumo ezingomthetho sisebenza njengesithintelo, siqinisa ukubaluleka kokulandela imijelo efanelekileyo.

Iingxaki Nezinto Ezisikelwe Isidima Ekuqondeni Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Nangona kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho amandla okukhusela, ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ethile kudla ngokusilela.

Ukungabikho komelo lwasemthethweni

Kwizicelo zokugxothwa, uninzi lwabanini-ndlu lumelwe ngamagqwetha, ngelixesha uninzi lwabahlali lubonakala lungenasiluleko. Oku kungalingani kulula ukuthatha inxaxheba elungileyo elungiselelwe kakuhle. Abasebenzi abangenamagqwetha bangasilela ukufaka impendulo, ukuphosa imihla yenkundla, okanye abakwazi ukunikela ubungqina bokukhathazwa ngumnini-ndlu okanye ukungagqibeki. Amanye amazwe agunyazise "kukulungela ukucebisa" imithetho, ukunika abaqeshi bezindlu ezivaliweyo uncedo olukhululekileyo olusemthethweni. Ufundo lokuqala oluvela kwizixeko ezifana neNew York neSan Francisco lubonisa ukuba abasebenzi bamele imvume baphephe kakhulu ukugxothwa nokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Iindleko Neenzima Zexesha

Nangokwangesaziso, ixabiso lokuthatha ixesha lokuyeka ukusebenza, ukufumana ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana, nokuya enkundlani kungakwalela abaqeshwa abafumana imali ephantsi. Amatyala okukhutshwa kwenqanawa asoloko ehamba ngokukhawuleza ngaphaya kweeveki ezimbalwa. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuqokelela ixesha elincinane okanye ukukhangela uncedo. Imali eninzi yokuphulukana nomsebenzi ngenxa yokubonakala kwenkundla ingatyhalela phambili ngokunzulu ekungazinzi. Ngaphezu koko, iintlawulo zentengiso ezisemthethweni okanye izibophelelo zokubhenela kusenokungafikeleleki. Le miqobo ithetha ukuba ukudibaniselwa kwemiqobo elungileyo ekuphulaphuleni inokuba yimingxuma engenanto kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuyenza.

Ukuntsonkotha Komthetho Nokungabi Nalwazi

Umthetho olawulayo welond Mord-thenant ngumsebenzi onzima wemithetho karhulumente, amasiko asekuhlaleni, kunye nemizekelo yetyala. Umgcini-ndlu usenokungayazi ukuba umnini-ndlu kufuneka anike isiqinisekiso sokuhlala, ukulungisa, okanye ukulandela iilayini zexesha ezikhethekileyo zokugxotha. Kwanabaqeshi abanyanisekileyo bangawaphula ngempazamo amalungelo okuvuma ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo zawo, okanye ngokusilela ukuphakamisa ukhuseleko oluyekelelayo. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zinikela amaziko okuzincedayo okanye iindlela zokusebenza kwi Internet, kodwa ezi zixhobo azisoloko zifumaneka kwabo banolwazi olulinganiselweyo, ulwimi, imiqobo, okanye ukukhubazeka.

Izixhobo Zokukhupha Imali Neengozi Zazo

Kumzamo wokususa iibhodi zedokisi kunye nokukhupha isantya, amanye amazwana amkele iinkqubo "zokukhupha" ezidibaniselanisa ixesha kunye nokufumana okusigxina. Ngelixesha impumelelo ingumsebenzi ofanelekileyo, iinkqubo ezifutshanisiweyo ezifanelekileyo zingayinyathela inkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ezinye imigaqo zivumela ukugxothwa kwenqanawa zetyala likhutshwe nge "gravi" ekhutshwe ngeentsuku zomgwebo, inika abaqeshi bendlu malunga nexesha lokubhenela okanye lokubeka indawo ethile. Xa abanini-ndlu besebenzisa iinkqubo ze-elektroniki ezicwangcisa ukuva ngokuzenzekelayo, abaqeqesheli bangafumana isaziso nge-imeyili abanqanqabileyo, okanye kwidilesi engeyiyo impahla eqengqelwayo. Ezi zinokuphumela kwimigwebo yokunga emiselweyo nxamnye nabaqeshini abangalaziyo ukuba baphinde bafumane into.

Ukulungelelanisa iNkqubo elindelekileyo nezilangazelelo zoMlungiseleli

Abalawuli belizwe bakwaneenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokufumana kwakhona impahla yabo xa abaqeshi behlab'imvume. Ukulibazisa okubangelwa yinkqubo ebanzi efunekayo kunganyusa ukungaqiniseki kwaye kubangele iingxaki zemali kumnini-mpahla, ingakumbi abanini-mpahla abancinane abaxhomekeke kwingeniso eqeshiweyo yokuhlawula iindlu zokuhlala nokuzigcina. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi bomthetho kukuyila iinkqubo zokugxotha ezihlonela amacala omabini: ukunika abaqeshi ixesha kunye nethuba lokunyusa ukhuseleko, ngexa bengavumeli abaqeshi bokholo ukuba bahlale bengahlawulwa.

Ezinye Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kubomi Obuqhelekileyo

Ezinye iindawo zivelise iinkqubo zokukhupha izicelo, ukuqesha iiplani zokuhlawula, kunye namanyathelo okugxotha avumela abemi nabahlali ukuba bacombulule iingxwabangxwaba ngaphandle kokuzichaza ngokupheleleyo. Ezi zinye iindlela zidla ngokugcina inkqubo efanelekileyo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela ayavuma, ngelinye ixesha enciphisa uxinzelelo lwenkundla. Umzekelo, kwezinye izixeko, umnini-fama kufuneka azame ukuzama ukukhupha ityala ngaphambi kokurhoxisa irente. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zinganceda izilangazelelo zenkqubo efanelekileyo ngokulungiselela i-projectal, umiselo olungenamkhethe, kodwa kufuneka zenzelwe ukuphepha ukunyanzelwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi baqonde amalungelo abo.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nekamva Lenkqubo Elindelekileyo Ekufunyanisweni Kwabantu

Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, ukuyiqonda inkqubela efunekayo yokugxothwa kwenqanawa iye yanda, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo eziliqela ezitsha:

  • Amalungelo adibeneyo esiluleko: Amaphondo aya enyusa inkxaso-mali yomelo olusemthethweni lwabaqeshwa abaphantsi. IsiXeko saseNew York, iSan Francisco, iNewark, kwaye abanye baye bamisela imithetho enjalo, kwaye amanyathelo esizwe aqwalaselwa eKhalifoniya, eWashington, naseMinnesota.
  • utshintsho lotshintsho: Abameli batyhala isaziso esilula, esiguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi, kwaye esinikezelwa ngeendlela ezininzi (iposi, i-imeyili, umbhalo). Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zifuna isaziso ukuquka imiyalelo yolwimi olucacileyo nolwazi olumalunga noncedo lomthetho.
  • Ukutywinwa nokucinywa: Naxa ityala licinywa okanye imo yemali iphumelela, ingxelo kawonke-wonke yefatyi yokugxotha ingenza phantse ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuqesha elinye ikhaya. Imithetho etywina ngokuzenzekelayo okanye icima iirekhodi emva kwexesha elicwangcisiweyo inceda ukuhlisa esi siphumo sokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokwenza umrhumo wasekunene kwifayile.
  • unikezelo lwezenzululwazi yobugcisa: kwizibuko le-intanethi ukwenzela islayida soxwebhu, ukubonakala kwenkundla ekude, kunye nezaziso ezizenzekelayo zinganciphisa ukuphoswa kwendlebe kunye neenkqubo ezilula (kodwa kufuneka zenziwe ngemivo elinganayo engqondweni ukwenzela ukuba abasebenzi abangenayo i-intanethi okanye ulwazi lwezimvo bakhutshwe ngaphandle.

Ezi nguqulelo kufuneka zivavanywe ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukuba aziyinciphisi inkqubo efunekayo ngokungalindelekanga. Umzekelo, ngeli xesha iindlebe ezikude zinokugcina ixesha lokuhamba, zisenokunciphisa ubunjani bomelo namandla okunikela ubungqina obubonakalayo. Indlela elungileyo idibanisa iziqinisekiso ezizinzileyo ngenkxaso eluncedo .

Isiphelo

Imodeli ayiyonkqubo yobuchule nje; yinkqubo esemthethweni eqinisekisa ukugxothwa kwesigqibo sokugxothwa kwenqanawa esenziwa ngokusesikweni, ngokucace gca, nangokuziphendulela. Abaqeshwa, inkqubo efanelekileyo inika ithuba lokuvakala, lokukhusela ukususwa ngokungekho sikweni, nokukhusela ukuzinza kwamakhaya abo bahlala kuwo. Abanini-ndlu, inikeza indlela ecacileyo eqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesigqibo sokugxothwa. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo ithe yancitshiswa ngenkqubo yokushwankathela, ukuswela umelo, okanye imigaqo-mqobo yokufikelela ku-(iindlela yokufumana isakhiwo esithe ngqo, kunye nokukhusela ababuthathaka kakhulu, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekushenxeni nasekunyuseni ukungalinganiyo. Ukutshintsha okuditya okuditya okuthiweyo kuditya nenkxaso yenkonzo yenkonzo ephambili, kodwa kufuna ukugcinwa kwimibutho yeenkundla, imigaqo-oglobane, kunye nemibutho yentlonelo esemthethweni; inyaniswa nje indlela engundoqo yelungelo yoluntu; kwaye ayibonisi isidima somthetho.