Ingcamango yamandla karhulumente isekelwe kanye kwisakhiwo solawulo, ibumba indlela elungelelanisiweyo ngayo imibutho, oovimba basasazwa ngayo, kwaye kwenziwa izigqibo ezimanyeneyo. Embilinini yayo, amandla karhulumente amela igunya elisemthethweni lorhulumente lokwakha nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuphakamisa ingeniso, nokunikezela ngoovimba babantu. Eli gunya alilolodwa; lisetyenziswa kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo kwaye lisetyenziswa ngendlela elungelelanisa izilangazelelo eziphikiswayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imimandla emibini ephambili enzima apho amandla orhulumente aboniswa khona: ukuyila noqingqo-mali. Ngokuhlola le mizekelo ngobunzulu, sinokuqonda indlela oorhulumente abaguqule ngayo igunya elingenakuchazwa kwizenzo ezichaphazela zonke iimeko zoluntu, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yoluntu ngokwezoqoqosho ukuya kwithuba lezoqoqosho.

Ukuqonda Amandla Karhulumente

Amandla karhulumente asoloko echazwa ngelens yengcamango yezobupolitika, kunye neenkcuba - buchopho zesiseko njengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noMax Weber belungiselela izicwangciso. Ngodumo oludumileyo urhulumente wachaza ukuba unegunya lokusebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo kwingingqi. Noko ke, amandla karhulumente agqithisele kude ngaphaya kwesinyanzelo; aquka amandla okunyathela, irhafu, inkcaso, ukuphatha, kunye nocwangciso. Idemocractationss yanamhlanje yahlula urhulumente ngaphaya kwamasebe amaninzi .

Amandla karhulumente asebenzayo axhomekeke kumaziko asemthethweni (amaqumrhu, iipalamente, iinkundla) kunye nezithethe ezingacwangciswanga (ukuthembeka, umthetho, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezentlalo). Xa kusetyenziswa kakuhle, amandla karhulumente anokuqhuba inkqubela yentlalo, akhusele, akhuthaze uzinzo lwezoqoqosho. Ngokuchasene noko, amandla angenazithintelo anokukhokelela ekulawuleni igunya, ukungaphumeleli, nokungalingani. Ukuqonda indlela asebenzisa ngayo amandla awo ngobuchule, ngokukakhulu ngokwenziwa komthetho nangoqingqo-mali.

Ukwenza Imithetho Njengesixhobo Samandla KaRhulumente

Ukwenza imithetho yenye yeembonakaliso ezithe ngqo nezibonakalayo zamandla karhulumente. Ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, oorhulumente badala imithetho ebambekayo elawula ukuziphatha, ukucombulula iimpikiswano, nokuseka inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Eli gunya alingokuthintela nje kuphela kodwa likwanceda ukusungula iinkqubo zezivumelwano, ezorhwebo, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Umgangatho wokwenziwa komthetho ubonisa amandla karhulumente okucombulula iingxaki, ukusuka ekungagqibeni kwe-inthanekiso-mfashonini ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke.

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka kwingcamango ukuya kumthetho luntsonkothile kwaye lwahlukile ngokwenkqubo yezobupolitika. Kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-bamaral, njenge-United States Congress okanye iPalamente yoBukumkani, umthetho kufuneka udlule kumaqondo amaninzi: isiqalo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo, ingxubusho, kunye nokuvota kokugqibela kuzo zombini izindlu. Le nkqubo yenyathelo elininzi inika amathuba okuhlola, ukunxibelelana, kunye negalelo loluntu. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo ye-United States yolawulo, zombini iNdluko loo-mthetho neNdlukwano kufuneka zivumele iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumongameli ukuze ityikityelwe. Le nkqubo yokuyila ingundatha ingundatha umbane inika amathuba okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ucacingisiwe kakuhle, ukuqwalasela nolwano olwahlukeneyo.

Iikomiti zomthetho zidlala indima enzima, ngokufuthi zibamba iindlebe apho iingcaphephe, abameli, kunye namagosa karhulumente angqinela. Ezi zikhalazo ziyinxalenye ephambili apho abadlali bangaphandle `njengamaqela enzala kunye nokucinga iitanki(influence) zamandla karhulumente. Inkqubo yekomiti ikwavumela ukubuyiselwa kothutho, ukucombulula iingcamango zenkqubo zenkqubo yemigaqo engaqhelekanga ibe yimimiselo esebenzayo. Indlu yowiswano, njengabo baseNebraska okanye eNew Zealand, iqukuqela inkqubo kodwa isasebenzisa ukunxibelelana kwabantu bonke kunye nokufundwa.

Iindidi Zemithetho

Imithetho ewiswe ngurhulumente iwela kwiindidi ezibanzi, nganye ekhonza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Imithetho yemithetho idluliselwa ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kwaye igquma yonke into ukusuka kwiikhowudi zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwixabiso lerhafu. Imithetho yezomGaqo-siseko isekelwe kwisiseko.

Amandla karhulumente akwabonakalisa ngendlela yenkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo (njengakwiUK nase-US), apho izigqibo zogwebo zitolika imimiselo zize zimisele imizekelo. Nangona iinkundla zinga "zenzi" umthetho ngengqiqo efanayo njengezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ukujongwa kwazo ngendlela amandla karhulumente asetyenziswa ngayo ekusebenzeni, ngokufuthi ezalisa iizithuba ezishiywe ngolwimi lwezomthetho.

Iingxelo Nokulungelelana Kwemithetho

Ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho, ukubekwa komthetho kuxhomekeke kumasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo. Umphathi-mikhosi unamandla okulawula, angangachatshazelwa yi-witrogement ephezulu. Iinkundla zingabetha imithetho echasene namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, njengoko ibonwa kwiimeko eziphawulayo ezifana Barbury v. Madison [umvuzo wesizwe] okanye Brown. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [ukujika i-mthetho]. Ngokubhekele, iinkqubo zorhulumente, njengase-URGrentshi, okanye eIndiya, ukusasaza amandla omthetho phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noomnye, ummiselo wolawulo lwelizwe.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nempembelelo

Ngoxa ukubekwa komthetho kungumsebenzi osemthethweni karhulumente, abemi namaqela baphembelela ngovote, ukuphembelela, amagqabaza oluntu, nemibutho yoluntu. Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente, eliqinisekisiweyo kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-melo, livumela abantu ukuba bamisele umthetho okanye bacel ’ umngeni imithetho ekhoyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqonga amanani anceda ukumiswa kwemibutho yabantu nokuvela kwemithetho esemthethweni. Noko ke, impembelelo yemali kwezopolitiko / ngokuphuma kwemirhumo yemirhuqo kunye nenkcitho ekhuthaza inkcitho, iphakamisa umbanothotho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ngoba ngubani osebenza ngokwenene amandla karhulumente oshishino.

Uqingqo - mali: Amandla Emali KaRhulumente

Uhlaziyo lohlahlo-mali lungowona mphumo ubalulekileyo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente, njengoko lumisela indlela ezinyuswa ngayo iimali zikawonke-wonke zize zisetyenziswe ngayo. Uqingqo-mali lwesizwe lubonisa ezona zinto ziphambili kwinkqubo karhulumente, lunikezela ngoovimba phakathi kweemfuno ezikhuphisanayo, kwaye luphembelela iziphumo zezoqoqosho kulo lonke ibutho labantu. Ngokungafaniyo nokwenza imithetho, emisela imithetho, uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali lulawula ukuhamba kwemali ngokukhawulezileyo, ukuyenza iziphumo ezibonakalayo.

Inzala

Irejista ingenisa ingeniso ngokuyintloko ngerhafu, kodwa ikwasebenzisa iimali ezihlawulwayo, iintengiso, irhafu, inkqubo yerhafu ngokwayo kukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente: isasaza ubutyebi, ifaka iintlawulo ezithile (umz., iintlawulo zomnini-ndlu okanye amandla ahlaziywayo), kunye nemali eninzi equka irhafu yengeniso (indawo ejikelezayo okanye eqeshisayo), irhafu yenkampani, ukuhlawula irhafu (irhafu yexabiso elifakelwe kwintengiso) kunye nerhafu yempahla.

Ukuboleka ngamaqhina okukhupha yenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zengeniso, ingakumbi kwiiprojekthi zezibonelelo. Noko ke, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala kunokuthintela amandla ombuso wexesha elizayo, njengoko intlawulo yenzala isebenzisa uqingqo-mali kwaye isenokufuna amanyathelo afanelekileyo. Amazwe akwalawula imali yobutyebi obuphezulu (njengoko kunjalo eNorway) okanye athembe imali (UKhuselo loNtlalo) ukuze aqinise iinzuzo zexesha elizayo.

Izigqibo Eziziinjongo

Uhlaziyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lukulapho amandla karhulumente ebumba ibutho labantu ngokuthe ngqo. Iindidi zokuchithwa kwemali ziquka ukukhusela, untlalo-ntle, unyango lwentlalo, imfundo, izibonelelo, kunye nokhuseleko loluntu. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali exhobisa imikhosi yorhwebo-mali: inkxaso-mali engakumbi yokukhusela isenokuthetha incinane kwimfundo; ukwanda kwenkxaso-mali yelahleko yelahleko ingadinisa utyalo olucocekileyo. Kwicandelo elikhulu lolawulo-melo lwezolawulo-mthetho, elilungisa izicelo zoqingqobhanki, ngoko elithi liphinde lihlole ingxubuko yomthetho kunye nokulungisa ipropati. Le nkqubo idla ngokuba nentlalo eyahlukene, njengoko amaqela amaqela afuna ubuncwane.

Iinkqubo zovavanyo (umz., uKhuseleko loNtlalo, iMedicare) kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule ziindidi ezahlukileyo. Izihlomelo zinyanzelekile ukuba kusetyenziswe imali eqingqiweyo enqunyulwe yimithetho esebenzayo, ilinganisela ubuchule bomthetho ngexesha elifutshane. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule, kuquka iindleko zokuzikhusela kunye neenkqubo zasekhaya, kumiselwa minyaka le. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwemali edityanisiweyo nenkcitho yexesha elide ibonisa inkcitho yenkqubo kunye nemilinganiselo ephantsi karhulumente.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali noMngcipheko wezezoqoqosho

Ukuqingqa imali sisixhobo esiyintloko senkqubo yemali esetyenziswayo neyokuhlawula irhafu kurhulumente ukuze kuphembelele uqoqosho. Ngexesha lobunzima bemali, amatyala angasebenzisa inkqubo yokwandisa inkcitho, ukwandisa okanye ukusika iirhafu ukuze kunyuswe imfuno. Kumaxesha entsika, inkqubo yokudibaniswe (ukunciphisa okanye ukunyusa irhafu) inokupholisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa amandla ombuso ekulawuleni kwemaketha ezoqoqosho, njengoko zibonwa zikhuthaza iimpahla ezifana ne-American Revorence kunye neReinvestment Act yowe-2009 okanye iindleko zoncedo lwe-COVIID. Iibhanki ezisembindi zisebenza rhoqo kumagunya aphezulu e-fiscal, kodwa uqingqo lwabiwo-mali luhlala lukho ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwemeko lwezoqoqosho.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla oqingqo-mali okunenkathalo kufuna ukuba kucace kwaye kubeke ityala. Amanyathelo oqingqo-mali avulekileyo, anjenge-International Uccut Universualship, akhuthaza ukufikelela koluntu kumaxwebhu ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, avumela abemi nebutho loluntu ukuba bahlole izabelo kunye nemali. Amaqumrhu oPhicotho-zincwadi, njenge-Ofisi-Mani yoLawulo kaRhulumente (GAO) e-US okanye i-Oficelmstylement eUK, anika ulawulo oluzimeleyo. Ngaphandle kwala macebo, amandla oqingqo-mali anokuba luncedo, anokungabi nako ukuyekelela ukurhwansula, ukuncitshiswa kobugxanduva kuncitshiswa korhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezifundo Zetyala Lamandla Karhulumente

Ukuze ubone indlela yokwenza umthetho noqingqo - mali oludibana ngayo, uhlolisiso oluthile lubonisa indlela asebenza ngayo amandla karhulumente.

Utshintsho lwezonyango: UMthetho we-Affordal Care (ACA)

I-ACA, eyamiselwa ngo-2010 eUnited States, ngumzekelo ophambili wamandla karhulumente ngokwenza umthetho kunye noqingqo-mali. Ngokusemthethweni, yayibandakanya imimiselo entsonkothileyo elawula iimarike ze-inshorensi, abaqeshi, kunye nemiyalelo yokukhusela abathengi. Ngokusebenzisa imali, yanikezela amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi zemali ukuze ixhase, ulwando lwe-Meteyini, kunye neetyala lerhafu. Umthetho wadala i-oomasipala abatsha (njengententengiso ye-inshorensi yempilo) kwaye wagunyazisa amasebe akhoyo (njengezikomkhulu zeMedicareas-Médiasfers, iinkonzo ze-anslave kunye nemigangatho yemali. Ukusebenza kwe-ACUSCURGenegate, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluphezulu lwezentengo yoqoqoliso-mali, i-mali yezigidi.

Ukubonelela Ngezemfundo: Imali yesikolo

Amandla karhulumente ayabonakala nakwiinkxaso-mali zemfundo, apho iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho zimisela iindlela zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali kwizikolo zeK-12. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi ase-US aye ajongana nocelomngeni lwenkundla olungaphezulu kwimali echithwa phakathi kwesithili ngasinye esifumileyo nesihlwempuzekileyo. Ekuphenduleni, inkundla ephakamileyo iye yayalela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zihlaziye iinkqubo zemali, zibanyanzele ukuba zinike oovimba abaninzi kwimimandla engaphantsi kwenkonzo yemfundo ephantsi. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamandla ekwahluleleneyo (kuchaza imigaqo yemfundo yesiseko sesizwe) kunye noqingqoqingqo-mali kubonisa indlela amasebe asebenzisa ngayo igunya lesizwe ukuze aqhube imicimbi ento elungileyo. NjengeKhalifoni isimbunian zenza "indlela zokulawula iingeniso zolawulo lwendawo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni" ezinika inkxaso eyongephicondayo nabafundi kunye namaNgesi, ezibonisa izigqibo zoqingqo-mali.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: UMthetho wococeko lomoya

ICeaner Air Act in the US, yaqala yadluliselwa ngo-1963 yaza yalungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngowe-1970 nangowama-1990, ngumzekelo omnye. Inika amandla okumisela i-Evironmental Protection (EPA) umgangatho womgangatho womoya wesizwe nokulawula ukukhutshwa komoya kwimithombo yezikhululo ezikhawulezayo kunye nezithuthi ezihambayo. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ibandakanya ukuva kakhulu, iqela lenzala leqela lenzala (ukusuka kwishishini ukuya kwiingcali zemekobume) kwaye kulalanisa. Ukuqingqa uqingqo-mali ukwenzela ukunyaniswa kolawulo kunye neenkqubo ezifana nokuhlola umgangatho wobunjani we-R34% ye-R3.

Impembelelo Yamandla Karhulumente Kuluntu

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente ngokwenza umthetho kunye noqingqo-mali kuneziphumo ezinzulu. Imithetho echanekileyo kunye noqingqo-mali inganciphisa ubuhlwempu, iphucule impilo kawonke-wonke, kwaye ikhuthaze uhlaziyo. Umzekelo, iUS GI Bill ka 1944/obabini umthetho (iServicemen's Readlupment Act) kunye nolwabiwo-mali olungundoqo olunolwabiso lwemfundo ephezulu kunye nodidi oluphakathi. Ngokuchasene noko, imigaqo yenziwe ngokungafanelekanga iyakwazi ukutshintsha unganiselwano lwerhafu, njengoko ibonwa kwimigaqo-ntengiso okanye imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho echaphazela ngokugqithisileyo umgangatho osezantsi.

Amandla karhulumente akwaphembelela ukubotshwa kwemibutho yoluntu. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba ilizwi labo linemibandela ekuqulunqeni umthetho, kwaye uqingqo-mali lwezohlahlo lubonisa imilinganiselo eyabelweneyo, ukuthembana ngorhulumente kuyakhula. Uvavanyo loqingqo-mali olunenxaxheba kwizixeko ezifana nePorto Alegre, eBrazil, luye lwabandakanya ngokuthe ngqo abemi kwiimali zikamasipala, ukunika amandla abantu nokuphucula ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Kwelinye icala, amandla achuliweyo okanye ancedisayo akhuthaza ukwahlukana nokuchasana.

ISiko neNtlalo

Lunganciphisa okanye lwandise izithuba zohlalo-mali. Irhafu eqhubekekayo kunye neenkqubo zoluntu eziqinileyo (umz., i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, izindlu zikawonke-wonke zisebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukusasaza oovimba. Imithetho elwa ucalucalulo (amalungelo esizwe, ukulingana komtshato) igunya lorhulumente lokukhusela amaqela anokuchanabeka. Ukulwa kule nkqubo.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nokuhlaziywa

Amandla karhulumente aqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho ngenkcitho yezibonelelo, ngemali yophando (umz., iziko lesiZwe lempilo), kunye neenkqubo ezilawulayo ezenza ukuba iimarike zisebenze. Umzekelo, uqingqo-mali lwase-United States lwaxhasa inkqubela phambili ye-intanethi (ARPANET) kwaye luyaqhubeka lufak ’ isandla kubugcisa obufana nobukrelekrele obungeyo. Ukuyila imithetho kudala ubuchule, amaphepha amaphepha asemthethweni, kunye nemithetho echasene nokuyila iprojekthi. Ngaphandle kwamandla karhulumente okunyanzelisa nokukhusela izivumelwano nokukhusela izinto, ubukhapitalikhamkha banamhlanje abunakusebenza.

Isiphelo

Amandla elizwe, abonwa ngokwenziwa komthetho noqingqo-mali, yi-injini yolawulo lwale mihla. La magunya mabini enza ukuba oorhulumente bamisele imithetho edityanisiweyo kwaye banike oovimba abambalwa, abumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yokukhupha umthetho ngokulula ukuya kwiingxoxo zelizwe eziphikisana ngoqingqo-mali, ukusebenzisa amandla karhulumente kufuna ukulungelelanisa ubuchule, ukulingana, inkululeko, kunye nokhuseleko. Abami, nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokubamba ityala ngoorhulumente ngokufaka ityala ngovota, i-accocacy, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwintetho kawonke. Ukuqonda le mizekelo yamandla karhulumente akuthethi nje ukuba abantu abakwazi ukuqhubana nemigaqo enenjongo abalawulayo, abanonempumelelo, abanoxandumiso kunye nabalawulwa yimfanelo.