Urhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States usebenzisa uludwe lwamagunya achaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubomi babemi bawo. Ukuqonda indlela la magunya asetyenziswa ngayo kwimeko-bume yehlabathi lokwenene kuyanceda ekukhanyeni indima karhulumente wesizwe kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka ekulawuleni kwezoqoqosho ukuya ekunikeni ukhuseleko lohlanga, imigaqo-nkqubo yokumagunya karhulumente echaphazela zonke iinkalo zebutho lamaMelika.

Ukuthunyelelwa Kumagunya Omanyano

Amandla omanyano athathwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ingakumbi kwiZicwangciso I, II, kunye ne III. La magunya angacalulwa adweliswe, achazwe, anikwe, kwaye abe namandla emfuza. Amandla adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko; achazwe ngokufanelekileyo ngalawo afunekayo ukubulala ezi zibalulwayo; kwaye amagunya emfuno angawalo naliphi na ilizwe elinolawulo. Eli nqaku lihlola imizekelo yehlabathi elininzi yendlela lamandla abonakala ngayo ekusebenzeni, linika ukujonga okunzulu kwinani elisebenzayo likarhulumente wesizwe.

Ukusebenza Kwamandla

Amagunya agunya agunyazisiweyo asisiseko segunya likarhulumente. Aquka ukunikwa igunya elikhethekileyo kwiNgqungquthela, njengamandla erhafu, imali, ukulawula ezorhwebo, ukubhengeza imfazwe nokuseka iiofisi zeposi. La mandla anempembelelo engqalileyo nebonakalayo kubemi nakumashishini.

Ukulawula Urhwebo

I-Commerce Claus (Umthetho we-Forking Claus I, ICandelo 8, Classiala 3) ivumela iKhompala ukuba ilawule urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa ukudlulisela imithetho echaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimigangatho yomsebenzi ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume. Umzekelo, iMithetho ye- Fair Labor Labor Act [[] I-ACA]) ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-Clausstion, isigqibo esixhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Intelligence [FL:4]. Ngokutsha, i-AFLT]

Irhafu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uqokelela irhafu ukuze axhase imisebenzi yakhe, kuquka irhafu yengeniso kunye nerhafu yequmrhu. Le ngeniso ixhasa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, eziquka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, i-ukhuselo, kunye nezibonelelo. I-Internal Revenuevenue Service (IRS) inika intlawulo lwerhafu, eye yatshintshwa amaxesha amaninzi ukwenza imigaqo ethile, enjengemfuno yemali ehlawulwa yimfuyo (inzala) kunye nemali egciniwe yedenjiko yedenjiko (401(k). IsiHlamvo se-16). IsiHlo se-16 sigunyazisa intlawulo karhulumente, umthombo ohlalukileyo wengeniso.

Ukukhokha Imali Nokumisela Umgaqo - siseko Wemali

IBhunga linamandla apheleleyo okunyusa imali nokulawula ixabiso layo. Eli gunya linikwe iFederal Reserve, emisela inzala kwaye ilawula ukunikezelwa kwemali. Umzekelo, ngexesha lengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iFed ithoba isantya senzala kufutshane neqanda kwaye ivelise ukuncitshiswa kwenani lokukhuthaza uqoqosho. Eli gunya lichaphazela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, umsebenzi, namandla okuthenga eMelika ngamnye.

Ukumisela Iiofisi Zeposi Neendlela Zamva

UMgaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla okuseka ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zasemva. Namhlanje, i- United States Postal Service (USPS) ithumela iposi kwidilesi ezingaphezu kwe 160 lezigidi, inikezela ngenkonzo yehlabathi lonke ngexabiso elifikelelekayo. Kwanakwixesha lamanani, i-USPS ihlala ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo worhulumente, isenza ishishini lisebenze ngokunikezelwa kwempahla nokukhonza kwiindawo ezikude apho abathwali-oooomatilo abazimele banokungasebenzi.

Abaxhasi Nabamkeli

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8, iCandelo lesi-8 linika iNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yokukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa obuluncedo ngokukhusela amaxesha alinganiselweyo kubabhali kunye nabayili ilungelo elipheleleyo lokufumana izinto zabo. U.S. Paten and Trademark Office (USTO) inika imvume kunye neempawu ezikhethekileyo, ukhuthazo. Umzekelo, imvume exhomekeke kumayeza iinguqulo ezikhompyutheni zivumela iindleko zophando lwekhakhakhakha, ngelixa, ngelixa umthetho wobushicinel-mvume wokwenza izinto njengomculo, iifilimu, kunye ne-software.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nempembelelo Yawo

Amandla asetyenziswayo awachazwanga ngokucacileyo kodwa ayimfuneko ukuphumeza amagunya adwelisweyo. Isiseko samandla achazwayo yi-Iactive ne Media (Icandelo I, Icandelo 8, u-Claus 18), enika iBhunga igunya ukwenza yonke imithetho ezakuba yimfuneko kwaye ifanelekile ekuthwaleni ekubulaweni amagunya aphezulu. Eli binzana livule urhulumente worhulumente ukuba akwazi ukutshintsha iimeko.

Ukudalwa Kwesiqithi EsinguFederal

Ukumiselwa ngoMthetho we-Federal Reserve ka-1913, eli lungiselelo lilawula inkqubo yemali yesizwe, liphembelela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nexabiso lemisebenzi. Ngeli xesha lingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, i-Fad yadalelwa ukuqinisa inkqubo yokubhanki nokulawula ukunikezelwa kwemali. Namhlanje, izigqibo ze-Fed zifana nokunyusa inzala yokulwa nokunyuka kwemali (hlwisana nemali), ukuchaphazela intengo zemali, ukuboleka iindleko, kunye nokwanda komsebenzi. [Inkcasongezo zeFederal Reserve

Imithetho yezonyango

IAfford Care Act ekwaziyo ukufikelela kwimpilo ebanzi kwaye yagwetyelwa phantsi kwamandla eBhunga ukulawula ezorhwebo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa inkoliso ye-ACA ngo-2012, nangona yawuthintela ugunyaziso lwezorhwebo luka-Claus ngokwegunya lomntu ngamnye, endaweni yokuwufumana umgaqo-siseko phantsi kwamandla arhafisayo eBhunga. I-ACA iMifanekiso yendlela amandla athenjiweyo avumela ngayo urhulumente wengingqi ukuba acombulule iingxaki zentlalo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yadalwa ngumyalelo olawulayo ngowe-1970 wokunyanzelisa imimiselo phantsi koMthetho we-Chrease Air noMgaqo-siseko Ococekileyo Wamanzi. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ukhuseleko lwemekobume, iBhunga lasebenzisa amandla alo orhwebo ukulawula ungcoliseko olunqamleza iintambo zikarhulumente. Igunya le-EPA lisetyenziselwa ukumisela imigangatho yokukhupha umphunga kwizithuthi, ukumisela ungcoliso lwamandla kwizityalo, nokucoca iindawo eziyingozi zenkunkuma. [Inkcaciso ye-Externamentine: I-EPA]

Unyanzeliso lomthetho womanyano kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yobuntlola

IFEDAL Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kunye Indawo yokhuseleko lwe Homeland (DHS) isebenza phantsi kwamandla ajolisweyo ukunyanzela imithetho karhulumente nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. IFBI iphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza iilayini zikarhulumente, ezifana ne-ibercrime, iiphekula, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. I-DHS, edalwe emva kwe-9/11, ihlanganisa ukhuseleko lomda, ukugcinwa kwabantu abafuduki, kunye nempendulo yentlekele. La masebe axhomekeke kwi-Inters ne-Claus elungele ukuthwala iinkonzo zawo.

Amandla Emvelo Nokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Ngawo azalwa nawo urhulumente wesizwe onokuthi nje abe nento elawulayo. La magunya abalulekile ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nonxulumano lwentlalo-ntle. Aludweliswanga kumGaqo-siseko kodwa agqalwa njengayimfuneko kubukho bawo nawuphi na urhulumente.

Ulawulo loshenxiso

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulawula iinkqubo zokulawula ukufuduka, kuquka i-visa yokhuseleko lomda, eziyimfuneko kulawulo lwesizwe. UMthetho wokwandiswa noMgaqo weSizwe ulawula abanokungena, bahlale, babe ngummi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente uye wasebenzisa amandla akhe okuzalisekisa ukuvalwa kohambo, ukwandisa izinto eziphambili, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko. Inkundla ePhakathi-nkankulu iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba urhulumente unamandla okulawula ukufuduka, oko kukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba azenzele imigaqo yabo yokufuduka.

Ukusekwa Kolwalamano Lwamazwe Asemzini Nesivumelwano

Umongameli unegunya lokuququzelela izivumelwano nokudibanisa amazwe asemzini, abalulekileyo kwintlalo zobuzwe. Umzekelo, i- North Treaty Organization (NATO) yasekwa ngesivumelwano, inika i-United States imvume yokukhusela. Umongameli uqhuba ulawulo lwezibonelelo, olufana nokudibanisa izivumelwano zenyukliya namaqabane. Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna iCantel Contal ment i-ractation, izivumelwano zequmrhu zinokwenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga, uqheliselo oluye lwandisa amandla omongameli kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle.

Amandla Eengozi

Ngamaxesha engxaki yesizwe, urhulumente angamisela amanyathelo okukhusela abemi, njengakwixesha leentlekele zendalo okanye izisongelo zabagrogrisi. UMthetho wesizwe we-Emertications (1997) unika isiseko somongameli sokuvakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe nokuxhobisa amandla akhethekileyo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Trump wavakalisa ungxamise ungxamise ungxamiseko lwesizwe kwi 2019 ukubeka imali yolwakhiwo lomda. Ngexesha le-CHOVID-19, urhulumente wabiza u-DEmper:2'Imveliso yesizwe [ Imveliso yesizwe. [FLT:]] ukunyanzela iinkampani ukuba zive iinkonzo zonyango. Le misebenzi, ngexa kusenziwa impikiswano, imboniso yobubanzi bodonga lamagunya.

Uvavanyo lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kusenza siqonde indlela amandla orhulumente asebenza ngayo, kutyhila ukudityaniswa kwamandla adwelisweyo, achazwayo nangokwemvelo.

Umsebenzi Omtsha

Ngexesha loHlakulelo olukhulu, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iNew Deal, esebenzisa amandla orhulumente ukulungiselela isiqabu, ukuchacha, kunye nokuguqula. Oku kuquka:

  • I-Sucial Security Act ka-1935: yamisa umnatha wokhuseleko kwabakhulileyo nabangasebenzi, ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu karhulumente kunye namandla okusebenzisa imali. Ucwangciso lwahlawulwa ngerhafu eqeshiweyo kwaye luye lwaba lilungu lesiseko lokhuseleko lomhlala-phantsi.
  • Ulawulo lwePublic Works Administration (PWA): imisebenzi yesiseko ebonelelwayo enjenge Hoover Dam, iLincoln Tunneln, namawaka ezikolo nezibhedlele, ibonakalisa indima karhulumente worhulumente ekuphuculweni kwezoqoqosho nokudalwa komsebenzi.
  • Umthetho weNational Labor Relations (NLRA): uqinisekisa abasebenzi ilungelo lokulungiselela nokusebenzisana, ukumisa igunya lesizwe kwiChwebo Claus. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa isenzo ku NLB v. Jones & Lagh Steel Corp. [1937]], iphawula ukuchazwa okubanzi kwamandla orhwebo.

Iqela lamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wesizwe wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu ebudeni beminyaka yee-1960. Izenzo ezingundoqo ziqukiwe:

  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964: ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi. IBhunga lathembela kwiChwebiso-Mbali ka-Clauske, liphikisa ukuba ucalucalulo kwivenkile yokutyelana. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa le ngcamango [[FLT:]] eAtlanta Motel v. United States
  • IVoting Rights Act ka-65:[[FLT: 1] Ijolise ekupheliseni imiqobo ekuvotelweni kwama-Afrika, ibonakalisa ukungenelela kukarhulumente kwimicimbi yombuso ukukhusela amalungelo abantu. Isenzo sasifuna amagunya kunye nembali yocalulo ukuze kufumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. IBhunga lasebenzisa amandla alo phantsi koLawulo lwe-15 lokukhupha ivota.
  • I-Exective Order 11246 (1965): ekhutshelwe nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, lo myalelo walela izakhiwo zikarhulumente ukuba zingahlulwa ziphinde zifune iinkqubo zokuzivumela. Yabonisa amandla kamongameli okulawula umsebenzi kunye nokufumana.

Imfazwe Eqhubekayo

Emva kohlaselo lwe-septemba 11, urhulumente wengingqi wacela omabini amandla emvelo nawokuthatyathwa ukuze alwe nobugrogrisi. USUSA Umthetho (2001] ugunyaziswe ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okubanzi, kuquka iintambo zocingo kunye nokufikelela kwiingxelo zeshishini. Umongameli wabiza igunya elisisiseko lokunqanda iintshaba zotshaba, ukuseka iikhomishini zomkhosi, nokuqhuba i-drone. Inkundla ephakamileyo emalunga nomthetho enjenge-. [i-Hamdan v.] v. Rumsteld [200] [200] kunye [[FLT]]] [blm]] .BUSH [blm]

Amandla Omanyano Kwiimbambano Zangexesha

Namhlanje, amagunya orhulumente ayaqhubeka esetyenziswa kwimibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo yanamhlanje, ngokufuthi ebandakanya iimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ngokuphathelele umgangatho wegunya likarhulumente elinxulumene nemimandla namazwe athile.

Utshintsho Kwimpilo

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele ukufikelela kwezempilo nokukwazi ukufikelela kwempilo ibonisa indima karhulumente ekulawuleni inkqubo yonyango. IACA ihlala iyindawo yokuhlola impilo, ngemigudu yakutshanje yokwandisa yona (umz., ukuhlisa isizukulwana seMedicare e-aligiment) okanye i-infealial. Amandla omanyano akwabonakala kwi- iMecareade kunye ne-Medicaid iinkqubo zenkqubo ze-Médicaid [, ezixhomekeke ekusebenziseni nasekuhlawuleleni irhafu. Umthetho wobugrafunclution [[FLT:]] 202] [202]) uMediccel unegunya lokuxoxa ngexabiso leziyobisi ngexesha lokuqala, ukuqhelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ezwelo.

Ingxaki Yemozulu Iyaqala

Imithetho ejolise ekunciphiseni ukhupho-moya lwekharbon ibonisa ukuzimisela kukarhulumente ukusingatha iingxaki zokusingqongileyo. ICwangciso se-EPA Esicocekileyo (2015]) (2015) ifuna ukulinganisela ungcoliseko lwekharbon kwizityalo ezisebenzisa i-Ethermone Act. Nangona iplani yayivalwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2016, i-EPA iyaqhubeka ilawula iigesi ezishushu ezishushu phantsi kwemekobume yemeko-bume yendalo [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT] imisela iintekotho zezorhwebo ze-National Around Adrogggravis [FFF]

Imithetho yokulawula imipu

Urhulumente wesizwe uye wamisela imithetho eyahlukeneyo ejolise ekulawuleni imipu, echaphazela ukhuseleko nomntu ngamnye. UMthetho wokuLawula wowe-1968 awuvumi ukuthengiselwa kwabantu ngemipu ngaphandle kwemvume. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] Brady Violence Colving Devition Act [] [1993]] [iiiii-Graccom Gavinglet ment Act yokhuselo yokhuselo-mthetho] [ifuna uvavanyo lwezinto ezithengwa ngabarhwebi beemfuno ezithelwe yi-flagions, kodwa isigqibo esiphezulu seNkuHlu. [[FLT] [iflat] I-Trect; [irrupt] uR.[2]

Ukuzimela Ugcino-lwazi Nokungakhuseleki

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, urhulumente wengingqi ubambene nokulawula ugcino-lwazi kunye nokhuseleko lwe-inthanethi. I-FEderal Trade Commission (FTC) isebenzisa igunya layo ukunyanzelisa imigaqo engalunganga okanye ekhohlisayo, efana neenkampani ezisebenzisa kakubi idata yomthengi. [LYSEMURSEUSELY] kunye noKhuselo lokhuseleko lwe-CISA] lwamiswa ukukhusela imibutho yoluntu kunye nokuqhuba iimpendulo zobucala kwimibango yezobugro. [[FLT:] Imithetho yokhuseleko kunye noKhuselo lwesizwe][FLT], ijongo yemithetho yesizwe, efuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-Calciographic's. CPA i-CPP i-octivealgative.

Uthutho loMkhosi neDACA

Inkqubo yokufuduka ihlala ingummandla okhuphisana ngokushushu wamandla ezwe. Isenzo esicetyisiweyo sokufika kobuntwana (DACA) inkqubo, edalwe ngumyalelo olawulayo ngo-2012, ivumela abathile abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga abafikela kubantwana beze bafumane imvume kunye nokhuseleko ekugxothweni. Lo mzekelo ubonakalisa indlela isebe eliphetheyo elinokuxhasa ngayo i-DACA kwi-Right Security v. Regets zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniyayo[FLT:] [20] kwimimandla ephezulu, kodwa ihlala iphikisana. Oku kubonisa indlela isebe eliphethe elisebenzisa ukhuseleko elisebenza kwisebe elisebenza ngobuchule.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda izicelo zeli hlabathi lokwenene lamagunya orhulumente wesizwe kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela urhulumente wesizwe asebenza ngayo. La magunya alawulayo achaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika, ukusuka kuzinzo lwezoqoqosho ukuya kumalungelo abantu, ukusuka kwimpilo kawonke-wonke ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Isiseko somGaqo-siseko esithambileyo (esiphenjelelweyo, esiboniswa, kwaye sivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alungelelene neengxaki ezintsha ngelixa ehlala enoxanduva kubantu. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo yembali neyomhla, sifumana imbono ecacileyo ngendima ebalulekileyo karhulumente wesizwe kwibutho lethu, nengxoxo eqhubekayo ngemidalo lifanelekileyo.