Indima Karhulumente Kwimfundo

Inkqubo yemfundo eUnited States isebenza kumgangatho ohlukeneyo we-odolothi: urhulumente worhulumente, wesizwe, kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ungakhankanyi ngokungqalileyo imfundo, amandla okuzinziswa kweSimi seshumi lokuLandli-Mpawulo-mthetho anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe, enza imfundo ibe ngurhulumente kunye nommandla wengingqi. Noko ke, urhulumente ulawula impembelelo ngenkxaso, ngokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu, kunye nezinto eziphambili zesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela umgangatho ngamnye osebenza ngayo .

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sibumba yonke into ukusuka kwimigangatho yokufundisa ukuya kwimivuzo yokufundisa, ukusuka kwiimeko zokwakha kwesikolo ukuya kwiinkonzo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo. Ukuqhelisa, ukudlala phakathi kwemiyalelo karhulumente, izicwangciso zikarhulumente, kunye nokuzalisekiswa kommandla kudala amathuba kunye nokhuhlaniso. Isithili sePantana yasemakhaya sijongene nemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kunenye kwidolophu yaseNew Jersey, ukanti zombini kufuneka zihambisane nemigaqo ehamba-jikeneyo kunye nemijelo yemali. Eli nqaku linikela uphando lokwenene lwehlabathi ngendlela urhulumente achaphazela ngayo imfundo, ukuzoba nemizekelo yenkcaso kunye nengxoxo yangoku.

Impembelelo karhulumente karhulumente kwimfundo

Indima karhulumente karhulumente kwimfundo iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ingakumbi ngomthetho onxulumene nokuxhaswa kwemali namalungelo abantu. Nangona iSebe lezemfundo lase-U.S. lingasebenzisi izikolo okanye limisele isikolo, lisebenzisa impembelelo ephawulekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye neemfuno zolawulo.

ISebe linika inkxaso kwiinkqubo nesihloko

Utyalo-mali olukhulu lwamaqumrhu karhulumente kwiK-12 yemfundo luza ngesihloko I soMthendeleko weSikolo semfundo neSecondary Act (ESEA), edluliselwe ekuqaleni ngo-1965 kwaye yaphinda yagunyaziswa kutshanje njengoko i-Equary Students Servect (ESSA) ngo- 2015. Isihloko Ndinikela inkxaso-mali kwizikolo ezineepesenti eziphezulu zabafundi abasuka kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Kunyaka wama-2022-2023 wesikolo, iSihlomelo Sasasaza malunga nee-R34 zezigidi kwimimandla yesikolo lonke. Izikolo zisebenzisa le mali ukwenzela abafundisi abangakumbi, izinto zokufundisa, emva kweenkqubo zesikolo, kunye namanyathelo okucela iintsapho.

Isiphumo sokwenene sehlabathi: kwisithili ezifana nezikolo zoluntu zaseBaltimore, isiHloko Imali Ndixhasa abaqeqeshi bemfundo kunye nobukhulu obuncinci bodidi kwimigangatho esisiseko. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iSihloko Endinikela ngaso inkxaso sanele ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwengingqi nezityebi, kwaye iimfuno zikarhulumente maxa wambi zidala imithwalo yentsebenziswano engaphaya kweengenelo.

Unyanzelo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwimfundo. I-OFS for Civil Rights (OCR) kwiSebe lezemfundo lase-U.S. iphanda ngezikhalazo zocalulo ezisekelwe kwibala, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. Umthetho welizwe oquka iSihlomelo VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, iSihlomelo seSigqibo semfundo yowe-1972, kunye ne-Antu zoMsebenzi wezemfundo eBandleko-Mfundo (IDEA) ziye zaguqula izikolo zaseMelika ngokuthintela amathuba alinganayo emidlalo yamantombazana, nokufuna imfundo elungelenexabiso yabafundi abaneziphenesiphene.

ifuthe lehlabathi lokwenene: Ngo-2023, i-OCR yalungisa izikhalazo ezingaphezu kwe-10 000, ukusuka ekuhlukunyezweni kohlanga ukuya kwimida yokufikelela. Ukhokelo lweziko lwamalungelo omfundi adluliselwe ngaphandle kwemvume luye lwabangela iimfazwe ezisemthethweni phakathi kwemigaqo karhulumente nemithetho karhulumente, ibonakalisa ukuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nemilinganiselo yenkululeko yoluntu.

Iimfuno Zokuphendula Nokuvavanya

IESSA ifuna ukuba kubekho ulawulo lokulungiselela iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo zonyaka ekufundeni nasebalweni kumgangatho 3-8 kwaye kwanakwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwaye ukuze kuxelwe iziphumo ezirhoxisiweyo ngamaqela angaphantsi abafundi afana nohlanga, ingeniso, kunye nemeko yokukhubazeka. Ngoxa urhulumente wengingqi emisela eli gunya lokuvavanya, amaphondo anokukwazi ukuyila iinkqubo zokuphendula, kuquka indlela yokufumana nokuxhasa izikolo eziqhuba kancinci.

Isiphumo sokwenene sehlabathi: Ukutshintsha ukusuka kukungabikho mntwana Oshiywe Emva kwemiyalelo engqongqo ukuya kuhlobo oluthambileyo lwe-ESSA kuvumele amazwe afana neKhalifoniya agxininise imilinganiselo emininzi : kuquka uhlolo olungapheliyo kunye nohlolo lwemozulu yesikolo (`i-'i-i-arts' kunezihlolo zovavanyo kuphela. Kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi uvavanyo lwaminyaka le lusaxinganisa ufundo kwaye bakhuthaza ukufundisa kuvavanyo.

Impembelelo Karhulumente Kwimfundo

Oorhulumente banegunya elingokwasemthethweni lemfundo eUnited States. Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lemfundo, ibhodi yemfundo (ngokufuthi ityunjwe yirhuluneli), nendlu yowiso-mthetho edlulisela imithetho yemfundo nemali efanelekileyo. Umgangatho wokulawula kwesizwe uyahluka-hluka kakhulu, kodwa onke amazwana anegunya kumgangatho wokufundisa, ukubhalisa umfundisi, ukuphendula esikolweni, nokuxhasa ngemali.

Imigangatho yemithetho yesakhelo kunye nemisebenzi yesakhelo

Ukususela ngo-1990, amazwe aye amkela imigangatho yokufunda eqhelekileyo ukuchaza oko abafundi bafanele bakwazi kwaye bakwazi ukukwenza kumgangatho ngamnye webanga lemfundo. Imigangatho ye-Core State Common Core Initive, eyandululwa ngo- 2009, yamkelwa ngumazwe angama-45 phambi kokuba umva wezopolitiko ukhokelele amanye ukuba ahlaziye okanye athathe indawo yawo. Namhlanje, uninzi lwamazwe lunemigangatho elungeleleneyo neCore, amanye alungelelanisene neNkquluko, amanye aneenguqulelo ebalulekileyo.

Impembelelo yehlabathi yenyani: Texas neKhalifoniya, njengeemarike ezinkulu zencwadi, ziphembelela impembelelo kubavakalisi bokufundisa. Xa iTexas isebenzisa imilinganiselo yenzululwazi equka ukubuza indaleko, ichaphazela izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwilizwe lonke. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho yezifundo zobuhlanga kubangele imigudu efanayo kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuqinisekiswa komfundisi- ntsapho nemilinganiselo yooGcisa

Amazwe amisela iimfuno ze-insumsum zokufundisa, kuquka imigangatho encinane yemfundo, ukudlula kwimviwo, kunye nokuqhubekeka kwemfundo. Iimfuno ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo: amanye amazwe afuna iqondo lolwazi phakathi kwesakhelo esithile sexesha, ngelixa amanye enika ezinye iindlela zokunika abatshintshi bemisebenzi isiqinisekiso. Amazwe akwamisela nemilinganiselo yokuvavanya umfundisi- ntsapho, ukuthatha i-tenure, kunye nokugxothwa.

isiphumo sokwenene sehlabathi: Ngexesha lengxaki yokungabikho komfundisi- ntsapho yonyaka wama 2022-2024, iimeko ezifana ne-Arizona kunye neFlorida iimfuno zesiqinisekiso ezipholileyo zokuzalisa iizithuba, zidala impikiswano yokuba ezo ntshukumo ziyaphucuka okanye ziyalulaza ubunjani bemfundo. Okwangoku, amatyala anezikhuseli ezomeleleyo, njenge New York neKhalifoniya, agcina iindlela eziqinileyo ezithi abanye baphikisa unikezelo lwabafundisi-magxam.

Imisebenzi yezesikolo

Oorhulumente bangowona mthombo uphambili wenkxaso-mali yemfundo, ngokuqhelekileyo enikela nge-45-50% yemali epheleleyo ye-K-12. Iindlela zokuxhasa ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo: amanye amazwe asebenzisa intlawulo engqukuva kwizabelo zemali nganye, amanye asebenzisa ubunzima bemali yokufundisa abafundi (ubuchule, ulwimi lwamaNgesi, imfundo ekhethekileyo), kwaye amanye axhomekeke kwiindlela zokuphinda afumane irhafu yempahla.

Isiphumo sehlabathi sokwenene: Ingxaki yemali yesikolo yonyaka ka-2018 eOklahoma, eyakhokelela ekuhambeni komfundisi- ntsapho nokunyanzeleka kwemithetho ephumelelayo ukuqhuba irhafu ephezulu, ibonisa amandla okuxhasa iimali ezigqitywe ngurhulumente. Kutshanje, ukumangalelwa kumazwe afana neWashington (Isigqibo seMcratic) kunye neTexas kuye kwanyanzela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiinkqubo zemali ezigqalwa njengemali ezingasetyenziswangalinganiyo.

Impembelelo Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Kwimfundo

Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni kunye nabalawuli besithili baneyona mbopheleleko ithe ngqo, imini yonke kwizikolo zokuqhuba. Kukho izikolo zikawonke-wonke ezimalunga ne-13 000 eUnited States, nganye ilawulwa yibhodi enyulwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngabavoti-voti. Ezi bhodi ziqesha abaphathi, zivunywa uqingqo-mali, zimisela imida yokuya ezikolweni, zimisela izivumelwano zokufundisa, kwaye zimisela iinkqubo zenkqubo kuyo yonke into ukususela kwiikhowudi zokunxiba ukusa kwiinkqubo zemfundo.

Ulawulo lwesikolo nemisebenzi

Imimandla yasekuhlaleni ilawula izikolo, ezothutho, iinkonzo zokutya, kunye nokhuseleko lwabafundi. Kwakhona yenza izigqibo ezibukhali malunga nobukhulu beklasi, ucwangciso lwesikolo, kunye neminikelo yemfundo egqithiseleyo. Ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwengingqi lwengingqi luvumela abantu ukuba bafumane imfundo evumelana neemfuno zabo, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwindlela izikolo ezisebenza ngayo kwanakwimeko enye.

ifuthe lokwenene lehlabathi: kumadlelo afumileyo, imimandla yongezo lwabiwo-mali yorhulumente nerhafu yempahla eninzi, inceda izifundo ezihambele phambili zokusasaza, iinkqubo zobugcisa, kunye nezibonelelo zangoku. Ngokwahlukileyo, imimandla yasezidolophini ekhonza abantu abafumana imali ephantsi isoloko ixabana nokwaluphala, imivuzo esezantsi yabafundisi- ntsapho, kunye namathuba amancinane okutyebisa xa befumana imali epheleleyo kwimali yomfundi ngenxa yolawulo noncedo lorhulumente.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu

Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zinikela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokungeniswa kolwazi ngomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo. Iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, iintlanganiso zoohlomelo-bafundisi-bafundisi, kunye neekomiti zoluntu zinika abahlali ilizwi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela imfundo yabantwana babo. Le miba yengca nguphawu lwemfundo yaseMerika kodwa inokuba nengxabano, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana nolwazi oluqulethwe yinkqubo yokufundisa, iincwadi zethala leencwadi, kunye nemigaqo yokufihla iintsholongwane.

Isiphumo sokwenene sehlabathi: Unyuko kwibhodi yesikolo sokwenza umsebenzi wobufundisi ngexesha lonyaka wama 2021-2023, luqhutywa ziingxoxo ngenkcazo yohlanga egxekayo, LGBTQ+ izinto eziququlukileyo, kunye nemithetho-mthetho ye-COVID-19, ibonakalisa iimvakalelo ezinzulu ezinokuveliswa ziziphumo zemfundo zasekuhlaleni. Kumaqela amaninzi, ezi mpikiswano zakhokelela ekukhumbuleni unyulo, ukurhoxa, amalungu ebhodini, kunye nomgangatho womgangatho wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukufuduswa kweZibonelelo kunye nezigqibo zabasebenzi

Izikhululo zesithili zilawula eyona ngeniso inkulu yemfundo: malunga ne-45% yemali epheleleyo ye-K-12 ifumaneka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni (nangona oku kungafani kakhulu ngokorhulumente). Iinkokeli zesithili zigqiba ngendlela yokwabelana ngemali phakathi kwezikolo, nokuba zinokutyala kubugcisa okanye kwizixhobo, kwaye ziziphi iinkqubo zokunquma xa uqingqo-mali luqinile. Zikwathethana nabafundisi-bafundisi- ntsapho ngaphezu kwemivuzo, iinzuzo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza.

Ingxube yehlabathi yokwenene: Ingxoxo emalunga "nokuvalwa kwesikolo" kwizixeko ezifana neChicago ne-Oakland ibalaselisa amandla olwabelo logcino-mali lwasekuhlaleni. Imimandla ejongene nokwehla kobhaliso kunye noqingqo-mali luvalwe phantsi kwezikolo ezisongelwe phantsi, ngokufuthi kwimimandla emnyama nelaneyo, ibangela ukuqhankcaza nezityholo zokuvuselelo zemfundo. Ezi zigqibo, ezenziwe kumgangatho wobulali, zineziphumo ezinzulu kuluntu.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nesikhundla Sikarhulumente Ngasinye

Urhulumente ngamnye ujamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo kwimigudu yakhe yokuxhasa imfundo karhulumente.

  • Umgangatho othe tyaba: urhulumente worhulumente uzama ukulungelelanisa iinjongo zesizwe ngobubhetyebhetye basekuhlaleni. UESSA wamela ukurhoxa kwindlela engaphambili yokubeka umntwana eshiywe ngasemva, kodwa abanye abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi kufuneka enze okungakumbi ukunyanzelisa ukuhambelana, ingakumbi ekuboneni ngemali nakwesokolo. Indima yequmrhu ijongene nesatyungezo sezobupolitika: utshintsho ngalunye oluphambili, oludala ukungalungelelani kwelizwe nemimandla.
  • Umgangatho wesimo sobume: oorhulumente belizwe bazama ukuxhathisa ukungalingani kunye nokwahlula-hlulwa kwezobupolitika. Iindlela zokuxhasa iinguqu zidla ngokukhuthaza ucalucalulo phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo nesihlwempu, kwaye amaphondo ayamadolw ’ anzima ukunyusa irhafu yemfundo. Okwangoku, iimfazwe zenkcubeko zingaphezulu kolwazi, iincwadi, kunye namalungelo adlulisiweyo eencwadi ayenze amacandelo emfazwe yemfundo yelizwe lemfazwe yezopolitiko.
  • Imimandla yasekuhlaleni ijongene nezithintelo zoovimba kunye nobungakanani. Imimandla emincinci yasemaphandleni ayinazo izikali zokunika umsebenzi ophezulu wemfundo okanye iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo. Imimandla yasemadolophini ixabana nobuhlwempu obuphezulu, ukuhamba kwabafundi, kunye nezibonelelo zokuhamba. Kwaneebhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni, eziyilwe ngamalungu okuzithandela, zisoloko zingenabo ubuchule bokujonga iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezinoqingqo-mali lwe-mitha-mali.

Ukwahlulwa kwegunya kumacala amathathu alo abangela iingxaki. Ugunyaziso lwaseluntwini lokuvavanya, umzekelo, lungafuna ulungelelwaniso lomgangatho wohlelo lwezifundo zikarhulumente, oluthi ngoko lunyanzelise iindleko kwisithili sasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ezilungiselelwe kumgangatho worhulumente zingangqubana nezinto eziphambili zoluntu zemfundo esekelwe kwiprojekthi okanye unxulumano lobugcisa.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yempembelelo karhulumente kwimfundo

Ukuhlolisisa amava athile kuyasinceda siqonde indlela ezi zixhobo eziluncedo ngayo ekuqheliseni.

Isifundo semeko 1: ISihloko soMbutho I kwiMississippi Esemaphandleni

KwiMississippi Delta, izikolo kwisithili esinjengeSunflower County zifumana isiHloko esithe kratya sokuxhasa imali ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lobuhlwempu. Le mali ixhasa iinkqubo zoncedo lwangaphambi komsebenzi wobugcisa, abancedisi, kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa. Noko ke, nangona unyuselo lwamasebe ezwelo nyaka lunyukile, impumelelo yabafundi kummandla ihlala ihleli phakathi kwezo eziphantsi kumazwe. Ucelomngeni alukho kuphela ngemali: ukunqongophalaza komfundisi, ukufikelela konyango olulinganiselweyo, kunye nobuhlwempu obuphakathi kweminyaka yonke inegalelo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba inkxaso yemali yesizwe kuphela ayinakoyisa kwiingxelo zemfundo ezikhoyo zesizwe ezikhoyo zemfundo.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala 2: Utshintsho lwemithetho yephondo eNew Mexico

I-New Mexico, idla ngokubekwa kufutshane neziphumo zemfundo zesizwe, ithathe iziphumo eziphambili zofundo olugqithisileyo ngo-2020. Urhulumente wamkela imigangatho "ye-New Mexico Confit melity" ngokubhekiselele kwinkcubeko yenkcubeko nezifundo zobuhlanga, ebonisa ukuvukelwa kwezifundo zesizwe, iziphumo zokuqala zibonisa inkqubela encinane yokufunda ubuchule phakathi kwabafundi bamaNative Merika, nangona uvavanyo oluninzi luhlala lusezantsi. Utshintsho lubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka komgangatho wezifundo zikarhulumente ukutshintsha ukufikelela kwinkcubeko kunye nokuganana, kodwa lukwabalasebunziseni ubunzima bokuguqulela imilinganiselo yezifundo kwizifundo zeklasi ngaphandle kokuphuhliswa kobuchule.

Isifundo semeko 3: Ukubuyiselwa koluntu kwiSizwe saseMiami-Dade

IMiami-Dade County Schools, isithili esinesandisininzi kwelo lizwe, siphumeze uthotho lweentshukumo eziqhutywayo eziqhutyelwe ngaphakathi eziye zanika ingqalelo yesizwe. Ezi ziquka zonke ii-plogists ngaphambili-K, "ukhetho lwesikolo" inkqubo enezikolo ezinomtsalane ezijoliswe kwi-STEM kunye nobugcisa, kunye nonxulumano namashishini asekuhlaleni asebenza ngokutsha. Esi sithili sikwabekelwe imali eninzi ekuphuculeni ubugcisa, ukunika i-laptopys kubo bonke abafundi ngexesha lesifo. Ngelixa iMiami-Dade ijonge iingxaki zobuhlwempuze nolutsha olufunda ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zibonise ukuba iinkqubo zobugcisa ziphucula iziphumo zemfundo zomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, ezahlukeneyo, ziyakwazi ukuqhelanisa iimfuno zolwazi lwasekuhlaleni.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwemfundo

Njengoko inkulungwane yama - 21 iqhubeka, iinkalo eziliqela zitshintsha indima karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, welizwe nowasekuhlaleni ekufundiseni.

  • Ukugxininisa okugxininisa kwi-equot: Isifo esigqugqisile nesifakelweyo sokwahlulwa kwemfundo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizicelo ezitsha zikarhulumente zokusetyenziswa kwemali yesikolo elinganayo, ebanzi, kunye neenkonzo zempilo yengqondo. Ukugxininisa kolawulo lweBiden ekulinganiseni kwemiba yayo yemfundo, quka ulwando lweSihlo seI ne-IDEA-* kusekumiselwe indima eqhubekayo yesizwe kwimidangatho ecuthayo.
  • Udibaniso lwezeteknoloji kunye nolwahlulo lwamanani: Ukutshintshela kwimfundo ekude ngexesha le-COVID-19 kwabalaselisa ulwahlulo lwamanani, nezigidi zabafundi abaswele i-intanethi okanye izixhobo ezithembekileyo. Iimali zoncedo lomanyano zanceda ekuvaleni lo msantsa okwexeshana, kodwa urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoku bajamelana nocelomngeni lokuxhasa ushishino-mali lwezobugcisa. Ulindele ukuba kuqhubekeke ukudityaniswa kwemali ye-mali ye-mastimu ebanzi kunye neemfuno zikarhulumente zokufundisa ngamanani.
  • Ukukhutshwa kwezifundo ezikhethiweyo kunye nomgaqo-siseko: Umbutho wesikolo wokukhetha, kuquka izikolo zomthetho-siseko, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nee-akhawunti zogcino-lwazi, unyuke ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi kumaphondo eRiphabliki-ilika. Oku kutshintsha amandla kusuka kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni kubazali nakubaphathi-mikhosi yangasese, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imodeli yolawulo yesizwe yomhlaba-omhlaba. Indima yesikolo ekukhetheni ihlala ilinganiselwe kodwa ikhuphisana, ngengxoxo emalunga nenkxaso-mali kunye nolawulo lwamalungelo oluntu.
  • Isizwe sokufakelwa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni: Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zangenelela ngokukhulayo kwizigqibo zemfundo zasekuhlaleni, ukuvalela iincwadi ezithile, ezithintela indlela abafundisi- ntsapho abanokuthetha ngayo nge-screens, kwaye zikhonzisa imigaqo yebhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ngokufihla kunye nokugonya. Oku kubekwa kogunya kumele ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo kwisithethe solawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente kunye nobuchule boluntu.
  • umanyano lwezikolo kunye neenkonzo ezisongelwe jikelele: Imodeli ye "izifundo zomanyano", ezidibanisa impilo, iinkonzo zoluntu, kunye nenkxaso yentsapho kwizakhiwo zesikolo, ifumana intsebenziswano kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Umanyano lunika iinkqubo zokuxhasa uluntu, iinkqubo zikarhulumente zikhuthaza ubudlelane namaqumrhu angeyongeniso namayeza, kunye neenkonzo zolungelelaniso zengingqi. Le ndlela iqonda ukuba iziphumo zemfundo zenziwe ngoothunywa abangaphandle kweklasi, zifuna ukuqhuba urhulumente ngokulungelelanisa abameli.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi komgangatho karhulumente nemfundo alumi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okanye alulula. Nje ngomgangatho ngamnye ``ifederal, imo yelizwe, kunye nowasekuhlaleni', kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kubumba zonke iinkalo zemfundo, ukusuka kwimali kunye nezifundo ukuya kumgangatho womfundisi-lwazi kunye neziphumo zomfundi. Imingeni ejongene nemfundo yaseMerika `ukungalingani, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, imiqathango yemali, kunye neemfuno zokutshintsha kwezoqoqosho(* azinakuconjululwa ngawo nawuphi na umgangatho omnye womsebenzi karhulumente kuphela. Bafuna intsebenziswano, unxibelelwano olucacileyo, kunye nokukulungela ukuvumelana.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, ukuqonda olu lawulo asiyonkqubo nje engaqhelekanga. Ichaza isizathu sokuba utshintsho luthathe ixesha, isizathu sokuba iinkqubo ezinika ithemba maxa wambi zingaphumeleli, nesizathu sokuba abantu basekuhlaleni basoloko bevakalelwa kukuba babanjiwe phakathi kwemiqathango ekhuphisanayo. Njengoko iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngendima efanelekileyo yomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, olona vavanyo luza kuba kukuba ngaba inkqubo iyakwazi ukudlulisela isithembiso sayo: imfundo enomgangatho womntwana ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yikhowudi ye-zip.