Ukuqonda Amandla Negunya: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nemibandela Echaseneyo

Kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, intlalo-ntle, kunye neengxoxo zokhokelo lwemihla ngemihla, amagama athi “ulawulo” kunye no-“gunya” asoloko esetyenziswa ngokungathi ziyatshintshana. Kodwa ukwenza oku kufihla umahluko obalulekileyo owenza ukuba ibutho, imibutho, kunye nolwalamano lusebenze. Amandla kubuchule obungagqibekanga bokuphembelela abanye okanye ukulawula ngenkani okanye ngenkani. Eli nqaku lihlola ingcamango nganye enzulu, kunye nemisebenzi yabo.

Amandla Okuchaza

Amandla angaqondwa njengobuchule bomntu okanye iqela lokuguqula ukuziphatha kwabanye, kwanangokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Linxulumene kakhulu: amandla akhona kuphela kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela. Igcisa lezentlalo [iMax Weber[[FLT: 1] lichaza amandla achaza “amathuba okuba umntu odlalayo kulwalamano loluntu uzakukwazi ukwenza ukuthanda kwakhe nakanjani nokuchasana." Le ngcaciso ibalaselisa ukuba amandla awafuni qha, angasetyenziswa ngenkani, ngempatho, okanye ngokuyekelela.

Umlinganiselo Wamandla

Abaphengululi badla ngokwahlula phakathi komahluko [[FLT: 0] wobume okanye umlinganiselo wamandla:

  • Umboniso wokuqala (Ukwenza amandla): Ubuchule bokoyisa kwiimfazwe ezicacileyo kwaye wenze izigqibo ezichaphazela abanye. Umzekelo: iCEO igqiba kwinkampani ekhululweyo.
  • I-Second Dimension (Agenda-evement Enamandla): Ubuchule bokulawula ukuba zeziphi imibandela ezixutyushwayo okanye kwanokuqwalaselwa. Ngokugcina imixholo ethile ingekho etafileni, abadlali abanamandla bangaphepha ungquzulwano ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo: umphathi udimaza ingxubusho yeenketho zomsebenzi ezikude.
  • I-Dimension (Igunya lendalo): ukukwazi ukubumba iinkolelo zabantu, izinto abazikhethayo, kunye neembono zabo ukuze bamkele ulungelelwano olukhoyo njengendalo okanye olungenakuphepheka. Umzekelo: izibhengezo ezithi ziyenze intengiso eziqhelekileyo zifumane ulonwabo.

Ukuqonda ezi milinganiselo kutyhila isizathu sokuba amandla ngokufuthi esebenza ngobuqhetseba, kungekhona ngemiyalelo efihlakeleyo kuphela.

Iintlobo Zamandla

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhelo esiqhelekileyo esaveliswa yizazi ngengqondo yentlalo French kunye ne-Raven, singahlula-hlula amandla abe ziintlobo ezininzi:

  • Amandla entengiso: ngokusekelwe kwisisongelo sesohlwayo okanye amandla okubeka iziphumo ezingalunganga. Ulawulo lwamapolisa lwasemfihlekweni lusebenzisa amandla afihlakeleyo agunyazisayo; umfundisi- ntsapho osongela ukuvalelwa uyayisebenzisa.
  • Amandla avunyiweyo: Iphumele ekunikezeleni iingenelo ezifana nokunyuselwa, iibhonasi, okanye indumiso. Umphathi unika umvuzo wamandla kumqeshwa ofuna unyuso.
  • Igunya elisemthethweni: Ivela kwindawo esesikweni okanye indima enika igunya. Igosa lamapolisa, ijaji, okanye inkokeli yeqela linegunya elisemthethweni. Noko ke, amandla asemthethweni asoloko efana negunya, ncam esiza kuyihlola kamva.
  • Amandla ophando: Isiseko solwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule. Icebiso logqirha lonyango lithwala ubunzima ngenxa yamandla obuchule; unjineli wesoftware ohlonelwayo ngenxa yamandla akhe okubhala iikhowudi uyayisebenzisa.
  • Amandla agqithisiweyo: Isekelwe kutsalo lobuqu, ukutsalwa, okanye ukukhethwa kumntu ophethe amandla. Abalawuli neenkokeli zobugcisa basoloko bexhomekeke kumandla agqithisayo.
  • Amandla olwazi: ulawulo kulwazi oluxabisekileyo okanye olunqabileyo. Umntu owaziyo ugcino-lwazi lwentengiso olufihlakeleyo okanye ulwazi olungaphakathi lungaphembelela izigqibo.
  • Amandla oNxulumaniso: Aphuma kwiinethwekhi kunye nezivumelwano -- omaziyo. Umxhasi onamaqhina aqinileyo kubenzi bemithetho angasebenzisa impembelelo engaphaya kwendima yabo esesikweni.

Ezintlobo zamandla zingadibana kwaye zitshintshe ngokuxhomekeke kumongo. Umzekelo, amandla omphathi angagunyaziswa (ngenxa yendima), inxalenye ivuzo elisekelwe kwigcisa ukuba zinobuchule.

Ukuchaza Igunya

Igunya linelungelo eliqashelweyo nelimiselweyo lokusebenzisa igunya. Ngokungafaniyo namandla angaqhelekanga, igunya lixhomekeke kwimvume(okanye ubuncinane ukwamkelwa(kwabo baphantsi kwalo). Abantu bathobela igunya kungekhona ngenxa yokuba besoyika isohlwayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bekholelwa ukuba umntu onegunya unelungelo lokuyalela. Oku kunokuthiwe kuvela kwisithethe, kwiinkqubo zomthetho, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwabantu ngabanye.

Iindidi Ezithathu Zegunya LikaMax

Ilungu lentlalo-ntle I-Max Weber ibonelele ngobuchule bokuyila obusanempembelelo namhlanje:

  • Igunya lembali: Lisekelwe kumasiko, imikhwa, kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo. Iinkosi kunye neenkosi zesizwe zisoloko zifumana igunya kwisithethe. Abantu bathobela kuba “injalo. Umzekelo: indima yenkonzo ye-romaster yaseBritane.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abaphathi-mikhosi abaphezulu: besekelwe kwiimpawu zomntu ezingaqhelekanga, `charisma'', igosa, okanye i-oksijini eqondwa njengeyobuthixo. Abalandeli batsalelwa kumntu, kungekhona kwisikhundla. Umzekelo: Martin Luther King Jr., Mahtma Gandhi, okanye inkokeli yemvukelo exhobisa uquqaqaqaqa utho olulandelayo.
  • Igunya lomthetho-Rhwebo lomthetho: elisekelwe kwimithetho emiselweyo, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo. Olu luhlobo olulawulayo kwiintlalo zanamhlanje(ubureaucracracy), uorhulumente abanyuliweyo, kunye neenkampani eziphethe i-ofisi. Abaphathi bahlala eofisini, kungekhona umntu ngamnye. Imithetho yomgwebi iphatha igunya ngenxa yenkqubo esemthethweni, kungekhona ngenxa yeempawu zobuqu zomgwebi.

Weber waphawula ukuba igunya lomlingo lizinzile ngokwemvelo kuba libotshelelwe kumntu omnye; lityekele “ekuyekeni” kwiifomu zesithethe okanye zokwamkelwa okusemthethweni emva kokuba inkokeli ihambile.

Indima Yobufundisi

Umthetho ungundoqo oguqula amandla abe ligunya. Xa amandla ebonwa njengafanelekileyo, abantu baziva benembopheleleko yokuziphatha ukuba bathobele; xa kungenjalo, bangaxhathisa okanye bathobele kuphela ngokudabuka. Isithandi sobulumko sezobupolitika [[FLT: 0] uDavid Hume kwaye kamva [imeko edla ngokukhokelela ekuntengantengisweni] Jürgen Habbermas ugxininisa ukuba ukufaneleka kuxhomekeke kwinkolelo elawulwayo yokuba inkqubo ilungile okanye ifanelekile. Urhulumente ophulukana namandla afanelekileyo unokusebenzisa ngamandla, kodwa ungenalo igunya.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamandla Negunya

Ngoxa kunxulumene, amandla negunya ahlukile ngeendlela ezisisiseko. Uthebe olungezantsi lushwankathela le nkcazelo, luze lulandelwe yingxubusho eneenkcukacha ngakumbi.

  • Igunya elisemthethweni lisoloko lisemthethweni emehlweni abo balamkelayo. Amandla asenokuba yindawo engekho mthethweni okanye engekho mthethweni.
  • Umthombo: Igunya elisuka kwindawo eyaziwayo (isikhundla esimiselweyo, isihloko sofuzo, ukumiswa okusesikweni) okanye kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni soluntu. Amandla angavela nakweyiphi na imvelaphi (amandla omzimba, imali, ulwazi, i-charmasa, okanye ufikelelo lolwazi.
  • Igunya libandakanya uvumelo lokuzithandela okanye ubuncinane ulwamkelo olungasebenziyo. Amandla anokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemvume,/nangokuchasene nokulwa okusebenzayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Igunya lixhomekeke kwizithethe, kwimithetho, nakwizibophelelo zangaphakathi. Amandla angaxhomekeka ekunyanzeleni, ekunyanzeleni, okanye ekusebenziseni.
  • Igunya lisoloko lilinganiselwe kummandla othile ochazwa yindima (umz., umfundisi- ntsapho unegunya kwihambo yeklasi kodwa hayi kubomi bobuqu babafundi). Amandla anokungasasazwa kwaye angabi nasiphelo.
  • Igunya elikhoyo, xa likho, lidla ngokuvelisa ulwalamano oluzinzileyo, oluthe lwathelekelelwa. Igunya elingenagunya lidla ngokukhuphiswana kwaye lingazinzi, lifuna ukunyanzeliswa okuthe rhoqo.

Umzekelo, igosa eliphetheyo linegunya lokukhokela iinqwelo-mafutha ngenxa yogunyaziso olusemthethweni; abaqhubi abaninzi bavumelana ngokuzithandela. Kodwa ukuba umntu oxhobileyo, ogqume isigqubuthelo umi phakathi kwendlela kwaye ukhokela iinqwelo-mafutha, loo mntu unamandla (ngokoyikiso logonyamelo) kodwa akukho gunya. Isiphumo sisenokubonakala sifana, kodwa amandla aphantsi kwebutho labantu ahluke kakhulu.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwegunya Negunya

Amandla negunya azifani; zisoloko zihlala kunye ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo. Igunya lingabonwa njenge [[FLT: 0] amandla akwimo e-

  • [[FLT: 0] Isikhundla esingenagunya: umlawuli oyintloko okanye umongameli wesithethe unokuba negunya ngegama kodwa ubuchule obuncinane bokwenene bokuphembelela iziganeko. Indawo yabo iyahlonelwa, kodwa abanabo oovimba okanye oopolitiko baza kuguqulela elo gunya kwisenzo.
  • Amandla angenagunya: Inkokeli yorhwaphilizo, umphangi wequmrhu, okanye umphathi weqela lamajoni angafumana amandla amakhulu, -- ukunyanzela ukuthobela/kodwa akukho naliphi na ilungelo eliqwalaselweyo lokulawula. Amandla azo asetyenziswa ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezisesikweni kwaye asoloko ebuthathaka.
  • I-Muatialdificationment: kumaqumrhu aphumeleleyo, igunya linika isiseko apho amandla asetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo. Urhulumente onyulwe ngedemokhrasi unegunya namandla okunyanzelisa imithetho. Abami bamkela izigqibo kuba bejonga urhulumente njengofanelekileyo, benciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelwa.
  • Ukuvavanywa: Intsebenziswano yoluntu isoloko ijolise ekucel ’ umngeni igunya elikhoyo (umz., ukuqhankqalaza umthetho ongekho sikweni) ngexesha elinye xa kukhiwa iintlobo ezintsha zegunya elisekelwe kolunye uhlobo lobu semthethweni (umz., igunya lokuziphatha). Umbutho wamalungelo abantu eUnited States wafuna ukuthatha indawo yegunya lokwahlula ngokomthetho imithetho ye-burhulumente ngegunya eliphezulu lokuziphatha elisekelwe ekulinganani.

Imizekelo Yembali

Iinqanawa zobuzwe: Iinkokeli ezifana noAdolf Hitler okanye uJoseph Stalin zafumana amandla amakhulu ngokunyanzelwa, ngokwemposiso, nangokulawulwa kwezixhobo zikarhulumente. Noko ke, kwakhona zafuna ukudala ngokomthetho ngokusetyenziswa kwe-plebiastion, ukufundisa ngengqiqo, kunye namaqela obuntu. Amandla azo awazange aguquke ngokupheleleyo abe ligunya elizinzileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zombini ulawulo zifune uphando olusasazekileyo kunye noloyiso.

Oorhulumente Bedemokhrasi: Igunya lenkokeli zedemokhrasi lifumaneka kunyulo nakwinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lixhamlwa ngokuqhelekileyo nangabo bavotelela ngokuchasene neqela eliphumeleleyo,(] i-“losters” ivuma ilungelo lomvuzo lokulawula. Oku kugunyazisa ulawulo-melo ukuba lusebenze ngokungaphantsi kakhulu kolawulo-demokhrasi kunamandla angaphaya kolawulo-ozwilakhe.

Intshukumo zamalungelo abantu:[ Inyakatho ye- Grassroot njenge umbutho wokusebenza okanye umbutho wamalungelo abantu [ wawusoloko unamandla okuziphatha kodwa ungenalo igunya lequmrhu. Ngokucwangcisa iintambo, ukuhlalisa, nokuphikisa, banyanzela abasemagunyeni abasemagunyeni (iiiqumrhu, amaziko) ukuqaphela iimfuno zabo kwaye ekugqibeleni banike amalungelo amatsha asemthethweni.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo Ngegunya Negunya

Iingcali zentandabulumko nezobupolitika zisoloko ziphikisana ngemvelaphi yezi ngcamango. Ngapha koko, iingcaphephe eziphambili ziquka ezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] UNiccol̆ Machiavelli (INkosana): IMachiavelli ngedume ngokucebisa abalawuli ukujolise kuwo omabini amandla nembonakalo yegunya. Kungcono ukoyikwa kunokuthandwa ukuba awukwazi ukuba ngawambini, kodwa ukugcina ifaçade yomthetho kunciphisa ukuxhathisa.
  • Thomas Hobbes [[FT] [Roviatan]]: Abalawuli baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwegunya eliqhelekileyo, ubomi buyakuba “yimfazwe kubo bonke abantu.” Igunya kufuneka libe lipheleleyo ukugcina uxolo." Abantu banikezela igunya labo lomntu ngamnye kumlawuli ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko.
  • [[NT.0] uHannah Arendt (Kugonyamelo): Arendt ohlulwe ngamandla kwigunya nogonyamelo. U-Arendt, amandla avela kwizenzo kunye nemvume edibeneyo; igunya luhlobo lwamandla agqalwayo nawamkelwe ngokuzithandela. Ngokwahlukileyo, ugonyamelo lungamandla nje abonisa ukurhoxa kwegunya.
  • [[NTL: 0] UMichel Foucault (I-Discipline kunye ne-Sbular): I-Foucault yatshintshela kujoliso kumandla akwimigangatho emincinane ($3] indlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, amaziko, kwanolwazi ngokwalo. Waphikisa ukuba uluntu lwangoku lusebenzisa ukhangelo kunye nolungiso oluqhelekileyo ukuvelisa imibandela ecwangcisiweyo, ifinyeza umgca phakathi kwamandla negunya.
  • ULuka sixhenxe (Imbono egqibeleleyo: Imbono epheleleyo): uLuka wandisiwe kwimigangatho emithathu yamandla, edibanisa imizekelo yangaphambili yokungahoyi indlela iminqweno yamandla neengcamango. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlala usekelwe kuhlalutyo lwamandla akhoyo.

Uphando Lwale Mihla: Ikhomputha, Amanani Nemeko Yentlalo

Amandla Negunya Emsebenzini

Abalawuli nabalawuli banegunya elifanelekileyo elisekelwe kwindima zabo zentlangano. Noko ke, ukhokelo olunempumelelo lufuna okungaphezulu kunegunya elisesikweni. Amandla e-Expert, amandla, amandla okulawula, namandla okumisela ucwangciso (umlinganiso wesibini) anzima ekufumaneni impembelelo yokwenene. Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kumandla asebenza ngokulinganayo/ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, izisongelo, inkqubo yokukhupha iliso elibucala ```````as crouvel'''''''. Ingcamango yale inkokeli yanamhlanje igxininisa “ukhokelo lomntu” kunye“ nokhokelo lobuchule bokuyila impembelelo yokwenyaniso." njengendlela zokwakha igunya kwisiseko sokuhlonelana.

Igunya nempembelelo yamanani

Kwixesha lezentlalo , igunya elingokwesithethe lidla ngokucelw'elwa ziintlobo ezintsha zamandla e-minuature. Umntu one-intanethi enkulu elandelayo angaphembelela impembelelo enkulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuziphatha kwanasemgaqweni wezopolitiko. Ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwendima engokwequmrhu. ugunya lokudibanisa abaquququzeli besango [, uchwepheshe, nonxibelelwano, kodwa lungasoloko lunegunya elisesikweni. [Platformations shorts short , Tik, ne X (engaphambili) ivumela abantu ukuba badlulise abagcini bamasango abaqhelekileyo (omhleli, iingcali). Noko ke, oku kunyusa imibuzo malunga nokuthembeka: abaphi namazwi? [FLT] [2]

Amandla Emithetho Yokwenza Okuthile

Ii-algorithm ezifumana iziphumo zokufuna isikhundla, incomela imveliso, okanye iindaba zokondla ukusetyenziswa kohlobo oluchuliweyo lwegunya. Zibumba oko sikubonayo, siphembelela izinto esizithandayo, kwaye zisenokude zikhuthaze nehambo yethu. Kodwa eli gunya alifane libonakale, kwaye alikho imvume ebonakalisa igunya. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iinkampani zobugcisa zinegunya elikhulu ngaphandle kokuphendula ngokulinganayo.

Ubunzima Bemfundo

Ukufundisa umahluko phakathi kwamandla negunya kubalulekile ekuhlakuleleni ukucingela izinto ngokugxeka kwizifundo zezentlalo, kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, nakwiizifundo zokhokelo.

Iiklasi zeklasi

  • Sebenzisa uphando lwetyala: Thelekisa ukhokelo lukaFranklin D. Roosevelt (igunya ngexesha lengxaki) nolo lomphathi womzi - mveliso osebenzisa izisongelo (amandla omzi - mveliso).
  • Hlola iziganeko ezikhoyo: Imibutho yokuqhankqalaza enjengeBlack Live Confect okanye imozulu ibangela njani ucelomngeni okanye ibangela ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zolawulo?
  • Indima edlalwayo: Abafundi benza iziganeko apho inkokeli inegunya kodwa ingenawo amandla (intloko) okanye igunya kodwa kungekho gunya (igosa elingathandwayo).

Imibuzo Yencoko

  • Amandla aphembelela njani ukhokelo lwendlela kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo? Umzekelo, ngaba ukuthobela igunya kunamandla amakhulu kwibutho labantu (umz. iJapan, iMexico) kunelo liphantsi (umz., iDenmark, kwaSirayeli)?
  • Ingaba igunya linokubakho ngaphandle kwegunya? Cinga ngomfundisi - ntsapho ohlonelwayo kodwa ongenabuchule bokunyanzelisa nayiphi na imithetho — ngaba asenegunya?
  • Yintoni eyahlula uqhankqalazo olufanelekileyo kwingcinezelo engekho mthethweni?
  • Izixhobo zobugcisa zinokuyitshintsha njani indlela esiwaqonda ngayo amandla? Ngaba iqonga elifana neYouTube lifanele ligqalwe njengelinegunya koko “kufanelekileyo,” okanye lisebenzisa nje amandla?

Oovimba Abangakumbi

Ukuntywila nzulu, abaqeqeshi nabafundi bangahlola "Amandla kunye neGunya” ungcelele lwevidiyo olusuka kwiNdlela yoHlozo lwezeNdlela yeNtlanganiso, olunika ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo. Ngaphezu koko, imibhalo yantlandlolo ngu Weber (Economy kunye noSocity) kunye no-Arendt (One-Indla) ihlala ifundwa.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kwegunya negunya asingolwazi nje lwemfundo, ineziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi zendlela esiyiqonda ngayo indlela esilawula ngayo, ukhokelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo. Amandla kumandla okufumana oko ukufunayo, kungakhathaliseki imvume; igunya ligunya elenza ukuba ubuchule bamkeleke kwabanye. I-atcomnetic isebenze kakhulu xa abo banegunya libambe igunya elisemthethweni, kwaye xa igunya libalelwa kwabo lilawulayo. Njengabahlali, abafundi, neenkokeli zexesha elizayo, ukuvuma intsingiselo yezi ngcamango kusenza sixhobisele ukulwa ngempembelelo yelishwa, igumbi lokufundela, okanye urhulumente wesizwe. Ngokuqhubeka sithandabuza imithombo nokugwetyelwa kwamandla, sinceda ukuba sifumane iimbono ezininzi nezokwahlukana.