Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowaseburhulumenteni yingcamango esisiseko kwimfundo yoluntu. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho ngokufanayo, beqonda indlela la manqanaba mabini olawulo asebenza ngokwahlukeneyo kodwa ngokuxhomekeke ekuxhomekekeni kwendlela asetyenziswa ngayo, indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, nendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo nabameli babo. Ngoxa omabini amanqanaba ekho phantsi kwesambulela solawulo lwaseUnited States, anemvelaphi eyahlukileyo, amandla, iimbopheleleko, kunye neenkqubo zemali. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela ezingundoqo ngayo iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke, lihlolisisa imigaqo echaza, lize linike imizekelo ecacileyo ukuze benze iingcamango zibe ngqini.

Yintoni Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni?

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ubhekisela kumaqumrhu olawulo alawula indawo ethile yelizwe elifana nesixeko, idolophu, ilokishi, ingingqi, okanye isithili esikhethekileyo. Aba rhulumente badalwa ngurhulumente kwaye bafumana igunya labo kwi- umgaqo-siseko [ kunye nemimiselo emiselweyo [ yemithetho yesizwe]. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wesizwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakhankanywangachaziwe kwi-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, endaweni yoko, bathathwa ngokusemthethweni "injongo yemeko yezwe] kunye [iFLT] ne-octives, okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, umxholo wemiqathango-mgaqo-siseko.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafika ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, nganye iphumeza injongo ekhethekileyo:

  • [[NT.:0] Urhulumente weNtlanganiso (izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, iidolophana) unika iinkonzo ezifana nokhuseleko lwamapolisa, ukulwa umlilo, ukubonelela ngamanzi kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma.
  • oorhulumente abalinganisiweyo ngokwesithethe baphatha imisebenzi yengingqi ebanzi efana nohlolo lwempahla, ulawulo lonyulo, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • iziqithi zeSchool ngurhulumente okhethekileyo ojolise kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye neebhodi zabo ezinyuliweyo kunye negunya lokurhafisa.
  • [[UMHLA] Ezinye izithili ezikhethekileyo zilawula iipaki, uthutho, ubuncwane bamanzi, ukhuseleko lomlilo, okanye uphuhliso loluntu.

Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni besebenza kufutshane nabantu, badla ngokuchazwa njengomgangatho karhulumente ochaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusebenzisana komntu norhulumente kuqalisa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ($hhotela impahla, ukufumana imvume yokwakha, ukuthumela abantwana kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke, okanye ukubiza isebe lomlilo.

Igunya Elisemthethweni Loorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Ulawulo Lwasekhaya luchasene noLawulo lukaDillon

Amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ajijwa ziimfundiso ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo zomthetho. Umthetho we-Dillon, ogama linguMgwebi John Dillon, umi ngelithi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwe amandla kuphela ngurhulumente, amagunya achazwe ngokuphandle kwezo zigunya, kwaye amandla abalulekileyo ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo. Ngaphantsi komthetho weDillon, ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni ucelw'ucelw'ucelw'u, ummiselo karhulumente uthatha indawo ephambili ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente unikezele loo mandla.

Ngokwahlukileyo, Umthetho wasekhaya [[FLT: 1] unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko ebanzi. Amazwe amaninzi avumela izixeko kunye nobalo ukuba zamkele umgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwasekhaya, owanika igunya lokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente ngalo lonke ixesha. Umthetho wasekhaya usoloko unikwa oomasipala abakhulu, nangona umlinganiselo othe ngqo utshintsha ngokwemeko. Malunga namazwe angamashumi amane anesine anendlela ethile yomthetho wasekhaya kamasipala.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko esilawula ikhaya eColorado singadlulisela imithetho yasekuhlaleni ngengxolo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nomthetho wezoshishino logama nje singangqubani nomthetho karhulumente okanye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Isixeko saseVirginia, esisebenza phantsi koLawulo lukaDillon, sinokusebenzisa kuphela igunya eligunyazisa ngokucacileyo urhulumente, nto leyo emele ivume izenzo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, kuquka yonke into ukusuka ekutshayeleni ukuvalwa kwemiqathango ukuya kwimithetho yezindlu.

Yintoni Urhulumente Karhulumente?

Urhulumente wephondo liqumrhu elilawulayo elijonge ulawulo lwezwe. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente bengingqi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangamagunya aphezulu kwinkqubo yorhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.

Urhulumente ngamnye ulandela umgaqo-siseko wakhe kwaye wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu:

  • Isebe eliphumezayo — elikhokelwa yirhuluneli, enyuliweyo eqeshwe jikelele. Isebe eliphetheyo liquka uninzi lwabameli, amasebe, kunye noothunywashe abamisa imithetho karhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Isebe elinomthetho — indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimear (ngaphandle kwe-nenameral ye-Nebraska) equka i-senate kunye nendlu yabameli. Indlu yowiso-mthetho inikezela imithetho, ivumela uqingqo-mali lwezwe, kwaye ingawulawula umgaqo-mali.
  • Isebe le-judicial[ — inkqubo yeenkundla zikarhulumente ezichaza imithetho karhulumente nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe.

Kwakhona oorhulumente banamandla okunyusa ingeniso ngeenkokhelo ezahlukahlukeneyo: iirhafu zerhafu, irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yeshishini, kunye neerhafu ezikhutshwayo. Kwakhona bafumana inkxaso-mali eninzi kurhulumente wengingqi ngenkxaso neenkqubo zoncedo. Ezi ngeniso zibonelelo zemali ebonelelwa ziinkonzo zephondo lonke, kuquka iiyunivesithi zelizwe, imibutho yeendlela, iinkqubo zentolongo, neenkqubo zempilo ezifana neMedicaid.

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi koRhulumente wasekuhlaleni noRhulumente

Ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabezorhulumente benosukelo lokunceda uwonke wonke, umahluko wabo unzulu. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kusinceda sicace isizathu sokuba imibandela ethile igqitywe ngomlinganiselo othile kunye nomnye.

1.Igunya

oorhulumente bendawo engqongileyo banegunya elisikelwe umda ngokukhethekileyo onikwe ngurhulumente. Ulawulo lwabo lubotshelelwe kwindawo echazweyo(a isixeko, iphondo, okanye isithili. Abakwazi ukudlulisela imithetho esebenza ngaphandle kwaloo mida.

oorhulumente besizwe [, ngokwahlukileyo, banegunya eliyifa lemveli lolawulo phezu kwabantu bonke kunye nempahla kwimida yelizwe, phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Bangamisela imithetho yesizwe, bayile abameli besizwe, kwaye bakhuphe amasiko asekuhlaleni ukuba banqwenela.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo

oorhulumente bendawo ephakamile bajolise ingqwalaselo kwiinkonzo ezichanekileyo : ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ugcino-ndlela, iipaki zasekuhlaleni, iipakethi zamapolisa, kunye nemvume yokusebenza kwemali. Ezi ziinkonzo ezimele zilungiselelwe iimfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zabemi basekuhlaleni.

oorhulumente besizwe baphatha [ imiba yomhlaba ngokubanzi [ efuna imigangatho efanayo okanye imilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa: ukuseka umgangatho woqeqesho, ukwakha nokugcina iindlela zolawulo eziphakathi kwemimandla, ukulawula i-inshorensi kunye nokulawula ii-paki zikarhulumente.

3. umelo

oorhulumente bendawo ekhoyo bamele abemi abancinane, abafana kakhulu. Amalungu ebhunga lesiXeko asoloko emela amagumbi ahlala abantu abangamawaka ambalwa, ewenza afikeleleke kakhulu kwimibutho. Amalungu ebhodi yesikolo anyulwa ngqo ukuvelela imfundo kwisithili esithile.

oorhulumente besizwe bamele abantu abaninzi nabaninzi nabeyahlukeneyo. Abaphathi belizwe badla ngokumela ubalo okanye isithili esinamashumi amawaka abantu. Bonke abantu belizwe bakhetha irhuluneli. Olu mlinganiselo lubanzi lufuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulwa nokuqulunqa.

4. Imithombo ebonelela

oorhulumente bengingqi baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu ezifanelekileyo, irhafu yasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zentengiso, iindleko zomsebenzisi (njengemali yamanzi okanye yokwakha irhafu), kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemali yezolawulo kurhulumente. Iirhafu zempahla zifumaneka ngokuzinzileyo kodwa zisoloko zixhomekeke kwingeniso yemali yezopolitiko. Urhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni uxhomekeke kwimixokelelwano yokuxhasa iprojekthi enkulu enjengezikolo okanye iindlela.

Oorhulumente besizwe banemijelo yengeniso eyahlukeneyo: irhafu yengeniso yobuqu neyeenkampani, irhafu yentengiso yamazwe ngamazwe, irhafu ekhutshwayo (kwipetroli, utywala, icuba), kunye nemali enika intlawulo yemali eninzi. Oku kunika utshintsho oluphezulu kodwa lukwabeka kwimiba enciphisa ingeniso kunye nokuqokelela irhafu.

5. Inkqubo yoMthetho

iinkqubo zendawo zisebenza rhoqo nge council-manager okanye igophe eliqinileyo lenkqubo yenqanawa. Ii-ordinance zidluliswa libhunga kwaye zingaba phantsi kwe-oyall translate to. Imithetho emininzi yasekuhlaleni ilawula kwindalo [“iiiiiiikhowudi zomlilo, iikhowudi zomlilo, izivumelwano zikawonke-wonke.

oorhulumente besizwe [ balandela inkqubo entsonkothileyo yemithetho efana neyamaBhunga esizwe: amatyala kufuneka afakwe, adlule kwiikomiti, aqhutywe kwaye avotelwe ngawo omabini amagumbi, aze emva koko atyikitywe (okanye afakwe) yirhuluneli. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zidibana rhoqo kwintlanganiso elinganiselweyo nyaka ngamnye (mhla wama-60 okanye 90).

6. Ulwalamano noMgaqo-siseko

oorhulumente bendawo ekhoyo abakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ubukho bawo kunye namandla awo bunqulwe ngokupheleleyo yimithetho yesizwe nemithetho karhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba amagunya anegunya kumaqela awo angaphantsi.

oorhulumente besizwe baqashelwa ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (Artle IV, Icandelo 4 liqinisekisa uhlobo lorhulumente weriphabliki). Umgaqo-siseko wabo awunako ukwaphula umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa banganika abemi amalungelo awongezelelekileyo kunalawo akwiBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Korhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Nowaseburhulumenteni

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente bobulali norhulumente lunzima kwaye lusoloko luchazwa njenge i-arhente ejijwa ngumthetho. Nangona oorhulumente bengingqi besebenza ngokwabo kwiindawo ezininzi, bahlala bephantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Amazwe angatshintsha imida yoluntu, ugunyaziso, okanye anciphe ngokupheleleyo urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Olu xinzelelo phakathi kwe-IMPUM ne-omeleligal ngumxholo ongundoqo kurhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukhukuliso lweRhulumente

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo yi yokukhulula kwecawa []."Xa umthetho wesizwe uvala umthetho wobulali kumbandela omnye. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe adlulise imithetho ethintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekulawuleni, ukumisela umvuzo ophantsi ngaphezu komgangatho wesizwe, okanye ukulinganisela iingxowa zeplastiki. Le mithetho yokukhulula isoloko ikhankanya imfuneko yemithetho engqukuva okanye umnqweno wokuphepha umsebenzi wemithetho engqukuva.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamasebe

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente basebenzisana kakhulu. Amaziko asoloko enikela inkxaso-mali yezibonelelo zengingqi ngemali okanye ngemali ebolekiweyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zokwenza iinkqubo ezifana nokunika uvavanyo lwelayisensi yokuqhuba imoto, ukuqhuba ikliniki yempilo exhotyiswe ngurhulumente, okanye ukuqokelela irhafu yentengiso karhulumente nokuyibuyisela. Imithetho emininzi karhulumente ixhomekeke ngokungqalileyo ekuzalisekiseni inkqubela. Umzekelo, amasebe ommandla obume bendalo asebenza kwisebe lokwakha lasekuhlaleni ukunyanzela ukuba amanzi aphumele.

Ulwalamano

Amazwe akwaphembelela ingeniso yasekuhlaleni ngoncedo lwemali lwasekuhlaleni kunye kunye nolukungaqiniseki kwerhafu. Amazwe amaninzi athumela ingeniso enkulu kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuze afumane imfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nezithuthi. Ekubuyeni, amazwe amisela imida emali erhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni enokuthi yandise okanye ifune ukuvota kumanyathelo athile omanyano. Amanye amazwe aye abeka imiyalelo engagunyaziswanga ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemali efunekayo kwimiqathango yoqingqo-mali yasekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo yemisebenzi yorhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza imisebenzi emininzi ebumba umgangatho wobomi womntu ohlala apho. Nantsi eminye yemisebenzi ebonakalayo:

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic:[ amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni aphendula kwiimeko ezimanqam, anyanzelisa imithetho yeenqwelo-moya, aqhuba uhlolo lokukhusela umlilo. Izixeko ezininzi zikwasebenzisa iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko (EMS) kwisebe lomlilo.
  • Imfundo: [[FLT: 0] Isithili sesikolo,. Ngokufuthi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanenjongo ekhethekileyo(-) abaqeqeshi, abalondolozi bezakhiwo, kunye nabacwangcisi bezifundo zelifa lemveli. Banegunya lokukhupha iirhafu zempahla kunye nokukhupha amaqhina olwakhiwo lwesikolo.
  • Isakhiwo se-Infraclactus: izitrato, iipaki, uthutho, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, unyango lwamanzi, kunye nokukhanyisa isitrato konke kulawulwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Amasebe kawonke-wonke asebenza kwisakhiwo esingumzekelo wendlela, ukulungisa itrafiki, kunye nokugcina iidadi ezikhutshwa sisichotho.
  • [[NTL: 0] IiNkonzo zeHealth:[ Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni alungiselela ukugonywa, uhlolo lwekhefi, ukuhlolwa kwezifo, kunye nemfundo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Ezinye iikliniki zoluntu ezisetyenziswayo kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuzinika nomhlaba Usebenzisa: Iikhomishini zocwangciso lwengingqi kunye neebhodi zokulungisa izigqibo apho amakhaya, amashishini, kunye nemizi yoshishino zingakhiwa khona. Zinyanzelisa iikhowudi zokwakha, imida yoxinaniso, kwaye ziyavumela ulwahlulo oluncinci.
  • Inkcubeko: Ipaki, amaziko oluntu, amathala eencwadi, namaqula okuqubha asetyenziswa ngoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi axhaswa yirhafu okanye iirhafu ezinikezelweyo.

Imizekelo yemisebenzi kaRhulumente kaRhulumente

Urhulumente usebenzisa amagunya achaphazela wonke umntu ngaphakathi kwezwe. Imisebenzi yakhe ibanzi kwaye isekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho: Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe imisela imithetho egqubuthela ulwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo empahla, umtshato noqhawulo-mtshato, umgaqo wezoshishino, kunye nemininzi. Imithetho karhulumente kufuneka ivumelane nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nowesizwe.
  • Imfundo yoLawulo: amasebe kaRhulumente emfundo amisela imigangatho yemfundo, anika iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, asasaza inkxaso-mali yephondo kwiphondo lesikolo, kunye nabafundisi-mfundo bephepha-mvume. Kwakhona ajonge iiyunivesithi zephondo kunye neekholeji zoluntu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unikezelo:[ amasebe kaRhulumente ezithuthi (oo-DOT) akha aze agcine iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Kwakhona asebenzisa icandelo lemali yemali karhulumente yoohola bendlela.
  • Imali ephambili: Ama-United States asebenzisa eyawo iinkqubo zeMedicaid (ngokufuthi ngokumanyeneyo norhulumente wezwe), alawula i-inshorensi yempilo, oogqirha bezonyango lwelayisensi, kwaye alawula izibhedlele zikarhulumente.
  • Inkxaso yePublic: amasebe karhulumente anika iinkqubo ezifana ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, uncedo lwexeshana lweentsapho ezisweleyo (TTANF), kunye noncedo lokutya (SNAP).
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume: amaqumrhu esizwe anyanzelisa umoya nomgangatho womgangatho wamanzi, alawule iipaki namahlathi, kwaye alawule ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yemeko- bume engqongqo kunaleyo ikwiqondo lorhulumente.
  • Unyulo: Amazwe ajonge ulawulo lonyulo(---vote ebhalisayo, ivoti yokuqinisekisa iibhola, kunye nokuzoba imida yesithili (ukuphinda umisele). Kwakhona amisela imithetho yezempela kunye neenkqubo zokuvota.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Oku Kungafaniyo

Ukuqonda ulwahlulo lwemisebenzi phakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni norhulumente kunceda abemi bayazi apho kufuneka balathise khona inkxalabo zabo . Umzekelo, umngxuma kwisitrato sasekuhlaleni sisixeko (okanye ingingqi), ngelixesha uhola karhulumente ongalondolozwanga kakuhle yimbambano karhulumente. Ukukhalaza ngomlinganiselo ongalunganga wochitha ixesha kunye nomgudu karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, ukuba uluntu lufuna ukuvala iingxowa zeplastiki, kufuneka lwazi ukuba urhulumente wabo uvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba badlulisele imikhosi enjalo okanye enoba urhulumente unikezele loo mandla.

Kubafundi abafunda amaphondo, ukuthelekisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowasekuhlaleni kunika isibona-kubona ukusebenza kwemithetho. Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo loluntu kunye nolawulo lwalo mbutho lubonisa uxinezeleko olubanzi phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente namandla orhulumente. Kukwabonisa ukuba ulawulo asiyo-piramidi enye kodwa sisixokelelwano esinemingxube kodwa esixhomekeke kumalungu ommandla kunye nokuhlola nokulingana kwawo onke amanqanaba.

Ootitshala bangasebenzisa uthelekiso ekuqaliseni iingxubusho malunga nomelo, irhafu, kunye nokungahambelani korhwebo phakathi kobufanano kunye nobubhetyebhetye bengingqi. Umzekelo, kutheni urhulumente enokuthi afune ukumisela umvuzo omncinci kuzo zonke izixeko? Kutheni isixeko esikhulu sisenokufuna ukuzibekela owaso? Ziziphi iinjongo neengozi zokuvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagqibe imithetho yabo yelizwe? Le mibuzo ikwintliziyo yengxoxo yehlabathi lokwenene emalunga nemali yokuhlala, ummiselo wemekobume, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente bangamaqabane abalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. Nangona bobabini benceda uwonke-wonke, bahlukene ngokuphawulekayo kwimvelaphi yabo, kwigunya, kwimbopheleleko, nakwiimali. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente, bajolise kwiinkonzo ezithe ngqo neemfuno zoluntu. Urhulumente umisela inkqubo ebanzi, ulawula izikali ezinkulu, kwaye ujonge oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimida yabo.

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo. Xa abemi besazi ukuba ingxaki yingxaki yesixeko okanye yemeko karhulumente, banokuxhasa iinguqulelo ezithe ngqo. Yaye xa abafundisi- ntsapho benceda abafundi ukuba baqonde le mahluko, balungiselela isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuba sibe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kubomi bentlalo-ntle yoluntu, ngokukhetha kwibhodi yesikolo ukunikela ubungqina phambi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, hlolisisa ezi zinto zinokuthenjwa: