Ngaphaya kweAfrika neAsia, ukwakhiwa korhulumente wale mihla — ukususela ekumisweni kwepalamente ukuya kwigunya lomantyi wasekuhlaleni — kuthwala isichaphazelo esicacileyo solawulo lwamaphondo. Imida, imikhosi, imigaqo esemthethweni, kwaneelwimi zolawulo kumazwe amaninzi asemva kwephondo loluntu azizange ziphuhliswe ngokwamafamende kodwa zabekwa okanye zatshintshwa kwimithetho yesizwe yaseYurophu ne-Asia. Elifa alikokukokukodwa nje ngokwembali; liyaqhubeka libumba ukuzinza, ukulawula, ulwalamano phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo. Ukuqonda iingxaki zezobupolitika kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi zezi mimandla, umntu umele aqonde kuqala indlela ulawulo lwe-mathanga lwaseYurophu kunye nolwe-Asia oluye luye luzihlaziya ngayo iinkqubo zawo zegunya.

Ulawulo Lwamarhamente: Isikhokelo Sendlela Ethile

Ulawulo lwamaphondo aluyilwanga ukukhuthaza ulawulo-demokhrasi okanye ukuzimisela. Iinjongo zazo eziphambili zazikukhupho uvimba, ulawulo olulungeleleneyo, kunye nokugcinwa kocwangco ngexabiso elincinane kwi-metropole. Ukuphumeza oku, amagunya obukoloni asungula iinkqubo zolawulo ngokufuthi ezithathe indawo okanye ezimiselwe kwakhona zolawulo lwemveli. Isiphumo yayiyinkqubo edityanisiweyo eyathi yagquma ingqiqo ye-Europe ye-ibhuluaucracy kwii-hostries ezikhoyo zentlalo, ngokufuthi edala uxano olusaqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Imizekelo emibini ephangaleleyo yolawulo lwamathanga yavela. Eyokuqala, ulawulo olungqalileyo, yathandwa yiFransi nePortugal. Le mizekelo yafuna ukudibanisa izalathisi kwimpucuko yesixeko, ibeka amaqumrhu olawulo, isiFrentshi okanye isiPhuthukezi njengolwimi lolawulo, kunye nemithetho efanayo esemthethweni. IsiFrentshi [[FLT:] [2] [inkqubo] yobukhomne, umzekelo, yafakwa kwiNtshona Afrika, isenza amabhunga asekuhlaleni aphendule ngqo eParis kuneenkosi eziko. Imodeli yesibini, [[FLT], yayingumthetho yenkqu, ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yeBritane, iphantsi kwale kwicala lemithetho yasekuhlaleni, ilawula ngemithetho yasekuhlaleni nabaphathi-mathe ngokomthetho, kwaye ifumana iinfolathe , inguwe mvume efumaneka rhoqo, kodwa ingumthetho oqhelekileyo, kodwa ingulo olusuka kulawulo olusuka kumazwe lwasekuhlaleni, olusuka kumazwe oluqhelekileyo, olu

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wekoloni wasungula iingcamango ezintsha zelizwe. Ngaphambi kokuba i-Afrika kunye ne-Asia zaziphawulwa ngemida yolwelo, iimbutho ezingqukuva, kunye neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ze-suzeriant. Abalawuli beKoloni, ngokwahlukileyo, badwelisa imigca enzima kwiimaphu kwiinkomfa ezifana neNgqungquthela ye-Berlin ka-1884-85, ukuzoba amathangalithi, ukubeka amarhamente ngaphandle kokukhathalela ubuhlanga, ulwimi, okanye imida yenkcubeko. Le mida yaba yindawo ephakamileyo yamazwe azimeleyo, kwaye ihlala ingummandla ohlala uninzi nowezonogalelo lwe-colonistism. Isiphumo yimaphu yezobupolitika apho urhulumente ingenakufane nemidabi yezizwe — njengamali, iiKurd, kunye ne-Bakgon izifumana ngokwahlukene kumazwe, imikhosi enqamlanisa kunye nemidanganiso.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umnwe Ohlala Uhleli Wamagunya Aseburhulumenteni

I-Afrikha yaseMzantsi Afrika: IFederalism v.

Ukukhethwa kweBritane kulawulo olungangqalanga kudla ngokuphumela kumalungiselelo orhulumente okanye owenziwe nge-quasi. Nigeria ngumzekelo ophambili. IBritane yadibanisa umntla, empuma, kunye nemimandla yasentshona ngo-1914, izithethe zolawulo kunye nolwakhiwo lwezizwe. Ngonyaka ka1960, iNigeria yazuza ilifa le sakhiwo solawulo esakhelwe ukuhlalisa leyantlukwano. Noko ke, imimandla yayingalingani kubemi kunye nobuncwane, nto leyo eyakhokelela kukhuphiswano olukhulu olwaphumela kwimfazwe yase Biafraum (1967-70). Namhlanje, urhulumente we Nigeria uhlala ungonakaliso oluqhubekayo, ngengxoxo ekhoyo kwimali eqokelelweyo kunye ne-Ebhulonia yamazwe awo angama-666. Ulawulo ngokwalo lwentlalo hlelo lwe-Epilorst lwelizwe lwamazwe.

Ngokwahlukileyo, amathanga aseFransi eNtshona Afrika, anjenge Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, kunye neMali, azuzwe njengelifa kumbindi ophezulu, kumazwe adityanisiweyo. Imodeli ejolise kumandla aphezulu kwidekhrasi kunye nesebe eliphezulu, namagosa asekuhlaleni amiselwe kwikomkhulu kunokuba akhethwe ngabantu. Oku kubangele ukuba la mazwe abe buthathaka kulawulo lobuqu kwaye athintele ulawulo noxanduva lwasekuhlaleni. Xa unyulo oluninzi lwecatility luluziswa ngo1990, urhulumente ophakathi ngokufuthi waba ngumvuzo ofanele abanjwe ngumbutho ophumeleleyo, omiselwe exebayo, kunye, kwezinye iimeko ezikhokelela kwimfazwe, njengoko kujongwe kwi-Cevoirey- 2000.

UMzantsi Asia: I - Institution Imprint yamaRaj

EMzantsi Asia, i-Jap Raj yashiya isakhiwo esibanzi. igcine inkqubo yepalamente yaseBritane, inkonzo yesizwe efuziselweyo kwinkonzo yabemi base-Indiya, isalathisi esisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo, kunye nemikhosi ecwangcisiweyo kwimigca yeBritane. La maqela alungiselele iqondo lokuqhubekeka nozinzo nto leyo amanye amaphondo amaninzi eepostccollation asweleyo. I-Indiya'Unity Commission, umzekelo, yamiselwa ngo-1950 kwimodeli yolawulo lovolo lwama baseBritani, kwaye iye yaba yeyona ibalulekileyo kulawulo lwelizwe lokusebenza kwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, amarhafu aquka amagunya aphakathi anjengomthetho we-Primentiement, ukunqanda inkululeko, kunye nomthetho we-ograckistmenti, isoloko ibekwa kwidinga loburhulumente elinguqulu.

uBangladesh kunye uPakistan wabelana ngelifa elifanayo lequmrhu, kodwa imikhosi yabo yahlukile. iPakistan, ngokukodwa, yafumana ungenelelo oluphindaphindiweyo lomkhosi, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba ulwalamano lwe-coloni-omistrial, olwabeka umkhosi kwindima egcina inqanawe, aluzange luphinde ludityaniswe ngokupheleleyo. IBritane yayithembele kuMkhosi waseIndiya ngenxa yokhuseleko lwangaphakathi, kwaye elifa lemfazwe kwimicimbi yobusovilelll lingqikele kunzima ukuyeka. Indima yomkhosi kwezoqoqosho, kwezobupolitika, kwaneyeyeyeyeye idiary ingagcinwa emva kwenkqubo ye-Raykn.

UMzantsi - mpuma Asia: Iintsalela zamathanga Nenkqubo YeHybrid

Umzantsi-ntshona we-Asia unika umfanekiso onzima ngakumbi ngenxa yokugqunywa kweempembelelo ezininzi zamathanga. I-indonesia , ithathiwe yi-Dutch, izuzwe njengenkqubo esemthethweni eyathi yadibanisa umthetho wamaDatshi kunye neziko lemveli kunye neendawo eziqhelekileyo umthetho we-. Le nkqubo yenziwa i-intlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo esemthethweni eqhubeka namhlanje, nangona ibangela ukudideleka kwemizwa. Idatshi yamisa kwakhona ingxube yezoqoqosho edityani, kunye necandelo langoku elisebenzela ikoloni elisebenza kunye necandelo elishiyelwe kwizikhulu zasekuhlaleni — ukwahlula okuye kwabonakala kunzima ukuyoyisa. [FLT.FLD:]

Ulawulo lweSpeyin luyimeko ekhethekileyo, ebunjwe yi-Speyin colonian (ngeminyaka engaphezu kwama-300) kunye nolawulo lwamathanga aseMerika (malunga neminyaka engama-50). Ulawulo lwaseSpeyin lushiye ilifa lombuso ophakathi, olawula ngegunya kunye neCawa yamaKatolika enamandla. Ulawulo lwaseMelika, ngokwahlukileyo, lwasungula imfundo kawonke-wonke, inkqubo yomongameli efuziselweyo, i-U.S. Constitution, kunye nemithetho yamalungelo ehlukeneyo. Elifa livelise inkqubo yezobupolitika exhaphakileyo ekwantini, neyongamandla, kunye nemithetho esetyenziswa ngamandla esetyenziswa rhoqo kwimisebenzi yeentsapho ezinamandla. Ulivinigania ibonisa ukuphikisana kwembali yayo: isebenza kunye nonyulo lwamarhatyanikazi, kodwa ixabana nomthetho onegunya, kunye nomthetho ophantsi, kunye nomthetho ophantsi.

Imithetho Enzulu: Umthetho, Ulawulo Lwaseburhulumenteni, Nolawulo Lwezoqoqosho

Iinkqubo zomthetho: Iikhowudi ezidluliselweyo kunye nePlaturalism

Enye yezona nkqubo zomthetho zihlala zihleli zikho kumakoloni yinkqubo yomthetho. Kwindawo enkulu ye-Afrika ne-Asia, amagunya aseBritani afaka imigaqo yawo yomthetho, ngokufuthi abekwe kumthetho wesithethe okanye wonqulo okhoyo. Oku kwakha inkqubo esemthethweni edityanisiweyo okanye ebanzi. I-Indiya, iBritish yasungula inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, kodwa imithetho yobuqu elawula umtshato, ilifa, nemicimbi yentsapho yashiyelwa kuluntu oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo oluzikowabo — amaHindu, amaSulumane, namanye amaKristu. Le mithetho yobuni yomthetho yomthetho engokwasemthethweni ingumthombo womibini wenkqu nongqubano lwezopolitiki. [FLT:], i-NUnig, ide ingumeko enzima, ide yandisa ingumthetho wezothe yahlukene kunye nemithetho eyahlukene ngokweziko, ngamanye amazwe anokuzenzela imigaqo engongo, kwaye azimeleyo, engongongongongongongowahlukeneyo, kwaye a

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya, ezizuzwe njengefa leFransi, iPortugal, neSpeyin, zixhaphakile kwiindawo ezininzi zaseAfrika naseMzantsi Merika. Ezi nkqubo zigxininisa imimiselo eqinisekisiweyo kunye nenkqubo yokugweba yamatyala. IFrentshi iCode Commin ibekwe kuMntla Afrika, kwaye ihlala iyisiseko senkqubo yomthetho kumazwe anjenge ISAGALI, Côte d'Ivoire, kunye noMali. Ngeli ezi nkqubo zinika ukucaca nokuxelwa, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha nokucotha ekutshintsheni kwemikhwa yentlalo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezidla ngoku zivelisa ukhuseleko lwempahla yabemi kunye nezamashishini, i-Côte dvoirey ibithe kancinci.

I-Breaucracy nolwalamano lwesizwe neSizwe

Imikhosi yelizwe yayiyilelwe ukukhupha ubuncwane kunye nokugcina ucwangco, kungekhona ukukhonza abemi. Yayiyi-hiercarical, imfihlelo, yaye isoloko yonakele. Kumaphondo amaninzi asemva kwe-Polonia, le mpucuko yaqhubeka. Inkonzo yesizwe kumazwe afana Bhanaglasesh, Ghana, neKenya[[FLD:1] iyaqhubeka iphawulwa yi-intevocage, ukungaphumeleli, kunye nokungena entla kwendlela yokulawula. Ifa le-British yenkonzo ye-operalgist — apho abalawuli benziwa bajikeleziswa khona phakathi kwe-Greece kunye necandelo — baye bagxekwa ngenxa yokungabi nabuchule. Ifawa, kunye nokugxininisa kwayo kuqeqesho oluphezulu njengezikolo

Ulwalamano lwesizwe kumazwe amaninzi asemva kobupolisa lubunjwe ngamava obukoloni. Kwibutho apho urhulumente wamathanga wayezingela yaye ethabathela kuwo, abemi bahlakulela ukungathembani okunzulu kwamaziko karhulumente. Oku kuthembeka kwenza kube nzima kumazwe anamhlanje ukuqokelela irhafu, ukunyanzelisa imimiselo, okanye ukukhuthaza abemi ukuba basebenze ngokumanyeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo lwamakoloni ekuthinteleni ukuchasana kwashiya ilifa lamapolisa nemikhosi yomkhosi oqhele kakhulu ukulawula abemi kunokuba bakhusele. Utshintsho lwala maziko okhuseleko lulucelomngeni olukhulu kumazwe aguqula ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho: Isiqalekiso nokhuseleko

Izoqoqosho zoburhulumente zasekwa ukuze zincedise iimfuno ze-metropole. Elifa lenza ulawulo lwezoqoqosho oluzimeleyo. Iimeko ezininzi zezoqoqosho zaseAfrika kunye neze-Asia zixhomekeke ekuthuthweni kwezinto ezingundoqo — i-oli, i-mineralial, imveliso yokulima — indlela eyamiselwa ngexesha le-koloni. Oku kubangela ukungabinakunyuka nokunyuka kwezoqoqosho. [[FLT: 0] ukruqulo lwe-odayo [[FLT: 1] lunenteko yokrungiso [[FLT] olugqithiselek] olugqithisileyo kumazwe anjenge-omatilo, i-oyile, i-Angola, i-Angola, i-Angola, kunye ne-Democracrac Republic ye-Congo ye-Congo [[FLT]], apho ukukhutshwa kwe-ondleko, ukungqubana, kunye nokulawulwa kwe-ondleko-ondleko.

Iinkqubo zerhafu zamazwe amaninzi zashiya uphawu oluhlala luhleli. Kwilizwe lamazwe amaninzi, irhafu yamiselwa njengendlela yokunyanzela abantu base-Afrika kunye nabo base-Asia ukuba basebenze okanye basebenze ngengeniso. Le rhafu i irhafu ne irhafu] erhafu [ erhafu [ e-Irhafu] e-Britani, ngokomzekelo, yayiyilelwe ukunyanzela abantu base-Afrika ukuba basebenze kwiifamafama nasezigodini zaseYurophu. Le mvelaphi yerhafu iyenze kwaba nzima kumazwanamntlawulo okuhlawula irhafu yokuzithandela. Ngokomphulo, amazwe amaninzi eAfrika kwaye axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafuzo ehambayo elungele ingeniso ephambili, kunokuba bafumane imali eninzi, nto leyo efumaneka kuwo.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku: Ishishini Elingapheliswanga Lokuqhatha

Imigaqo Ebuthathaka Nolawulo Lobuqu

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo lwexesha likamasipala lubuthathaka bamaziko asesikweni. Kumazwe amaninzi asemva kwe-Englican, umthetho awunyangeki, amalungelo empahla akakhuselekanga, kwaye ijaji iphantsi kokungenelela kwezobupolitika. Oku kubuthathaka kwequmrhu kunokuthi kulandelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamaphondo ejongene namandla axhotyisiweyo ezandleni zolawulo oluphezulu kwaye athob ’ iliso kwii-e-sceances. Inkqubo yeBritane yolawulo oluzimeleyo, umzekelo, izikhulu zasekuhlaleni eziphakanyiswa kwizikhundla ze-acracta, umzekelo, umzekelo, imodeli ekwandiswa kwisikhundla sesizwe ngepost-informat, iinkokeli ezithenti yezorhwebo, inkcukumiso yezobuliso yezobucala. Umphumo obangelwa kukulawulwa kolawulo lobuqu.

Ukwahlukana kobuhlanga nokweengingqi

Uqheliselo lokulawula lwase Belgium lwaye lwalwahlula-hlula ubuhlanga kunye nolwahlulo lwemimandla. Inkqubo yeBritane "yokulwa nolawulo" eNigeria, eIndiya, kunye nakwezinye iindawo ngokukhutheleyo yakhuthaza ukwahluka kohlanga nokhuphiswano. Rwanda, abalawuli bekoloni be-British basebenzisa amakhadi okuphawula amaHutu namaTutsi, beyenza lukhuni into eninzi yolwenzelo lwentlalo kwaye bamisela isiseko sohlanga lwamazwana lwangonyaka wewaka angamashumi asibhozo. kuma-Myanmar [FLT], iinkqubo zobupolishini ezicekelele abantu abambalwa kwimimandla yenduli (Karen, Shan, Kachin) ngelishwana) ngexesha lokushiya isiseko sobuzwelo oluye lwamahlalishwa luqhubekele ulwa lulu lwale suku lwamandulo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqinisa Idemokhrasi

Kumazwe amaninzi eAfrika nase-Asia kwathatyathwa umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi emva kokuzimela geqe, kodwa idemokhrasi iye yangqinwa inzima ukuqinisa. Ilifa legunya elisembindini, amaziko abuthathaka, kunye nolwahlulo lobuhlanga lidala imekobume elucelomngeni kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Unyuso ludla ngokonakala luyinkqubo yogonyamelo kunye noqhatha-qhatha, kwaye amaziko edemo-demokhrasi adla ngokubanjwa ngamaqela aphezulu. Kwanakumgangatho wedemokhrasi ophumelelayo njengo iIndiya[FLT] , utyekelo lwakutshanje olukwiziko lolawulo-mpumsko kunye nokungalawule-demo-demokhrasi kuphakamisa inkxakeko ngokukhulayo ngezobund lwedemokhrasi. Amatyala awathinteli awona amatyala amaqela azimeleyo. Amatyala akathinteli kademokhrasi — amanye amazwe amazwe aye akwazi ukwakha iinkqubo zedemokhrasi phezu kwayo, kodwa ahlala

Iindlela Eziphambili: Ukoyisa Ilifa Lamarhamncwa

Ukuqonda impembelelo yelifa lelizwe elilawulwa ngamathanga lingumzekelo obalulekileyo, kodwa asisosizathu sokungenzi nto. Abaphengululi kunye noogqirha baye bafumana iindlela ezininzi zokuphumelela ezi meko zingokwembali. iprojekthi ye-Cubialitiotic [[ ebangela amandla okususa amandla olawulo olululo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukuqinisa amaziko azimeleyo, kwaye ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane anganceda ukuthetha ngelifa elifa le-central. [[FLT:] [FLT]] inkqubo yenkqubo ye-ect: — ngokukodwa ukhetho phakathi komelo oluneenzalo nolwaluvo olukhulu — lunokukhuthaza okanye ucaluvo olungundoqo. [FT][5][5]

Utshintsho lwenkonzo lwe-CIII yenye indawo enzima. Ukucebisa iqumrhu lolawulo, ukusungula ukubhaliswa nokunyuselwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kunye nokuyila iinkqubo zolawulo lobumi kunganceda ukuphelisa ilifa lemeko ye-patrimonial. [ utshintsho lwe-junicial — kuquka ukudityaniswa kweenkqubo zomthetho ezizininzi, ukutyunjwa kwabagwebi abazimeleyo, kunye nolwandiswa kolawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nolwandiso lokufikelela kwimithetho esesikweni — kubalulekile ekumiseleni umthetho. [[FLT:] utshintsho lwecandelo [FLT] lukwabalulekile: ukuguqula amapolisa kunye nemikhosi yolawulo lolawulo lwezoburhulumente, ukumisela inyathelo elide kwinkqubo ye-othorist - geant

Ekugqibeleni, ulwandiso lwezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo lubalulekile ekuphuleni umjikelo wobukholo kunye norhwaphilizo. Amazwe aye aphumelela ekulawuleni ubutyebi bendalo, njengo Botswana, enjenjalo ngokuseka amaziko olawulo oluzimeleyo, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nobuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba kubami. Amasuntswana akhutshwayo e-ICurection Incopediation (ETI) kunye nemigangatho yehlabathi efana nayo inika iplani yokuphucula ulawulo kumazwe aceliweyo. [FLT] ukusondela kukukhanya

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yelifa lelizwe kurhulumente wase-Afrika nase-Asia asiyonto nje elula yokunqanda ukulawulwa kwelizwe okanye ukuthethelela ukungaphumeleli kwangoku. Yinyaniso enzulu nentsonkothileyo yembali etshintsha umhlaba wezobupolitika ngeendlela ezibonakalayo nezichuliweyo. Imida ezimeleyo, i-bhureaucraccacy, iinkqubo zomthetho ezidibeneyo, kunye nezoqoqosho ezikhutshiweyo ezabekwayo ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Rhostmini ziyaqhubeka zisenza izinto ezinokwenzeka ukuze zilawule namhlanje. Kodwa, imbali ayikahlelwanga. Amazwe amaninzi aye abonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula izakhiwo ezikhoyo, ukwakha iindlela ezizinzileyo, nokuyila indlela yedemodemokhrasi phambili. Isitshixo siqonde ngokucacileyo, ukuvuma kwayo, nokuyila kwayo. Inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuthetha ngengqiqo yayo.

Amazwe anjengaye Botswana, Mauritius, kunye neCosta Rica — nangona iCosta Rica iseMerika — abonisa ukuba amazwe anee-colonia anokulwa nezoqoqosho ezizinzileyo. Impumelelo yawo ithetha ukuba amarhanisi angayeyiswa ngokuyila, ngokuququlunqwa kwezobupolitika, kwaye aqhubeke ehlala ehleli. Uninzi lwamazwe aseAfrika nase-Asia, umsebenzi wokwakha impumelelo, ukuphenduliswa, kunye nenkqubo yorhulumente esemthethweni ihlala ingucelomngeni olungundoqo — olunokuhlangatyelelwa kuphela ngokumelana, kunokuba kutyeshelwe, izakhiwo ezinzulu zembali ezishiywe kulawulo lwawo. Ulawulo oluthe , oluthe gqolo lwe-Asmond, oluthe nyaniselufuna ukuqwalasela okucacileyo, ukulungisa, nokulawula abantu. [[3]