Ukuqonda Ubuchule Bempembelelo

Iindlebe zeBhunga zenzelwe ukuba zibe yindawo yoluntu apho abaququzeli bomthetho baqokelela khona ulwazi, amangqina okubuza, kwaye baphikisana ngeenzuzo zomthetho ocetyiswayo. Kodwa le nkqubo ijikwa ngokukhula ngabaququzeleli bengingqi namaqela anomdla asebenza ekuhleni nasemva. Ukuze kuqondwe ubunzulu bale mpembelelo, kuyimfuneko ukuhlolisisa kungekuphela nje ukuba ngoobani aba basebenzi kodwa kwanendlela abazifaka ngayo kwinkqubo yokuva, ukusuka ekukhetheni ubungqina ukuya ekuchongeni okugqibeleni amatyala.

I-lobbyzis zingoogxa babo bahlawulwa yintlawulo-odwa . Ngokufuthi ababengamalungu eBhunga, abasebenzi, okanye iingcali zoshishino-lwazi-zincwadi, abamele amaqumrhu, amaqumrhu orhwebo, okanye oorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Basebenzisa ulwalamano, igalelo, intlawulo, kunye nolwazi olunenkcukacha zokuxhasa iziphumo ezithile. Amaqela abantu abanomdla bangamaqela athe adibeneyo adibanisa ubuncwane kwaye alungelelanise imigudu yokwabelana ngezakhelo, njengamalungelo ompu, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, okanye inkqubo yerhafuthelo. Bonke, bakha i-onke, bafaka ingeniso eninzi kakhulu ekuphembeleni isebe le-Givinignogne, ngokulingana nomgangatho we-[FLD][F1]

Impembelelo yabo ekuvinyweni akuyongozi. Kungenxa yeqhinga labo eliyilelwe ukulawula ukuqukuqela kolwazi, ukumila kwamakrosta, kunye nokuseka ingxoxo ngendlela ekhetha abaxhasi babo. Abahlalutyi bathi oku kuphumela kwinkqubo yomthetho etsaliweyo apho umdla kawonke-wonke udla ngokuba kwimfuno yabambalwa.

Ngoobani Abaphambili Kubadlali?

I-Lobbysist kunye namaqela akhethekileyo abantu abanomdla eza ngeendlela ezininzi. Ezinye ziqeshwa imipu esebenzela iifemu ezitsalayo kwaye imela abaxhasi abaninzi kulo lonke ishishini. Ezinye zisebenza kwindlu yongeno eqeshwe liqumrhu elinye. Iimanyano zorhwebo ezifana ne iMelikan Petroleum Institute[[ okanye i [FLT:] i-National Rifle Association [[FLT:]] njengemibutho ye-ambrela edibanisa amazwi amalungu amaninzi. Ukongeza, khawulezisa iitanki kunye ne-advockiggs [[FLT:]] i- traget [[FFFF] okanye [FFFFLT] ekunene] [FT] [FT] yeNtnugrouvelgss] ye-Melikanst [5]

Ngeli xesha la maqela ekufuneka abhalise kwaye atyhile imisebenzi yokubhenela phantsi koMthetho weLobbing Discive ka1995, ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kubuthathaka, kwaye ukurhoxa kuvumela umsebenzi obalulekileyo ukuba ungaxelwanga. NPR[[FLT]] ibhale indlela ucango olujikelezayo phakathi kweBhunga neKratoryksi oluqinisekisa ngayo ukuba abakhi bomthetho nabasebenzi bangaphambili bazisa ulwazi kunye neengqubano ezikhoyo kwihlabathi elingenisa intlola, ngokuhambela phambili impembelelo yalo.

Impembelelo Yegazi Elineendlebe

Impembelelo ekuvinyweni akuzenzekeli. Isetyenziswa ngendlela elungeleleneyo kwiinkqubo eziliqela ezingundoqo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kutyhila ukuba kutheni nazona zindlebe zigcinwa kakuhle zinokuba yinqwelo - mafutha efuna umdla okhethekileyo.

Ukukhetha Ubungqina Nokulungiselela

Izihlalo zekomiti kunye namalungu aphezulu anengqiqo ephawulekayo ekufuneka anikwe amangqina. I-Lobbyers kunye namaqela enzala adla ngokucebisa amangqina kubenzi bomthetho abanobuhlobo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, amangqina ngabenzi bommeli, abalawuli bangaphambili, okanye abalawuli beshishini abavumelana nodweliso lomxhasi. Umzekelo, ukuphula umthetho ngemozulu kusenokubonisa ukuba isazinzulu sixhaswa zizinto zakudala ze-astraccules, ngoxa ukuva ngezonyango kusenokuquka umlawuli osebenza kwishishini lonyango oya kubuza kulo shishino.

Ngapha koko, abaxhasi basoloko befundisa amangqina ngendlela yokungqina, ukuba luluphi ulwimi emalusetyenziswe, oluluphi ulwimi olumele lugxininiswe, nendlela yokuphepha imibuzo enzima. Olu lungiselelo lungaquka ukuphinda uluvo lwemigca enokwenzeka yokubuza kumalungu ekomiti alwayo kunye neempendulo ezixonxa incoko kwiinyaniso ezingeyomfuneko. Isiphumo sisenzo esinemisebenzi ephezulu efana nedrama yenkundla kunokuba ifane nomsebenzi onyanisekileyo wokufumana imbali.

Ukuphosa Ingxelo Ebhaliweyo Nogcino - lwazi

Ubungqina obubhaliweyo obubekwe phambi naxa kuviwo busisixhobo esinamandla. Abalawuli benqanawa bachaza iinkcukacha eziqulathe ugcino-lwazi olukhethiweyo kunye neziphumo zezoqoqosho ezixhasa iindawo zabo. Ekubeni abasebenzi bekomiti besoloko bexhomekeke kule ngxelo ukulungiselela le ngxoxo, ugcino-lwazi olunikezelweyo lungacwangcisa imiqathango yengxoxo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuva ngotshintsho lwemali olujijekileyo, abasebenzi bebhanki babonisa ukuba imimiselo engqongqo izakutshabalalisa izigidi zemisebenzi, kwaye kamva yangqinela ukuba ingxengxenge kakhulu.

Abahlalutyi abazimeleyo kwi- I-ofisi yobuNikampu-mali baphawule ukuba ugcino-lwazi oluninzi oluxhasayo olunikelwa ngamaqela enzala alunakubukelelwa koontanga kwaye lusoloko lusekelwe kwiintelekelelo zepropritial. Ukanti ngenxa yemiqathango enzima kunye nezixhobo ezisikelwe umda, abasebenzi bekomiti bangalwamkela ezi zinto ngexabiso lobuso, ingakumbi xa besebenzisa iinjongo zezopolitiki zoninzi.

Umnyango Ojikelezayo Phakathi Komkhosi Nokubopha

Enye yezona ndlela zinamandla kodwa zingabonakaliyo zingumnyango ojikelezayo. Abasebenzi abaphezulu abalungisa imibuzo, abaqokelela imifutshane yokuva, kunye namalungu acebisayo basoloko beshiya besiya besiya bebabhedeshi. Baphethe ulwazi olunzulu lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ulwalamano lobuqu nabo bangaphambili, kunye nokuqonda ukuba ziziphi izixhakamfulo zokutsala. Ufundisiso lwama-2022 oluqhutywa yi-[FLT] Brenan Center yeJaji elinguMphathi-mthetho[[] [FLT]] lufumanise ukuba phantse ukuba isiqingatha sangaphambili samalungu endlu kunye nesithathu sendlu kunye nesesithathu se-sentenee-metator sihamba ukuya kumsebenzi okanye kwimicimbi yorhulumente.

Le ntshukumo isebenza zombini. Imithetho esetyenziswayo isebenza rhoqo kwikomiti edibanisa abasebenzi kwimisebenzi yexeshana, izisa iimbono zomchasi wabucala kodwa isenokuvela kwiingquzulwano zomdla. Ngoxa imithetho yokuziphatha ifuna ukuphola ngamaxesha. Ngokucacileyo i-enye okanye ezimbini phakathi kokushiya iBhunga kunye nobhexeshi benginginya ngaphambili inezithuba ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuvalwa akusebenzi ekuvuseleleni isebe eliphetheyo, kwaye kungakhutshwa ngokusebenzela inkampani etsalayo engabhaliswanga ngoko nangoko.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Indlela Eziye Zabangela Ngayo Ukuba Neendlebe Ezikhethekileyo

Ingxubusho ezithe ngqo zempembelelo yokubhenela ingabonakala ingekho ngqiqweni. Imizekelo ecacileyo, noko ke, ibonisa indlela iindlebe zokwenene zehlabathi eziye zasetyenziswa ngayo ukwenzela izilangazelelo ezimxinwa ngaphezu kobugocigoci boluntu.

Ukuva Ngezihlunu Zomchiza

Ngo-2019, iKomiti yeHouse Oversect yaba netyala elikhulu lokuphulaphula iprojekthi yeziyobisi, imema abalawuli beenkampani ezinkulu zamayeza. Umsindo woluntu ngenxa yokunyuka kwexabiso le-insulin kunye namanye amayeza asindisa ubomi wawuphezulu. Kodwa impembelelo yokuva yaphazanyiswa yimpembelelo yezoshishino. Ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe, iinkampani zeziyobisi ezichitha ixesha elininzi zizama ukutsala ihlolo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingxelo ihlala ikho yaye inkqubela ixabisa kunokuba ilahle intengo ingabikho. AmaNgqina awayekade ethetha ngexabiso eliphezulu leziyobisi ayengafunwa kwiqela leqela, kwaye amalungu ekomiti aphezulu asebenzisa ixesha lawo ukubuza amangqina “kwindawo entsha yokuzihlawula” endaweni yokuthenga imali.

Ingxelo efumaneka [[FLT] iindaba ze-AT[[FLT:]] ityhila ukuba njengoko ukuva kusondela, ishishini laphuphuma uCapitol Hill ngenkxaso yephulo kumalungu omabini, ingakumbi lawo akwi komiti engundoqo. Iziphumo zavelisa utshintsho oluncinci, kwaye amaxabiso eziyobisi aqhubeka enyuka. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le milinganiselo iphinda-phinda maxesha okuva kwiprojekthi yeziyobisi, ngokuphumelelayo isenza naluphi na ulungiso lotshintsho lokwenene.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwemali Emva Kwengxaki Yowama - 2008

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iBhunga laba namatyala amaninzi okuphendula iziphumo zophando lwezizathu zolawulo kunye nokulungisa ulawulo. UMthetho weDodd-Frankle waba ngumphumo, kodwa indlela yalo yokugqibela yayimxinwa kakhulu kunezicelo zangaphambili. Ilobbytes ukusuka kwiWall Street bankcricks kunye noshishino lweziqinisekiso zalungiselela iphulo elikhulu lokwenza buthathaka kwezibonelelo ezingundoqo. Banikela ubungqina ekuvinyweni ukuba imiqathango yomthetho kunye noMthetho weVolcker uzakutshabalalisa ukudilika kwemarike nokunyanzela imisebenzi phesheya.

Izihlalo zekomiti ezazixhasa ulawulo olomeleleyo zafumanisa ziphazanyisiwe yi-bolitz elungelelanisiweyo equka kungekuphela nje ukutsala intunja kodwa kwanemirhumo yengca (ukurhwebelana) ecwangciswe ngamaqela oshishino. Ifringi yebhanki echithelwe ngaphezu kwe-100-000-2010 kuphela, ngokwe-[FLT][1] IsiKhalo socingo [FLT]]. [FLT] . Ekupheleni, amalungiselelo amaninzi anzima akhutshwa okanye anyiselwa phantsi. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunomo lwemeko olunolwayo olunobangela ingxaki yahlala lungathintelwa, njengoko imijikelezo yemali elandelayo iye yabonisa.

Iindlebe Zemekobume Nomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu

Kummandla wemozulu eguqukileyo, iindlebe zikwindawo ekuliwa kuzo iinzululwazi eziphakanyiswe ngoshishino zicel ’ umngeni ukuvumelana kwemizimba engundoqo yenzululwazi. Ushishino lwemibhobho yelahlelo yelahleko kudala lusebenzisa iqhinga lokuthandabuza ukwenza. Oku kwabonakala kwingqwalasela kwiCwangciso yeGunya-Manya eMphakamiso kwaye kamva kwiGreen New Dec. Abaxhasi beemfomati bezoshishino baza kuzisa amangqina ajongela phambili ukucutha kotshintsho lwemozulu okanye aphikisa ukuba iindleko zezoqoqosho zokwenza umsebenzi ziphakame kakhulu, nangona bubungqina obuninzi obuchasene noko.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo wenzeka ngo-2015, xa iKomiti yeNtsimbi neSebe leMisebenzi yoLuntu yabeka igalelo elinomxholo othi “Isiseko Esiyinyaniso Secebo Elicocekileyo.” Amangqina amaninzi adityaniswa namaqela aye afumana inkxaso-mali kwiinkampani zamalahle ne-oyile. Isitulo sekomiti, efumene inkxaso eninzi evela kwiinkampani zamandla, sasebenzisa igalelo lakhe ukumisela ubungqina benzululwazi yemozulu kunye nokuqhuba ukuva kwimicimbi yexabiso lemali kunye negunya elisemthethweni. Isiphumo saba yimali eyanika uluntu imbono entle ngemviwo engquthelekileyo yenzululwazi.

Ukuncipha Kokholoso Loluntu

Xa i-arhente yewotshi kawonke-wonke ivakala kwaye iqonda ukuba iziphumo zimiselwe kwangaphambili zizinto ezikhethekileyo, ukuthemba amaqumrhu edemokhrasi kuyawohloka. Ukungquzulana kweZiko lophando lwe-[FLT: 0] ngokuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuba malunga neekota ezintathu zamaMelika akholelwa ukuba abaxhasi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo zinempembelelo enkulu eWashington. Le ngcamango ayisekelwanga siseko ``isekelwe kwimilinganiselo ebonakalayo yokuziphatha.

Iindlebe ezibonwa njengezixhotyisiweyo okanye ezijongwa njengezingavumelaniyo nolwaluko lolwakhiwo. Iincwadi zikholelwa ukuba abameli bazo abawaphulanga mamela kodwa kumntu ophezulu othe wawafumana. Oku kugxeka kunegalelo ekuthobeni umvoti, ukuncipha kokuvuma ukubandakanyeka kubomi bentlalo-ntle, kunye nokufuna ukuvukelwa ngokukhula kwabaphi na abathembisi “ukungena emgxobhozweni. Ngokumangalisayo, abanye babo abathathi-nxaxheba, bakhe banyulwa ngokukhawuleza baba yinxalenye yempembelelo efanayo, kuphakamisa imibuzo engakumbi yokuba ngabaphicotho benjongo enzulu kunokwenzeka kusini na.

Impembelelo iqatha ngakumbi kwimiba apho uwonke-wonke unamava aqinileyo, anjengeziko lonyango, inkqubo yemipu, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Xa ukuva kusilela ukuvelisa isenzo, ukuqhawula ulwamkelo phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke neziphumo zowiso-mthetho kuba nzulu. Umzekelo, uphando lubonise inkxaso ebanzi yoluntu kwimithetho yemipu engqongqo elandela ukudubula okukhulu, kodwa ukuva okuququzelela kwinkupho kudla ngokubangela ukuxabana okungenayo kwaye kuphumele nawumthetho /a iziphumo zokuba abaninzi babonise amandla okutsala kweSizwe seRhulumente namanye amalungelo amalungelo emipu.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nezinto Engenakukwazi Kuzenza

Abahlaziyi bathe bacebisa amanyathelo aliqela ajolise ekuthinteleni impembelelo engafanelekanga kwiindlebe zombutho. Abanye baye basetyenziswa, kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo kuhlala kulinganiselwe ngokunyanzelisa nokuphepha ukuva.

Iimfuno zeDismore eziYandisiweyo

UMthetho weLobbing Displaying Dislosure ka-1995, kunye nezilungiso zawo zonyaka wama-200 phantsi koMthetho wobuHlaziyo noMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente oFikelelekileyo, ufuna abangenisi ukuba babhalise, bakhuphe iingxelo zefayile, batyhile abaxhasi babo, iinkcitho, kunye nemibandela ethile abayifunayo. Le mithetho ikwayalela ukuba kufunyanwe intyelelo yeminikelo eqokelelwe ngabaququzeli-zimrhu. Ngokwengqiqo, oku kuvumela ukhuthulo lukawonke-wonke kunye neentatheli ukuba balandele le mali.

Ngoko, uhlalutyo lwama-2020 oluye lwenziwa . Isiseko esikhanyayo lufumanise ukuba amaqondo okuthoba asezantsi. Abangenisi abaninzi bayasilela ukulayisha ifayile ngexesha okanye bangazifaki iinkcukacha, kwaye uqingqo-mali lweSebe lezobulungisa luncinci. Ngaphezu koko, ingcaciso yokunyanzela inciphisana inciphiswe ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba imisebenzi emininzi iphembeleka ``intlanganiso edityaniswe nomncedisi wombutho ngaphandle kokucela ngokomthetho isenzo esithile sokubhalisa intelo oluthileyo. Oku kwenza ushishino olukhulu olungenamsebenzi wokufumana isithunzi olusebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola uwonke wonke.

Imali eqingqiweyo yeCandelo kunye nokuSebenza

Unxulumano phakathi kweminikelo yephulo kunye nokufikelela ekuvinyweni lubhalwe kakuhle. Amalungu eKhonkxane asengozini yokunika izicelo zentlanganiso ezivela kubanikeli nokubiza amangqina acetyiswe ngabo. Ukuphelisa olu qhagamshelwano, abameli baye baqhubela ukuxhasa inkxaso kawonke-wonke, njengenkqubo efana neyaseNew York City kwaye bacetyiswa kumgangatho karhulumente ngeFair Evolutions Now Act.

Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke ngumlinganiselo ongekho mgaqweni wokuthetha okanye ichitha imali ehlawulwayo. Kwanalapho kukho intlawulo kawonke-wonke, ayiyiphelisi impembelelo yokuchitha imali ngaphandle kwi-PACs enkulu namaqela emali emnyama, asenokuzala amangqina axhasayo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FLT: 0] iSibande seUnited kunye [FLT]] ne MCCcheon ezithe kratya amandla angakumbi okuva amatyala okulawula ukuchithwa kwephulo, ukwenza utshintsho olunentsingiselo kumgangatho worhulumente ombi.

Ixesha elipholisayo kunye nemithetho enyanzelisayo

Ukucothisa ucango olujikelezayo, uMthetho ka-Header Leadership and Open Government ka-2007 wabeka ixesha lokuphola leminyaka emibini kwanalowo wayesakuba yilungu lendlu ngaphambi kokuba angenele abo wayesebenza nabo. Noko ke, umthetho awubathinteli ekungeneni kwiifemu zokucela uncedo njenge “abaququzeleli be-advis" abangabhaliswanga ngabaququzeleli bengi, kwaye awubathinteli ekufuneni isebe eliphetheyo. Ukunyanzeliswa kweekomiti zemithetho yeNdlundlo-mthetho zahlukene kuye kwaba yinto engaqhelekanga, kwaye kuvela iimeko ezimbalwa kwimiqathango.

Abanye abaxhasi beenguqu baye bacela ukuba kuhlale kukho uvalo olungapheliyo ekuphenjelelweni ngamalungu angaphambili eBhunga, kodwa oku kujongene nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kwandiswe ixesha lokuphola ukuze kuqukwe abasebenzi abaphezulu nokusetyenziswa kwalo ekukhuthazeni naliphi na isebe likarhulumente. Okwangoku, amanyathelo anjalo aye agcinwa kwiBhunga elixhomekeke kakhulu kwindalo ekhuthaza ukuphembelela izinto eziphilayo.

Uxinzelelo lwemizi kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa ngaphaya

Amaqela angaphandle neentatheli ziye zazama ukuzisa ukubonakala okungakumbi ekuveni ngokwazo. Iintlangano ezifana ne Khesa kukhanyayo kunye iProublica[ imvelaphi yomkhondo, inkxaso yemirhumo, intsebenziswano, kunye noqhagamshelwano kumaqela abantu abanomdla. [[FLT:] Indlu yeKorrk[[FLT]] igcina isiseko sogcino-siseko sobhaliso sobhaliso, nangona ingesosabobubuhlobo bomsebenzisi. Inani elikhulayo labemi lisebenzisa njenge .[FLT]

Kodwa phezu kwazo nje ezi zixhobo, uluntu luhlala lumnyama kakhulu malunga nenkqubo yengxoxo eyenzekayo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuva. Iintlanganiso zangaphakathi, isidlo sabucala, kunye nencoko yabucala phakathi kwamalungu ekomiti kunye nabahlali abafumana imvume ayifane ibhalwe okanye ityhilwe. Ukubonakala okwenene kuya kufuna utshintsho lwesakhiwo kwindlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo.

Ikamva Lokuvalwa Kwetyala Ngeengxubakaxaka

Impembelelo yabaxhasi beendlebe ayingondlela ingenakuphepheka, kodwa ukuguqula kuya kufuna ingcinezelo eqhubekayo kubavoti nabahlaziyi. Imeko ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ikamva lisenokubona ukuba libanjwa kakhulu okanye limele liphendule ngakumbi.

Kwelinye icala, ukunyuka kwentengiso ze-millic kunye ne-media yezentlalo kunike amagxalakhe amatsha okuguqula imbono kawonke-wonke ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ityala. Iphulo elicutheneyo lingachaza indlela imbambano edityaniswe ngayo kumaphephandaba, ibeka abenzi bomthetho ekukhuseleni. Utyekelo oluqhubekayo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo lokuchaza imali njengengxelo yezentengiso yesisa-asethi yemali lungenza ukuba imali iqhubeke ingena kwimigudu yempembelelo.

Kwelinye icala, izixhobo ezifanayo zamanani zinika abemi amandla okulungiselela. Ukwanda kwezindlebe ezikhoyo ezinameva kunye nenkcazelo yezentlalo-mbini kuthetha ukuba yonke imibuzo, yonke inkcazelo yamangqina, kwaye yonke impendulo ecacileyo ibhaliwe kwaye ingahlalutywa. Amaqela eengxelo zenyaniso anokuthi ngokukhawuleza azenze ngexesha lokuva kwaye agcine abenzi bomthetho benoxanduva lokusasaza ulwazi. [octupy Wall Street kunye [[FLT:]] iParality

Ezinye izindululo eziqulunqweyo ziyanda. Umzekelo, inani elikhulayo labenzi bomthetho lithembise ukungathathi mali kwimizi-mveliso ethile okanye ukuba “iindlebe zabantu” eziquka ubuninzi bamangqina. IKomiti yokukhetha kwiNguqulo yeSixeko yeBhunga ithathe iinkqubo zomqhubi zokukhetha ukunikela ubungqina kuwonke wonke kunye nokunyanzelisa okunamandla kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukuba le migudu iya kukhula ibe yeyantlukwano yenkqubo ekhoyo ayiqinisekanga.

Oko Abemi Banokukwenza

Ngoxa abemi ngabanye bengenakukwazi ukukhulula izixhobo zokutsala, ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kungadala uxinzelelo lotshintsho. Ukubhalela izihlalo zeekomiti, ukuva iindlebe okanye ukuzibukela kwi-intanethi, kunye nokuxhasa imibutho ekhuthaza umsebenzi wokutsala irekhodi lonke uncedo. Esona sixhobo sinamandla singukhetho. Abenzi bomthetho abajongene nocelomngeni lokuqala okanye abachasi abaphambili bonyulo kwimbambano yokonakala nomdla okhethekileyo basengozini yokuxhasa utshintsho.

Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo asingokuba ababhexeshi banempembelelo kusini na, kodwa ukuba loo mpembelelo iyabonakala, iyaphendula, kwaye iyalungelelaniswa ngumdla kawonke-wonke. Iindlebe zombutho-siseko zinokuba sisixhobo sokuziqwalasela kwedemokhrasi, okanye zinokuba liqonga lokusebenza. Ukhetho, oluthe tye kwaye olungacocekanga, luxhomekeke kubantu baseMerika.