Imfundiso ye-Immuniny idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni isimo sokuchasana kwemiba yamakhaya neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente. Lo mgaqo udla ngokukhusela amaqumrhu karhulumente, kuquka iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, kwiintlobo ezithile zokumangalela, ngaloo ndlela uchaphazela abafundi, abafundisi, namanye amaqela afuna ukubuyisela okusemthethweni. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwiyunivesithi yorhulumente.

Ukuqonda Imfundiso Engavisisaniyo

Imfundiso yeImmunity isekelwe kwiSigqibo seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., esinika ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwiindlela ezininzi zomthetho. IsiHlaziyo sithi:

“ Amandla eejaji eUnited States akayi kuthathwa njengokwandisa nayiphi na imfanelo esemthethweni, eqaliswe okanye ebekwe ityala nxamnye nenye ye-United States yi-Vanity of the State, okanye yiMalume okanye iMiquluneli okanye iMigaqo yayo nayiphi na Ilizwe Lasemzini.”

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla zikutolike oku njengokuthetha ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente, kuquka iiyunivesithi, akanakumangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uyavuma okanye uthintele ukuthintelwa kwawo. Le mfundiso ibonisa umgaqo wokuba umlawuli (urhulumente) akanakugwetywa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Le ngcamango ithetha ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawukho ngaphambi kokuba ufike eNgilani kwaye wawungumgaqo oqhelekileyo womthetho ovela eNgilani.

Iiyunivesithi zephondo zigqalwa “njengezixhobo zikarhulumente” ukwenzela iinjongo zokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umfundi efaka iyunivesithi yelizwe ngenxa yokungakhathali okanye ucalucalulo, iyunivesithi isoloko isenza ukhuseleko njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komahluko. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ikholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni alondoloza ukulondolozwa ngaphandle kokuba ngokucacileyo akhutshwe ngumthetho wesizwe okanye akhutshwe ngokuzithandela ngurhulumente.

Impembelelo Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuthintelweni ithintela ngokuphawulekayo amandla abantu okumangalela amayunivesithi karhulumente ngenxa yemibandela enjengekhethe, ukungakhathali, okanye ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abachaphazelekayo basoloko bejamelana nemiqobo xa befuna imbuyiselo okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abo. Ngokungafaniyo neeyunivesithi zabucala, ezinokumangalelwa njengayo nayiphi na enye into ezimeleyo, iiyunivesithi zeli lizwe zinandipha ikhaka elikhethekileyo elingenakungena kungena kwiimeko ezininzi.

Izithintelo Kubantu Abangamatyala

Owona mphumela ukhawulezileyo kukuba umonakalo omninzi womntu ngamnye uthetha ngokuchasene neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente . "ezifana nengozi zomthetho ezityibilikayo nezifakayo ezikoluni, ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza kwisibhedlele saseyunivesithi, okanye ingozi ebangelwa kukungakhathalelwa kwabafundisi-mfundo-lwazi/isenokulahlwa. Amatyala kufuneka kuqala aqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uvume ukumangalelwa ii-torts toptics Act , ezinokuthi zinikezele ii-ravers kodwa zigcine iintambo zentengiso okanye zigcine iindidi ezithile.

Ucalucalulo Neziphendu Zomsebenzi

Abaqeshwa bamayunivesithi karhulumente nabo bajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Izityholo eziphantsi kwemithetho elwa nolwamkelo lwaseburhulumenteni (umz., isiHloko VII, amaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka) zingaqhubeka ngokuchasene nabaqeshwa bakarhulumente ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lithintelwe ngokweminye imibandela, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke umda wokuba ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango kubekwe phantsi kweSihloko se-ADAD. Ngokufanayo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesivumelwano lungavalwa ukuba imeko ayizange ilungelelaniswe.

Isuti yamalungelo abemi ngaphantsi kwecandelo 1983

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zethala leencwadi ngu 42 U.S.C. . 1983, evumela iisuti ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente (hayi urhulumente ngokwawo) ukwenzela ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Phantsi kwemfundiso emiselwe ku expatee Young [1988], abantu bangamangalela abaphathi bakarhulumente kumsebenzi wabo osemthethweni ukwenzela ukufumana uncedo oluphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba umfundi angafaka iyunivesithi dean yeSinyuso sokuphelisa inkqubo yokungahlaziyiyo, kodwa akanakufumana kwakhona imali kulawulo lombuso.

Ezikhethekileyo Kutshintsho

Phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa kwayo okubanzi, kukho izihlandlo eziliqela eziphawulekayo apho ukunqanda ukunqanda kungasebenzi. Ukuqonda ezi meko kubaluleke kakhulu kumagqwetha namagqwetha acinga ngokuhlaziywa kweyunivesithi yelinye ilizwe.

Umthetho

Amazwe angawayeka ngokuzithandela amatyala okukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka ngomthetho. Amazwana amaninzi aye amisela izityholo zeTort ezivumela iisuti ezisikelwe umda zichasene nemikhosi kawonke-wonke, kuquka neeyunivesithi. Umzekelo, iTort Apects Accessitionss Act ivumela ukuba imelane neYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya kodwa anyanzelisa imfuneko engqongqo yokunikela kunye nengxwelerha. Amanye amazwe avumela ukhuseleko lwesivumelwano, ukuvumela abarhwebi kunye neenkampani ukuba bangenise ityala.

Ulungelelwaniso

IKhomishini iyakwazi ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe xa isebenza phantsi kosetyenziso lwamandla ayo okusebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. Umzekelo, xa iNgqungquthela igqitha uMthetho uLungelo loNongozelo lweNtlalo [FMLA]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ku NENUVADA] yeSebe loBomvuzo. [ [2003]]) uKhululo lwezishiyela ngokwe-parse-ekhohlo. Noko ke, kwi- iNQUM] v. iNkupho yeNkupho kaMandla kaManayilo Mary.[FLD [FFFF][5] [5] [2],202], iNkundla yeNkundla yezo yezo zonyango zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zobuqu zomntu.

Isuti Enxamnye Namagosa Karhulumente

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ex Young ivumela iisuti ngokuchasene namagosa karhulumente ukwenzela ukukhululeka okulindelekileyo. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla sokunyanzela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wesizwe, njengenkululeko yokuthetha okanye inkqubo efunekayo. Noko ke, ayivumeli umonakalo kurhulumente. Abalawuli bangaphinda bangenise amagosa kumandla abo ngamanye, kodwa abakwaziyo ukukhusela imfuno-majoni basoloko bewakhusela ngaphandle kokuba baphule umthetho omiselweyo.

Imisebenzi Yepropati

Amanye amatyala ahlula imisebenzi karhulumente (i-immune) kunye nemisebenzi ye-propineta (hayi ukukhusela). Umzekelo, ukusebenza kwisibhedlele okanye igaraji yokupaka imoto kusenokuthathwa njenge-propiteriary. Noko ke, utyekelo kumazwe amaninzi kukuphatha imisebenzi emininzi yaseyunivesithi njengorhulumente. Umahluko unokuba ngowahlukileyo ngokolawulo.

Ukuvunywa Ngokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kubuxoki

Urhulumente angaphazamisa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka ngokuzinikela enkundleni nokukhusela ityala ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukhuseleko. Ukuba iyunivesithi ekhohliweyo ayiphumeleli ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwayo lokweyisa ngexesha lakuqala, isenokugqalwa njengehlawulwe.

Umthetho Nemizekelo

Amava aliqela aphawulekayo abonisa indlela le mfundiso ekhusela ukukhuselwa eyunivesithi esebenza ngayo.

[[NKQUBO:0] .Louisiana [1890], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukhuseleko lobukhosi ludlulela ngaphaya kombhalo woqobo weSimezo-Mpanzi seshumi Elinye kwibhastile kwisuti echasene nemeko yabemi bayo. Eli tyala lisekelwe ekuqondeni ukuba ukunqanda akuphelelanga kwiisuti ezahlukeneyo kodwa kugquma zonke iisuti zentengiso zikarhulumente ezichasene namazwe.

Bd. ye-Univ. ye-Alabama v. Garrett (2001) ibhekiswa ngqo kwi-yunivesithi yokhuselo lwezombuso. INkundla yathi abaqeshwa bakarhulumente abanakukwazi ukumangalela umqeshi wabo ngenxa yelahleko phantsi kweSihloko I se-ADA kuba iBhunga lalingagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni imigaqo yokuzikhusela phantsi kweMpazamiso we-14. Esi sigqibo silinganiselwe kakhulu ukucalucalucalulo lwezi ezikhubazekileyo sithetha ukuba kumazwe aseyunivesithi karhulumente.

KIMEl v. Ibhodi ye-Florida yeRegents yafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo sokucalucalulo ngokweminyaka yezahlulo zobudala phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo weXesha lokuHlanga. INkundla yathi iADEA ayizange igunyazise ukukhusela ulawulo lwe-ofelel, ngaloo ndlela ithintela umonakalo oya kumazwe kwiiyunivesithi ukwenzela ucalucalucalulo lobudala.

Kwelinye icala, Nevada Isebe lobuGcisa boluntu v. Hibbs [2003] waxhasa ucwangciso lwe-FMLA lokuzikhathalela, uvumela abasebenzi belizwe ukuba bafake ityala lomonakalo phantsi kweFMLA xa ikhefu linxulumene nenkathalo yentsapho (ucalulo oluphezulu). Oku kubonisa ukuba ukunyuswa kungaphumelela xa iBhunga lijolise kumgangatho wokungacaluleki ngokwamazwe.

Umzekelo wokwenene wehlabathi: Ngo-2019, umfundi wamangalela iYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya, eLos Angeles, emva kokwenzakala kwisakhiwo semfundo. Inkundla yalikhupha elo tyala ngenxa yokuba i-paltiff yasilela ukuthobela imfuno yeli tyala leKhalifoniya phantsi koMthetho weTort. Le proceduralbal, ehambisa abakhuphi bokhuseleko, yenye imiqobo ekufuneka ihambe.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Notshintsho

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amaxhoba okuzikhusela ekuzikhuseleni azimeleyo kwiiyunivesithi zikarhulumente asaphikisana kakhulu ngombandela ophakathi kwabaphengululi abasemthethweni, abaququzeleli bemiqathango kunye nabaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi amaxhoba okuzikhusela ekuzikhuseleni ngaphandle kokuwafumana, anciphisa ukuthenjwa kwabantu, yaye akhusela amaziko ekuphembeleleni ityala. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukukhusela ukhuseleko kurhulumente kukhuseleka kwizinto ezilinganiselweyo kwimiqathango egqithisileyo kwaye kulondoloza ulawulo lwezolawulo lwelizwe ekulawuleni amaziko awo emfundo.

Uphuhliso lwezeejaji

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ayikhange ibonise utyekelo lokulawula umphakathi wokhuseleko lobukhosi. Ukuba kukho nasiphi na isigqibo sakutshanje esiphinde siqinisekise amandla aso. Umzekelo, Allen v. Cooper [2020], iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba iKhomishini ayinako ukuthintela ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lomthetho ogqithiswe phantsi komthetho odlulisiweyo phambi kokuba umGaqo-siseko ulungiswe (*) nangona iCoplustrand Claus engazange inike igunya le Congresssion kwibrogate. Eli tyala libandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemikopi ye-priver, kwaye iNkundla lathi umgunya-mmeli akanakugwetyelwa urhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo.

Utshintsho lomgangatho kaRhulumente

Amaphondo aliqela aye athatha amanyathelo okukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka okanye adala ulungelelwaniso oluthe kratya. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yeZibonda zaseNew York ivumela iisuti ngokuchasene norhulumente ukuba zinikwe iziphumo ezininzi zetorts, kuquka ezo ziseziko kwiyunivesithi zikarhulumente. ITexas ibeke izithinteli-mali phantsi koMthetho weTexas Tort, kodwa igcina iintengiso ezininzi. Amanye amazwe aye adala iindlela ezikhethekileyo zesigqibo sempikiswano, njengenkqubo yezikhalazo okanye iimfuno zokwandiswa, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokuzidizakhono.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuhlaziywe ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kumagosa ngamanye, kodwa loo mngeni wahlukile kwi-oyile i-oyile ye-odoli yequmrhu. Noko ke, imimandla emibini edibeneyo xa abasebenzi befuna ukumangalela iyunivesithi yomibini (umgaqo) kunye nabaqeshwa ngabanye (ngezenzo).

Umthetho womanyano

IKhomishini i-Congress i-odole i-odole i-odole i-odole i-odole i-odole i-odole i-odole yokuzikhusela kwesizwe, kodwa kufuneka yenze njalo phantsi kwemvume efanelekileyo yomgaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yacacisa ukuba iQumrhu I (umz., Commerce Claus) alivumeli ukuhlaziywa; kuphela iCandelo 5 loMphetho-Gawula weshumi elinesine. Ngoko ke, naluphi utshintsho lwexesha elizayo luza kufuneka lulungiswe ngenyameko ukuze luchazwe ngokuchasana nomthetho obhalwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokuba Kukho Abaxhasi

Abafundi

Abafundi abacinga ngokutyala iyunivesithi yesizwe kufuneka kuqala baqonde ukuba ikho into engaqhelekanga esetyenziswayo kusini na. Izithethe eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemfundo, ukonakala emzimbeni ezikoleni, ukwaphulwa kwentetho, i-Word IX aponys, kunye nocalucalulo lweziphene.

Kwindlela yokwaphula amalungelo asekuhlaleni, abafundi kufuneka baqwalasele i-Ex Young [[FLT: 1] indlela yokuyalela. Umzekelo, umfundi oqeqeshwayo ngaphandle kwendlela efanelekileyo angafuna umyalelo wokuhlenga-hlengisa uqeqesho okanye ukunqanda ukwaphulwa kwexesha elizayo. Noko ke, imbuyekezo yemali ayifumaneki ngaphandle kokuba umfundi ukhona.

Inkcitho

Ucalucalulo oluphakathi kunye nabasebenzi bamazwe abasebenzi basemagunyeni banemiqathango elinganiselweyo kwimicimbi yomsebenzi. I-arhente yemisebenzi efunwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente ingathintelwa ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uluhlulo luye lwadityaniswa. Ucalulo lomanyano lufuna ukujongena nemiqobo yomgaqo-siseko njengoko ibonwa ku [[FLT: 0]] GERT[[[FLT: 1]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] kunye [FLT] ne[FLT] ivumela i-ARTIM][[iK] kunye [iiiindawo ephezulu] yeSihloko-I] i-[[FLT] i-ANXOT] ukuba ime kancinci kuba ivumele i-FB kungene i-STI IT, nangona ikhupho ihleli kwinkundla ezisezantsi.

Izixhobo zokukhusela i-wistlepulpher ziyahluka ngokwemeko. Amanye amazwe avumela abasebenzi belizwe ukuba bafune ukuziphindezela, kodwa kwakhona, kuphakama imibuzo yokuzikhusela. Abaqeshwa abanokudibana kwesivumelwano basoloko befumana ubunzima ngenxa yokuba iiyunivesithi ezininzi zelizwe zinentetho engaqhelekanga ezama ukulinganisela amayeza okanye ifuna ukudinwa ngurhulumente.

Abathathi-nxaxheba nabathengisi

Iinkampani zabucala ezidibana neeyunivesithi zikarhulumente zisenokufumana imiqobo yokukhusela ukuxhathisa xa zifuna ukuhlawulwa okanye ukophulwa kwesivumelwano. Amanye amaphondo anezo zothintelo ekuthenjisweni kwesivumelwano, kodwa amanye akanalo. Abaququzeleli kufuneka balihlolisise ngenyameko igunya leyunivesithi lokubopha urhulumente baze baqonde ukuba umbutho karhulumente ungazikhusela nasemva kokuba isivumelwano sityikityiwe. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba izivumelwano ziqulethe ulwimi olucacileyo lokuchasana ukuze zinyanzelelwe.

Isiphelo

Imfundiso ye-Immunity ihlala iyinkalo enamandla ekumangaleleni kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni kumayunivesithi karhulumente. Ngeli xesha inika ukhuseleko kumaqumrhu karhulumente, iinkxaxheba eziqhubekayo zomthetho kunye notshintsho ziyaqhubeka zibumba ukusebenza kwayo, zichaphazela amalungelo abantu abafuna okusesikweni. KuFlash, indlela yokuba ne-yunivesithi karhulumente ephendulayo imxinwa kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu kumongo ophezulu, ifuna ukuhlolwa ngenyameko kwemimiselo echaphazelekayo, imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yomthetho, kunye nokufumaneka koncedo olulinganayo phantsi

Njengokuba iiyunivesithi zeli lizwe ziqhubeka zisenza indima ephambili kwimfundo ephakamileyo, uxinzeleleko phakathi kokhuseleko loburhulumente namalungelo omntu luza kuqhubeka. IiAtttorney, abafundi, kunye nabaqeshwa kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngomthetho oxutyiweyo wetyala kunye neenguquko zemithetho. Ekugqibeleni, imfundiso yokuzikhusela akuphelelanga qha, kodwa ukukhuthuza okungamkelekanga kuyafuna uhlalutyo olusemthethweni nokuzingisa.

[[NTLT: 0] ukuqhubekeka kokufunda, ukuhlolisisa umbhalo we [[FLT: 1] we-Eventh Amendment kwiCornell Information Institute, ukucatshulwa kolawulo lwezolawulo lombuso kwi .S. Isebe leJaji[[FLT:], kunye nohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Board of Trust of the Trust of the University of Alabamaus. Garrett [[FLT:]]