Indima yamatyala abachopheli-tyala ekulungiseni imibutho yamalungelo abantu kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo yabantu kunzulu kwaye kuntsonkothile. Njengesiseko sobulungisa bedemokhrasi, inkqubo yokuchophela igweba ibeka abemi abaqhelekileyo kumbindi wokwenza izigqibo ezisemthethweni, ibanika amandla okuqinisa nokuvavanya imigaqo yezentlalo. Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, amajaji ebezindawo apho uhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, kunye neklasi zidlale khona iingxube zokungalungisi, maxa wambi ukuhambela phambili kokulingana. Ukuqonda elifa libi liyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela eli lungiselelo eliye laphembelela ngayo amalungelo abantu.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yovavanyo LwamaJuli Kumlo Wamalungelo Abantu

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala limiselwe kwiSithandathu soHlaziyo soMphetho-mthetho kwaye ekuqaleni kwathathwa njengokhuseleko kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Kwirepublic yamandulo, amajaji asebenza njengechelo kugunya lolawulo oluphezulu nelokugweba, evumela abantu ukuba bachaze imithetho ngokwemigaqo yasekuhlaleni. Kodwa lo mgaqo mnye unakho ukunqumla zombini. Ngexesha lobukhoboka, iijaji kuMzantsi ngokuqhelekileyo zinyanzeliswa [[FLT: 0] Imithetho engekho mthethweni kunye [FLT:] ne ] ekwalandula umthetho wabakhonzi [[FLT:]] owenziwe ngokuziphatha okubi], abo bancedwayo. Ngexesha elinye, amatyala akwakuMany ’ athe awemi agunyazi eencwadi e-Overse-Pigt.

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuququzelelwa kwe- Thriteth kunye kunye [FLT] Firententeth Completements[, iimvavanyo zejaji zaba yindawo yedabi le-Indilitistiki etsha ekhululiweyo yama-Afrika. [[FLT:] Klux Klan Klan Act zavumela ukubekwa kwetyala kwemithetho yetyala labo bahluba abemi babo, kodwa asekuhlaleni ngokufuthi ala ukugweba ukugwetywa abamhlophe abagwebi. [183] ukuma kwe-United States, apho iNkundla ephakamileyo yecandelo lomthetho, ibonise indlela yokukhusela amaqela amhlophe amacala eenziwe ngayo. Kwamashumi eminyaka amashumi amashumi amashumi asixhenxe eenye eenye eengwe yi- juni (ia) ajongene , ii-orts julls jullsss jull,

Iimvavanyo ze Jury neNtlanganiso yaMalungelo aMasipala yaNgoku

Iqela lamalungelo abantu lenkulungwane yama-20 laxhomekeka kakhulu kuzo zombini izenzo zobugqwirha kunye nezenzo ezingqalileyo, kodwa iityala zabachopheli-mthetho zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubhenceni okungekho sikweni nokubhenela kuluntu ngokubanzi. Mhlawumbi akukho meko ibalaselisa umjikelo onzima wemijukujelwa yabamhlophe bonke. Ngaphandle kobungqina bokuba akukho gqirha obenziwe ngabahlaseli, bonke abamhlophe bagwetywa ityala elisithobayo; 8 bafumana isigwebo sokufa. Ityala lafumana ingqalelo yesizwe laza elo mthetho lihamba phambili laza lakhokelela kwimithetho emibini ebanzi yeNkuNkundla: [FLD:]. v.[3] [FFF] [32], [4], kunye nesoluvolu `, liqala ukunyaza ukunyaza i-Afrogromes, i-om, i-evidus, i-endom, i-ediansf. [4] kunye nezigwebo zoondo zabemi abadayonke, kunye nezim,

Enye into eyashenxiswayo yayiyi-[[FLT: 0]95] ukuvavanywa kukaJ.W. Milam noRoy Bryant ngenxa yokubulawa kwe-Emmett Till. Aba bamhlophe bavavanywa eMississippi phambi kwelungu eligweba-madoda, elabakhululayo emva kweyure yokuvavanya, befake ubungqina obungako konke okuye kwangqinwa ukuba babetha kwaza kwadubula inkwenkwenkweli eli- 14. Isigqibo sothusa uhlanga saza saza sakhalaza umbutho wabemi oqhambukayo. Umama kaTill wanyanzelela umngcwabo obavuliweyo, nemifanekiso yesiqu sakhe esinqunyulweyo, kunye nokugculelwa kwetyala lakhe, sanceda ukuxhasa [FLD [F2] [FT] [5]

Iimvavanyo NjengeeNkundla Zokuyila Umthetho

Iimvavanyo ze Jury nazo zadlala indima ekutyhaleni amalungelo okuvota. Ekuqaleni koo 1960, abasebenzi bamalungelo abantu eMzantsi babanjwa rhoqo ngenxa "yokuhlasela uxolo" okanye "ukunyanzela" ngexesha lokuhlala nokuvota isantya. Iimvavanyo zabo, phambi kwemiqathango emhlophe erhabaxayo, zaphumela kwintelekelelo eyabhenelayo kamva. Iziphumo zamalungelo asekuhlaleni zabalaselisa ubugqwetha bemincubeko bentswana yokuhlasela nokucinezela ubhaliso. [[FLT:] [FLT: 0] I-65] Selmad ukuya kuMont.[[FLT: 1] kunye netyala ebonakalisa ulawulo olunenkohlakalo [[FLT:] [FLT]

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba asizizo zonke iingqiniso zamalungelo abantu ezabakho ngesigwebo sejaji. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (154) isigqibo yayiyiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingabi yityala lejaji. Kodwa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni eBrown ezakhiwa kwityala langaphambili labachopheli-mthetho zaqalisa ukucelw'ucel'ucago ngokuvavanya ukubeka unyawo nezokolo. Umzekelo, ngo1964, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo uMorgan v. Virginia wathatha ityala phantsi kwi-mabhasi ephakathi, umcimbi oqala ukubanjwa xa uIrene Morgan ekwala ukuhla isihlalo sakhe kudula i-Bhudusi. Umzekelo wakhe wawungabonqikelelo olungowayo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa ngumthetho wabevalelwa kamva.

Ngasemva Kohlanga: Iimvavanyo Zamabhinqa Nakumgangatho Wesiqingatha

Isiphumo sokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala sinwenwela ngaphaya kobulungisa bobuhlanga. Abaxhasi bamatyala bamabhinqa ngenkulungwane ye-19 basebenzisa amatyala abagwebi ukuvavanya ukurhoxa kwabo kwi-collet. Ngo-1872, SUSAN B. Anthony[ wabanjwa ngenxa yokuvota konyulo lobumongameli. Ukuvavanywa kwakhe phambi kwejaji yamadoda, yena akavunyelwanga ukungqina kuba wayelibhinqa, ekhuselwe ekuvumelweni nasekubopheleleni. Ijaji yayalela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bafumane ityala lakhe, umthetho ocacileyo. Nangona walahleka, ukuchonga okubanzi kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaza kwabangela ukudityaniswa kwetyala lamadoda. Ngokunjalo, e-1913131, e-FFocka [2] [5] e-FFoctiveskt] kunye noncedo lwabanye abaGendondo oluthelelwa kwimi.[N.[4]

Kwindawo yeLGBTQ+ amalungelo, amatyala abachopheli-mthetho aphumele iindidi ezithe ngqo kodwa nangokwendima ebalulekileyo. Ngoxa umthetho wesibonelelo njengo bergefell v. Hodges (2015]) uvela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, amatyala angaphambili abandakanya izigqibo zabachopheli-mthetho kwimicimbi efana nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi kunye nokuthiya ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, kuvavanyo lwango 1993 lwababulali Bran Daea [i] [indlela] (eyikhuthaza ifilimu [iii-Boy's Cry's Cry ))) ityala lesibini lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ingazange ibone ukubulala izigwebo ezigwebo ezininzi ezithenjiweyo.

Indlela Utshintsho lweDrive yeNtlalo: Izixhobo zokusebenzisa iMechanis kunye nePsychology

UJury uphembelela utshintsho lwentlalo kwiindlela ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo. Okokuqala, bathumela umqondiso onamandla [[FLT: 0]. Xa ijaji ibamba amapolisa ngegunya eligqithisileyo okanye ikhulula umgwebi wamalungelo abantu, isigqibo sidlulisela isimilo soluntu esibonakala samkeleka okanye singamkeleki. Uwenziwo 1992 ukurhoxiswa kwamagosa amapolisa kwi- uKumkani ubetha uKumkani ngemig. [ngokutsho kwemiba elimhlophe elingumgwebi wetyala eSimi, eKhalifonini], i-168 ichaza ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo okungamkelekanga okuqhelekileyo okungabangela ukuqhutyelwa kwezenzo zenkohlakalo kunye ne-jaji. Okokuba umgxoxini walandelwa kukuvavanywa kwetyala kombutho-orhosaneyo, kodwa kumele ukudisana kwemigqhinga engundoqo.

Okwesibini, izigqibo zejaji zidla ngokukhokelela ekumangaleni nasekufuneni utshintsho lomthetho [[FLT: 1]. Phakathi ko-2014 no-2020, uthotho lwezigqibo ezizukileyo zejaji, zingangeni ekuwiseni isigwebo kumagosa amapolisa ekubulaweni kukaMichael Brown, uEric Garner, noBrienna Taylor wakhokelela ekumangaleleni nasekubizeni utshintsho. Kwimpendulo, amazwe amaninzi abeka imithetho efuna ukuphengululwa ngokwawo kobupolisa, iikhamera zequmrhu, nokusetyenziswa okutsha kwemigangatho ye-omatilo. Ngoxa izijukumbe ezikhulu zingezo zingezokuvavanywanga iijaji, ukuving'ithwa koomthetho okucingelwa kukungabazeka kwenkqubo yezopolitiko edaliweyo.

Okwesithathu, ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kusebenza njengemfundo kawonke-wonke ye-. Ityala lamapolisa [[FLT:] Derek Khauvin ngenxa yokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd kwasasazwa ngookziko lwezigidi. Ukugwetywa kwamatyala kuwo wonke amanani ``````a' iziphumo ezinqabileyo' kumatyala ogonyamelo''. [[FLT]] kwafaka umyalezo ocacileyo malunga nokuphenduliswa kwetyala. Ityala ngokwalo lafundisa uwonke abantu ngeengozi zokuthintelwa kwentamo kunye nokubaluleka kokungalawuleki kwentamo. Kwimiphumo, [[FLT:] iProme] Floved kuMthetho wePoliccial [FFFFFD] [FD]

Ukwenziwa kwemihlathi: Ikrele elinemigca emibini

Enye yezona zizathu zinamandla − nezixhobo zokugweba zinayo kukwazi ukuphelisa umthetho ngokukhulula ummangalelwa ngokumgweba ngokucacileyo kwanaxa izibakala zingqina ukuba unetyala. Kwimbali, ijaji zaseMantla zasebenzisa ukutshisa ukukhulula abacimi abancedisi abashiya amakhoboka. Ngowe-1970, iijaji ngamanye amaxesha zazingafuni ukuvalela abagxeli-nxaxheba abatshisa amakhadi edrafti okanye ukutshabalalisa impahla yabo ngexesha lemibhiyo yemfazwe. Kutshanje, abanye abaxhasi baye babiza ukupheliswa kwemida yeziyobisi njengendlela yokuqhankca uquzelelo oluthelwayo noluvo lwezizwe kwisigwebo.

Kodwa ukutshitshiswa kusenokunceda iziphelo ezibuya umva. Zonke iijaji ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezikwi-Jim Crow yaseMzantsi zisoloko zikhulula abamangalelwa abamhlophe ababehlasele okanye babulale abantu base-Afrika. Ukugwetywa kwamadoda abulala uMedgar Evers (iityala lokuqala elipheleleyo liphele ngokuxhonywa kwamajukujelwa; amashumi eminyaka kamva, agwetyelwe ngetyala) kwabonisa indlela ekwakusetyenziswa ngayo ukukhusela abamhlophe abagqwalanisi abanogonyamelo. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zigqiba kwelokuba iijaji zinamandla okuphelisa, kodwa azixelelwanga zijaji, nabameli abavunyelwanga ukuphikisana ekuhleni ngenxa yoko. Oku kuhlala kusoloko kungumcinezelelwanoko-mcinezelo-mngeni.

Ucelomngeni Nemilinganiselo: Ukuphelelwa Lithemba, Ukugxothwa Kwabantu, Nokungabikho Kwamandla Enkqubo

Ngaphandle kwenjongo yedemokhrasi, izijunga zisoloko zibonakalisa ucalucalulo lwebutho labantu ezitsalelwe kulo. Ucalulo lobuhlanga kukhetho lwabachopheli betyala luye lwaba yingxaki engapheliyo. Kwanasemva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ] Babatson v. Kentucky (1986) ukusetyenziswa kwegalelo lokukhulula okusekelwe kuhlanga, abatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo afumene iindlela zokuphepha umthetho. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa bamaBlack Black basenokubonana namaqhina amhlophe kwimimandla ethile, kwaye ubukho bomntu omnye omnyama uGatho olunokunciphisa ukuthembeka kwiintlobo ezithile zemeko ezithile.

Ezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba abantu bangagwebi ngokusesikweni ziquka:

  • imiqobo yentlalo yezoqoqosho: Imali ehlawulwa phantsi kumsebenzi wokuchophela ityala, ukunqongophala kweendawo zokuhlala zabaqeshi, kunye nocelomngeni lwezothutho olukhokelela ekunikezeleni phantsi kwabemi abangamahlwempu kunye neklasi esebenzayo.
  • Ikhethe elingekho mthethweni linokuba nengcaciso engekho mthethweni echaphazela uvavanyo lokuthembeka, ingakumbi xa ummangalelwa kunye nengqina bevela kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo.
  • Uluvo lomthetho oluntsonkothileyo kunye nobungqina bobugcisa bungadida abalawuli bejaji, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezisekelwe kwiimvakalelo kunokuba zisekelwe kumthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiphumo esingumqondiso: kumatyala amalungelo abantu, izigwebi zingaphenjelelwa luloyiko lwesiphithiphithi sentlalo okanye luxinzelelo loluntu, njengoko kubonwa kukholo olude olulahliweyo u-Edgar Ray Killen kumatyala owe-1949 abasebenzi bamalungelo abantu eMissississippi (e ekugqibeleni wagwetywa ngo-2005, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 kamva).

Utshintsho Ukuze Womeleze Indima Yomqeshwa Ekuqhubekeni Kokusesikweni

Ukuqaphela ezi mpazamo, abaxhasi kunye nabaqulunqi bomthetho baye balandela utshintsho olujolise ekwenzeni iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo nezingenamkhethe. Phakathi kwamanyathelo avunyiweyo okanye acetyisiweyo:

  • imvelaphi yetyala elizenzekelayo idweliswe: Ukuhamba ngaphaya kweencwadi ezibhalisayo ukuquka iphepha-mvume lomqhubi kunye neengxelo zerhafu ukuze zandise iqula.
  • Ingxaki yokuzicinezela ngokupheleleyo: Amanye amazwe, anjenge Arizona neKhalifoniya, aye asusa igalelo lokukhulula okanye awabeke umda ukucutha ukususwa komqukumbelo wesahlulo.
  • Imiyalelo e-Imfecture imiyalelo yabachopheli-mvo: imiyalelo yolwimi olucacileyo ethetha ngokucacileyo ngokwalela ekuqwalaseleni uhlanga, kunye neengcaciso zokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Imfundo epheleleyo: iividiyo zembonakaliso yangaphambili kunye nemiyalelo malunga nekhethe elipheleleyo.
  • Ukunyuka komvuzo kunye nokhuseleko: Amazwe amaninzi aye anyusa imbuyekezo kwaye awalela abaqeshi ekubohlwayeni abasebenzi ngenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala.

Olu tshintsho lubalulekile, kodwa kufuneka ludityaniswe nemigudu ebanzi yentlalo yokuthetha ngokungalingani. Ityala labachopheli-tyala, ngapha koko, lilungile kuphela njengoko inkqubo evelisayo isenza. Ngaphandle kokufikelela kumgangatho ofanelekileyo wokumela umthetho kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho okungacaci, kwanabona bagwebi bahlukeneyo bangafikelela kwisiphumo esingekho sikweni.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotyelwa Izilingo Ezihlala Zikho Kumlo Wamalungelo Abemi

Ukusuka ekuxolelweni kwababamba amakhoboka ukuya ekumangalelweni kwamapolisa, ukuchotshelwe kwamatyala abachopheli-tyala kuye kwaba sisipili esibonisa ukulwa kweMelika nokusesikweni nokulingana. Ziye zasetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa ingcinezelo nokukhuthaza inkululeko. Amandla ejaji anokuthi "angenatyala" okanye "ukubekwa ityala" athwala ubunzima obukhulu bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nobunzima bentlalo-ntle, kwaye amandla aye avelisa imithetho etshintshayo, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe andisa imida yamalungelo abantu.

Namhlanje, njengoko iingxoxo ngotshintsho lwamapolisa, amalungelo okuvota, kunye neLGBTQ ziqhubeka, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ihlala ibalulekile apho abemi be-ofisi banokuyiphembelela ngokungqalileyo inkqubo yokusesikweni kwezentlalo. Asisiso isixhobo esigqibeleleyo, kodwa sisixhobo esihlala siphaphele ukuphaphanyiswa nokuguqulwa [. Xa abemi bekhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-mthetho, bathatha imbopheleleko yokungaxhasi umthetho nje kuphela, kodwa iinjongo zebutho labantu elifuna ukuba lilungelelene kwaye lilungele bonke.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali yocalulo lwabachopheli-tyala, ALU inikezela ngezibonelelo kumelo lwabachopheli-mthetho, ngelixa isoyez iprojekthi ye [ inikeza ityala elineenkcukacha zezigqibo zesigqibo seNkundla engundoqo njenge [[FLT:]4] Batson v. Kentucky kunye [FLT] no-' no-'Abhazam'.. [[FLT:]] IKhompmpmpmpmpmplg Bar[FL:][FLT]