Table of Contents

Uyilo lwenkqubo yokukhetha lumele olunye lokhetho oluneziphumo eziphambili olunokwenziwa yidemokhrasi. Kude kunokuba lungobuchule obuqhelekileyo, imithetho elawula indlela ivoti eguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo ngokusisiseko ibumba uphawu lokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika, ukuziphatha kwamaqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba, uhlobo lomelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni nokuba ngaba inkqubo yezopolitiko ijongene nobungcathu okanye ubungcathu. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanyekene nempilo nozinzo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zeenqwelo - moya: Isiseko Sokhuphiswano Lwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zinkqubo zombutho eziguqula abami bavotelwe kwizihlalo zowiso-mthetho kunye namandla ezobupolitika. Ngoxa zisenokubonakala zizinkqubo zolawulo olungoondilele, ezi nkqubo zivelisa impembelelo enamandla ebangela indlela iphulo lezobupolitika, indlela amaqela alungelelaniswe ngayo, nendlela ingquzulwano yezobupolitika elungelelaniswe ngayo kwibutho labantu. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo ekhethwayo yezonyulo kuphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwinani lamaqela ephambili ezobupolitika ukuya kumgangatho wokuhla kwequlukwano kwintetho kawonke-wonke.

Embindini wayo, iinkqubo zovolo-zinokuqondwa ukusuka kulwahlulo lodidi lwephondo ukuya kolulungelelwano. Iinkqubo zooMajoritarian, ezikwasaziwa ngokuba zithatha zonke okanye zithathe iinkqubo zokuqala zezomnqamlezo, zahlula amazwe abemi bezobupolitika babe zisithili apho abakhuphisana ngezihlalo ezizimeleyo, kunye nomntu oza kufumana ivoti ephakamileyo ephumelele unyulo kwaye amele isithili. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zolwahlulelo zivota abemi bemi bemi bemi beqela yamaqela ezobupolitika endaweni yabathathi-yodwa, nezihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngoko zabelwahlulwa ngokwamaqela ukuze zivotel-------"12%, iqela elifumana ivoti yevoti emalunga ne 23% yezihlalo-ndlo.

Phakathi kwezi zibonda zimbini kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezixubeneyo ezizama ukulungelelanisa iingenelo zezi ndlela zombini. Ukhetho oluthile loyilo olufakwe kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngezantsi/ubukhulu bemiqobo yokuvota, imiqobo, isakhiwo somngxuma, kunye nolwahlulo lwezahlulo-zicwangciso ezahlukileyo zezobupolitika kunye neziphumo ezahlukileyo kumlinganiselo we-steinfratity kunye nomlinganiselo.

Iinkqubo Zeenqanawa: Ukwakhiwa Nempembelelo Yeepolitiki

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe, ingakumbi amalungiselelo eentsika zokuqala, ahlala eqhelekile kumazwe anelifa lamaBritane, kuquka iUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, iKhanada, kunye neIndiya. Ezi nkqubo zineempawu ezininzi ezichazayo eziphembelela kakhulu ihambo yezobupolitika nokhuphiswano lwamaqela.

Izithili zeMzulu enye nomelo lweGaqo-

I-intertiuciations ezingomnye zidala uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabavoti nabameli babo, nesithili ngasinye esinyulwa ngommeli omnye. Olu nxulumano lwengingqi lusoloko lukhankanywa njengeyona nzuzo iphambili kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo, njengoko abameli bazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ngubani ozimelayo kwaye banokugcina umntu othile ephendula ngomsebenzi wabo eofisini.

Ngoko, esi sakhiwo sikwadala ujijeko olubalulekileyo kumelo. Umgaqo ophumeleleyo uthetha ukuba umvoti ufumana eyona mvume ikhoyo, ngelixesha zonke ezinye izivoti zingundoqo "ziphosakele," zikhokelela kwimeko apho iqela eliphumeleleyo elingama-49% kwivotisti afumananga nto xa iqela elinamashumi amahlanu anesithathu lithatha yonke into. Ekuqheliseni, abaphumeleleyo basoloko bekhuseleka kwizihlalo ngeminabaninzi abavoti xa bekhuphisana.

Umthetho kaDuverger kunye noGunyaziso lweNtlanganiso emibini

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkqubo zoomphathi zithanda amaqela amakhulu kwaye zicinezele amancinci, into eyaziwa ngokuba nguMthetho kaDuverger, echaza isizathu sokuba amazwe anjenge UK kunye ne USA aneenkqubo ezimbini ezizinxenye. Oku kuqinisa kwenzeka kuba abavoti kwimimandla enye bajongene nezixhokoxo ezinamandla zokuphepha "ukurhoxisa" abavoti babo bengenamathuba okuphumelela, kubakhokelela ekutsaleleni kwiindlela ezimbini ezisebenzayo.

Iziphumo zolawulo olubini olunezahlukano ezinzulu zobungcathu bezobupolitika kunye nezenzo ezigabadeleyo. Inkqubo yeqela elibini ivumela amaqela agabadeleyo ukuba abambe elinye okanye omabini amaqela, njengoko iinkokeli zeqela zingenakukwazi ukulwahlula nokungasebenzi namalungu akhula ngokugqithisileyo ngendlela ebezinokusebenza ngayo kwinkqubo eninzi, kwaye xa zisebenzisa idemokhrasi, abavoti basenokunamathela kwiqela labo njengokuba besiba ngaphaya, befak ’ isandla ekupheliseni kwemimandla, kwiingcinga eziphakathi, kwiimbono zesisongelo, kunye nenkxaso yokukhukuliba-demokhrasi.

Ugqwetho olumeleyo kunye nokupheliswa okuncinane

Nangaphandle kwamaqela asebenzisa imida yesithili ukuze kungenelwe kwezobupolitika, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zingakhokelela kubuchule obungaphezulu kobuzwe bamaqela athile ngendleko yabanye (ngokomzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba iqela liphumelele ngaphaya kwe 50% yezihlalo nezihlalo ezingaphezulu kancinci kakhulu kwe25% yezivoti ukuba abavoti beqela eliphikisanayo bajoliswe kwikhulu elinama-100% amaphondo. Oku kungaphumeleli okukhulu komelo kuye kwavela kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje ezingundoqo.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zisenokuba zezona zibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni umelo lwamaqela amancinane azweni-zwe, ngemithetho elungelelanisiweyo ethetha ngomelo lwabambalwa kodwa imithetho engundoqo iyathintela kwaye ayifaki maqela amancinci. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, amancinane kufuneka ajoliswe kwingingqi ukunyusela i-octives zawo okanye ithemba lokuba uninzi lwahlula ivoti yabo, ludala imiqobo ebalulekileyo kumelo olwahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zomelo lwepropati: Uyilo neziphumo zedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo olusemthethweni zisebenza kwimigaqo eyahlukileyo kunamalungiselelo angundoqo, aneziphumo ezahlukileyo kwezopolitiko ezigabadeleyo nobungcathu. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kubonisa iinguqu zokhetho olukhethwayo ngaphaya kokhetho.

IiThafa ezineeMzulu ezininzi kunye noguqulelo lwe Vote

Isixokelelwano sepropotigal sisebenzisa izithili ezininzi zokukhetha abameli kunye nezihlalo ezibekwa liqela (umzekelo, kwisithili esinamalungu alishumi, iqela eliphumelele ama-20 ekhulwini evoti eliya kwamkela malunga nezihlalo ezimbini. Umahluko omkhulu onqamlezileyo kwiinkqubo zokulungelelanisa bubukhulu besithili. Kwisithili esinamalungu amathathu, iqela lizakufuna ikota yevoti (plure enye) ukuwina isihlalo, ngexa kwisithili esilishumi, iqela lizakufuna ngaphezulu kakhulu kwe 9% yevoti.

Esi sakhiwo sitshintsha izihlomelo ezijongene namatheko kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Kunokuba bafune ukuphumelela ubuninzi kwindawo ethile, amaqela angafumana umelo ngokwakha inkxaso ngaphaya kommandla obanzi. Iivoti ezongezelelekileyo zisoloko zinceda iqela liphumelele kwizihlalo ezongezelelekileyo, ukususa ingxaki "yokuvota okuhlasela iinkqubo zobunkokeli.

Iinkqubo ezininzi kunye nolawulo lwezikhundla

Umahluko phakathi kwemithetho yokukhetha uqhutywa kakhulu bubukho kunye nonxulumano lwamaqela aphila kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Kunokuba inyanzele ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika kwisakhiwo esibini, iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zivumela amaqela amaninzi amele ii-contituences ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhundla zengqiqo ukufumana umelo lwemithetho.

Uphando oluninzi lwakutshanje lufumanise ukuba urhulumente olungelelanisiweyo olungelelanisiweyo unemibutho etshintsha-tshintshayo kunye neentshaba ezimbalwa ezisisigxina kunye namahlakani amaninzi, njengamaqela asebenzisana ngoovimba abahlukeneyo, asebenzisana ngokunxulumene kwimigaqo, kwaye abavoti bajonga amaqabane asebenzisanayo ngokuphandle, becinga ukuba abelana ngexabiso. Oku kubangela oko abaphandi bakubiza ngokuba yi-"ibhosethi ye-chemist" enciphisa ubutshaba be-RGPGPGPGP.

Abalawuli basoloko benobungcali obuninzi obukhuthazayo ngamanye amaqela ebesoloko eyinxalenye yeqela elinye okanye inkcaso yohlobo olufunyanwa kumazwe ePR, kwaye ezi mvakalelo zilungileyo zidla ngokunyamezela nasemva kokuba umanyano lungasakho. Oku kuchasene kakhulu nobutshaba obuninzi obungalawulekiyo bobukho beenkqubo ezimbini zecandelo lobukhenkethi.

Utshintsho kwiinkqubo ezizizo

Iinkqubo zepropotical ziza ngeendlela ezininzi, kungekho mazwe mabini asebenzisa inkqubo enye, kunye neenkqubo ezitshintshayo. Iiyantlukwano eziqhelekileyo ziquka iinkqubo zoluhlu lweqela (apho abavoti bakhetha amaqela akhoyo anoludwe lwabathathi-nxaxheba olunomyalelo), iinkqubo ezixubeneyo (zidibanisa imimandla enye nenani elithe landayo), kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezithunyelwayo (apho abavoti besikhundla bathe bafikelela khona).

Uyilo luneempawu ezifana nemiqobo yokuvota ephantsi kwemiqathango", kwaye amanani evoti eemfuneko kumaqela ukufumana umelo, --ichaphazeleko olubalulekileyo. Imiqobo ephezulu yokwahlulwa kweqela kodwa ingakhupha amaqela amancinane ekumeleni. Ukhetho phakathi koluhlu oluvulekileyo (apho abavoti banokuphembelela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banyulwe khona) kunye noluhlu oluvaliweyo (apho ukhokelo lweqela lumisela umyalelo) luchaphazela ukuphendula kobutyala kunye nedemokhrasi yangaphakathi.

Iinkqubo zobuKhawuphi: Ukulungelelanisa Amaxabiso aqokelelayo

Eqonda ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo - melo ezininzi zinezingenelo nezingentle ezahlukileyo, ziye zamkela iinkqubo ezixubeneyo okanye ezixubeneyo ezizama ukuthabatha iingenelo zazo zombini ngoxa zizama ukuthomalalisa ubuthathaka bazo.

Inkqubo yepropoti exutyiweyo

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yenkqubo exutyiweyo idityanisiwe (MMP) umelo olusetyenziswa kakhulu eJamani naseNew Zealand. Kwezi nkqubo, ivoti nganye inevoti ezimbini: enye yommeli kwisithili sayo, enye kwiqela. Isabelo sovoti apho iqela lifumanayo simisela inani elipheleleyo lezihlalo ezifumanayo epalamente, ukwenza inkqubo ibe ngumlinganiselo, kwaye emva kokufakela kwinani leesihlalo zesithili eziwiswe ngabantu ngabanye kwiqela ngalinye, amaqela agcwalise kwimi yabo ukuze afikelele kumlinganiselo opheleleyo.

INew Zealand yatshintsha uninzi ukusuka kwisithili esinye ukuya kwiMMP ngo1996 ngenxa yokunganeliseki yiziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa zenkqubo yabo yokuvota engokwembali, apho abavoti bengathandiyo iziphumo apho iqela elinye labavoti lalinokuphumelela kwivoti encinane kodwa uninzi lwezihlalo epalamente. Utshintsho luye lwajongwa ngokubanzi njengempumelelo ekudaleni iziphumo ezingakumbi zomelo ngoxa lugcina uqhagamshelwano olusemngciphekweni.

Iinkqubo ezinxulumeneyo kunye nenxalenye yophawu

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ezihambelanayo apho iziqalelo ezingundoqo nezilungelelanisiweyo zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kunokuba zidityaniswe ngenkqubo yokusebenza ngokumanyana. Kwezi nkqubo, ezinye izihlalo zabelwa kwisithili esinye ngexa ezinye zisasazwa ngokomlinganiselo, kodwa izihlalo zokulungelelanisa azikuhlawuleli ukuguquguquka kwiziphumo zesithili. Oku kuvelisa iziphumo ezithe zahlukane kakhulu kuneenkqubo ezigqibeleleyo ze-Phondo kodwa ezinolungelelwano oluncinane kuneenkqubo ze-MMP yenyani.

Isixokelelwano se-PR singaquka iimpawu ezingundoqo njengempembelelo yokulungisa, kodwa ivavanya iimeko apho iimpawu zoo mphathi zinokubuya umva kwaye zifak' isandla kurhulumente ogqithisileyo utyhila ukubaluleka komanyano. Iimeko ezifana nePoland (2015), iHungary (2014, neGrisi (2015) ziquka iimpawu zobuntloko kwimiqobo ephezulu yonyulo, izihlalo ezimanyeneyo, nezihlalo zesandi ngokulandelelana. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezingenziwanga kakuhle ngamanye amaxesha zingavelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo kunenkqubo enyulu.

Iinkqubo Zee - Electoral Nokuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika: Ubungqina Obucacileyo

Iqumrhu elininzi lophando lothelekiso liye lahlolisisa ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yokuyila nokuhlalisana kwezobupolitika, ngokufumana okucacileyo ngendlela izakhiwo ezimanyeneyo ezibubumba ngayo ubunzulu nophawu lwengquzulwano yabashokobezi.

Imithetho echaphazelayo

Ukungathandi okuchaphazela ummandla wamazwe ohlala kuwo, ngokuchasene nje nokungavumelani, abachasi bamaququzeleli , phela bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkqubo eziphumeleleyo kwaye bancipha ngezininzi. Ukwehla kwemimandla engaphandle kuphezulu kumazwe ngenkqubo yonyulo olungundoqo njengeUnited States. Olu hlobo lokwehla kwencam yomhlaba luyingozi kakhulu kuba lunciphisa ukunyamezelana nokunyamezela okuyimfuneko kugcino melo lwedemokhrasi.

Olunye uhlolisiso lwe-demokhrasi yethoba eNtshona efumene ukuba iinkqubo zokuphumelela ezifumana zonke "zinxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo ezingalunganga zokonakalisa amaqela aphikisanayo," lo gama "iinkqubo zobupropati zinxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezikhuthazayo zomququzeleli" uphando lubonisa ukuba "engaphandle" ukungathandi" kuyancipha ngokuphawulekayo njengomsebenzi wolungelelwaniso. Ubuchule obuqhuba ezi ntlobo zinxulumene nesakhiwo sokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika kunye nohlobo lolwakhiwo-mbutho kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukwenziwa kwento esekelwe kuphawu kunye noyilo lwenkqubo

Uphando lubonisa ukuba amazwe anenkqubo zolungelelwano kunye neqela elininzi anemigangatho esezantsi yozibini ezisekelwe kwingxelo kunye nokusekelwe kwincam yomhlaba. Uphando lwamvanje luthelekisa idemokhrasi jikelele libonisa ukuba iinkqubo zephondo ezingundoqo ezifana nesithili esinye zityekele ekubeni zibe nezixhobo ezingaphezulu "zizininzi" ezisuka emazantsi ejiko kunenkqubo ezininzi zokuvumelana ezifana nomelo lolungelelwaniso.

Uphando lufumanisa ukuba "owona matyala agqithisileyo okwenziwa kwepetroli... avela kwimo-mfono-mfono-mfono ezivelisa umelo olungalinganiyo lweqela elikhulu okanye lweqela elinamaqela akwimiba eninzi" ngokwengxelo yamazwe angamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, ngexesha ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle "kuya kuvavanya ulawulo-lwazi-lulawulo-lulawulo-lulawulo-lulawulo-lulawulo-lulawulo-lulonke ehlabathini lonke," ezo zinenkqubo zokulungelelanisa zinxulumene nomgangatho osezantsi wayo kunye "zinyanzele ukwenza ngcono ekuhlangabezaneni nayo," ngezona meko zimbini zivela kwimo zezixhobo ezingundoqo ezilawulayo.

Inkqubo yokukhupha intsebenziswano kunye nongquzulwano lwengqiqo

Uphando olungokwemiqathango lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungelelanisa zixhasa ukusasazeka kwengqiqo okuninzi, ngelixesha iinkqubo ezincinci zikhuthaza amaqela ukuba adibane kufutshane nesazulu sendawo yokukhetha. Oku kufunyanwa kuqala kungabonakala kuphikisana nengxelo yokuba iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zikhuthaza ubungcathu, kodwa ulwalamano luchane ngakumbi kunokuba luqale lubonakale.

Uphando olungokwee-mphyuph lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kwemithetho yonyulo, njengokuba ukuthamba kudla ngokuphakama kwiinkqubo zolungelelwano kunye neenkqubo ezinamaqela amaninzi. Noko ke, oku kubhekiselela kumgama wengqiqo phakathi kwamaqela akwinkqubo, hayi umgangatho wentiyo yetyhefu okanye ubungozi bokophuka kwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezininzi zeproponti zinika iinguqu ezinkulu zengxube-ntlobo zemibano kunye nomlinganiselo ongephi nakathino kumiqathango emibini yecandelo elikhulu, njengokuba amaqela enokukhuphisana kwimiba eyahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokukhuthazana iidemon, ekubeni engakhange anikezele inkxaso yawo yemvelo.

Umahluko ongundoqo uphakathi kokuba namaqela aneembono ezahlukeneyo (ezithi iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zizenze lula) nokuba nokusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika okuphawulwa kukungavisisani, imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, kunye nokufumana lonke ukhuphiswano (ezithi iinkqubo eziphambili zityekele ekuphumezeni). Ezokuqala zimela ubuninzi obusemgangathweni wedemokhrasi; eyokugqibela imela ukwanda okuyingozi kwemimandla engaphandle.

Indlela Iinkqubo ze-electoral eziphembelela ngayo ukukhupha: Izixhobo zombane nendlela ehamba ngayo

Ukuqonda ulwalamano oluphakathi kweenkqubo zovolontiya nezopolitiko kufuna uphando ngendlela engqalileyo ebangela ukuba inkqubo yebutho itshintshe indlela yokuziphatha kwezobupolitika, icebo leqela kunye nenzululwazi yengqondo.

Ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo ezilwayo ezibini kwinkqubo

Inkqubo ephumeleleyo yaseMerika isebenzisa zonke izithili ezinamalungu anye kwiNdlu yabameli nakwezona zizwe zikarhulumente, apho umvotelwa omnye ephumelela kwisithili ngasinye, kunye nequmrhu elikhulayo lophando lifumana ukuba le nkqubo ityekele kakhulu kugonyamelo lwezobupolitika kuba iseka imfazwe yezopolitiko njengesibini, ebangela ukuchaphazeleka kwemimandla ephakathi, kwaye ivelisa i "i-loster" ezimisele ukuvavanya inkqubo.

Ukwenza amadlala anqamlezayo kuba nzima kakhulu xa abantu abanqongopheleyo befumana intsebenziswano phakathi kwelinye lamaqela amabini aphambili, njengoko benyuselwa ukuba basebenzise amaqela amakhulu njengomendo wokulawula ezinye iindlela ezingekhoyo, kwaye ngelixesha iinkqubo ezininzi zidla ngokunika amaqela anamandla angakumbi anezihlalo zomthetho kumzekelo wokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuba intsebenziswano ezigabadeleyo zilawule iqela elikhulu okanye umanyano oluninzi, njengakwiqela elininzi, amaqela angenamdla wobupolitika angamkeleki kwimibandakanye amaqela aqhelekileyo atyekele ekuyileni izihlalo zawo nezikhuselekileyo kwimi ezilinganiselwe kwinkxaso elinganiselwe.

Oku kunamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezinokuthi zingaba namandla ngayo iinkqubo zobuntlola ngokungaziyo. Kunokuba zahlule amaqela agabadeleyo kumaqela amancinci anempembelelo elinganiselweyo, iinkqubo ezineenxenye ezimbini ezinyanzela abagxadazeli nabalungeleleneyo kwimibutho efanayo, apho abanqolobi banokusebenzisa unyulo oluphambili kunye neenkqubo zamaqela ukufumana impembelelo engalinganiyo.

Ukwakha Ngobuchule Nezicingi Zokusebenzisa Imali Ngomlinganiselo

Abaphandi bakhomba kwicebo lokuseka "cordon sanitaire"-----reaplany yokusebenzisana okanye ukungena kumaqela angomelelanga njengendlela yokuwakha ugunyazeko okanye ukufikelela ekulawuleni (ngomzekelo, kunye namaqela aphambili eBelgium), ukuthatha le ndlela ngokungavumi ukwenza imidibaniso ne Vlaams Belang. Eli qela liqulathe ii-grandmists lifumaneka kuphela kwiinkqubo ezininzi apho amaqela amakhulu aneenketho ezidiza ezidibeneyo nezingafuni ukudibana noontamo.

Ngaphaya kwedemokhrasi, imibutho emininzi yezantlukwano iye yaphambili kwimigudu yokujamelana nokulwa nokukhetha intsebenziswano egqithisileyo, kuquka iminqoqo elungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwamaqela asekhohlo nasekunene. Ukuba namaqela amaninzi kunye nePR kuvumela iimbono ezininzi ukuba zimelwe kwaye zivumele ulwakhiwo oluninzi lolwelo olunokwaphula izahlulo ezibini. Oku kuguquka kunika iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ngezixhobo zokuphendula kwiingxaki ezigabadentiyo ezingekhoyo kwizahlulo eziqinileyo ezimbini.

Ukuvuma kwelahleko kunye noMthetho weNkqubo

Umelo lweprojekthi lungaqinisa uvumo lwemvume yabalawuli okanye ukuvuma kwabo baphulukana nonyulo ukwamkela ilahleko yabo nokugunyazisa urhulumente onyulwe ngedemokhrasi, ummeli osisiseko wolawulo-lawulo lolawulo-bukhosi oluzinzileyo nolunoxolo olusesisoyikeni e-U.S., apho isabelo sabathathi-nxaxheba nabalawuli abakhanyelayo iziphumo zonyulo siye sanyuka kakhulu.

Umelo lwenkcazelo lunciphisa impembelelo yokuphulukana novoti ngokunika impembelelo eninzi kulwakhiwo lonke lorhulumente wabo, ngokukhuthaza ngokungqalileyo ukuvumelana kwabantu abaphulukana nemali ngokunciphisa inani labantu abawela ngokugqibeleleyo kudidi 'loser' kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ambalwa ezobupolitika asenelizwi kurhulumente wawo. Oku kumela ngokuchaseneyo ngokuphandle nangoko kufumana zonke iinkqubo zokuphumelela apho ukoyiswa konyulo kungathetha ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kumandla, ukwenza izisusa ezinamandla ezinamandla ukuvavanya okanye ukucutha inkqubo ngokwayo.

Ukhetho Oluphambili Nokubanjwa

Ubungqina obunamandla obubonisa ukuba abavoti abaphambili abamelanga kakhulu kubavoti-zizonke; badala, batyebile, bamhlophe, kwaye banomgangatho ophezulu wolwazi lwezobupolitika. Ukuphepha iziphumo zonyulo olusezantsi, olona nyulo luphambili lungachazwanga kufuneka lube lugxininiso oluphambili kwimigudu yotshintsho.

Kwiinkqubo eziphambili ezimbini eziziinxenye, unyulo oluphambili luba yindawo yedabi engundoqo yokumisa ukuba ngubani na omele iqela ngalinye. Xa abanyuli abaphambili bengameli kwaye bengenalwazi olugqithisileyo ngokunxulumene nokhetho jikelele, oku kwenza indlela yokuba abathathi-nxaxheba baphumelele unyuso naxa bengenankxaso ebanzi. Ukwakha emva kwindima ethile kumanani anyuliweyo amaqela anokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphumelela kweqela elinempembelelo embi, kodwa kwakha indima enjalo kwimpucuko yezobupolitika eye yasetyenziswa ekukhetheni abavoti banamandla apheleleyo okukhetha ukungabikho komcimbiswano kunzima.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokusasaza Iimpahla Neziphumo Zazo Ekuziphatheni Kakuhle

Ngaphandle komahluko ophangaleleyo phakathi kweenkqubo eziphambili nezilungelelanisayo, iindlela ezithile zokuvota kwezi ntlobo zinokuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo umlinganiselo wobungcathu okanye ukubandakanyeka kokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika.

Izixhobo zokukhetha eziziinqwelo-moya kunye ne-centrist ephakathi

Imithetho yokuvota ekhutshiweyo isenokuthoba uxinzelelo lwengqondo ngokunika abo bavotayo intshukumisa yokuba babhenele kuvoti-majelo-ndaba kwaye banciphise iphulo elingentle. Ngokwe-RCV ayibonakali ikhetha naliphi na iqela elikhulu lezobupolitika. Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe amacandelo aphantsi kokhetho, ezi nkqubo zinciphisa iziphumo zokufumana into eyingozi kwaye zikhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bafune inkxaso yesibini kubavoti abakhethele ukuba bangenele ngokwahlukileyo.

Ngoko, imithetho emitsha yokuvota izisa imithwalo, kuquka umngcipheko oseleyo wokuba umvoti unokususwa kwangoko, kunye nokwanda kokusebenza kwabavoti ukubeka abavoti eqeleni abaninzi. Izigwebo ezisebenzisa i-RCV ngoku ziquka umgama ukusuka kwiidolophu ukuya kumaphondo onke, zinika umthombo oninzi wovavanyo lwendalo lokuhlola umgangatho wokohluka komgangatho wokuvota, imo yentlalo yezoqoqosho, kunye nokubhaptiza.

Iindlela ezizizodwa eziPhezulu-Four kunye neMphezulu-5

Ufundo lwaseWashington alucebisi indlela yabo engundoqo ephezulu-2 ikhokelele kunyulo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abaphakathi. Endaweni yoko, eyona ndlela ithembisayo yokususa iziphumo ezingalunganga kwisakhiwo esingundoqo esingundoqo yiNtope-Four okanye iNtope 5 yokuqala, apho bonke abatsha abatshayo basebenza kwisiqalo esinye, abathathi-nxaxheba bangazichaza ngokwamagama aphezulu okanye njengabangeyo qela, ezine okanye ezintlanu eziphezulu kweyona ndawo iphambili ngoko iya kunyulwa kunyulo ngokubanzi apho i-choce isetyenziswa ukufumanisa umnqongozeli, ngengcamango yokuba nasiphi na isincomi esinenqanaba elinamandla lenkxaso karhulumente siya kungena kunyulo jikelele, kwaye ngeRCV exhasayo inkokeli yovotiweyo.

Ezi nkqubo zizama ukucombulula ingxaki yabanyuli abaphambili abangamelanga ngokuvula isangqa sokuqala kubo bonke abavoti kungakhathaliseki ukuba badityaniswe namaqela, zisebenzisa ukhetho oluziindidi kunyulo jikelele ukuqinisekisa ukuba ophumeleleyo unenkxaso ebanzi. Ubungqina bangaphambili obusuka eAlaska, eyamkela le nkqubo, bucebisa ukuba ivelise iziphumo ezithe qeleleka ngakumbi, nangona ugcino-lwazi oluninzi lufuneka ukuze kupheliswe iziphelo eziqinisekileyo.

Unyulo lwesixhobo sokusebenza kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ophakathi

Uphando luxela kwangaphambili ukuba iinkqubo zokukhupha kufuneka zibe nabaqhubi abaninzi kodwa kwakhona zicuthe impembelelo yamaqela amancinane angongomaqhaqho athelekiswa nonyulo olunye olujikelezayo, kunye nale mpembelelo yobungcathu yobungcathu benkqubo yokunciphisa inkqubo phantsi konyulo oluhambayo lwe-SEVC, ixhomekeke kwiqondo elifanayo lojiko lwezobupolitika. Oomasipala base-Itali abangaphantsi kwewaka elinamakhulu amahlanu amawaka abahlala phantsi kwendlela enye yokulawula, ngelixa inkqubo yokubaleka isendaweni ngaphezulu komqobo, ivumela abaphengululi ukuba bathelekise iziphumo ngaphantsi kwemithetho emibini yonyulo-e-equatori sy sendlela yengqondo ezalisekisa iphumele umgangatho okwi15,000.

Ubuchule obusemva kwenkqubo yokukhupha bubokuba abathathi-nxaxheba abangoontamo-ntle bangenza oko kwisibini somjikelo kodwa bazakuzama ukuphumelela xa bejongene notshaba oluphakathi kwintloko-ntloko kukhuphiswano, njengabavoti abathe abathatyathwa basuswa bazakuthambeka ekuxhaseni ukhetho olushiyekileyo olunobungcathu. Ngoko, ukuphumelela kwale nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuvota kunye nokumiselwa okukhethekileyo kokhuphiswano lwezopolitiko kumo ngamnye.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iinkqubo Zokulwa Neziphumo Zezobupolitika

Ukuhlolisisa amava athile elizwe kubonisa indlela inkqubo yonyulo eguqulela ngayo kwiziphumo zeli hlabathi lokwenene zezobupolitika, inika imizekelo eqinileyo yendlela ezichazwe ngasentla.

IUnited States: Iinkungu Ezikhulu

EUnited States, inkqubo yonyulo inika ezinye zezona ndawo zichumileyo emhlabeni wonke ukwenzela iziphumo zedemokhrasi ezichaphazela ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika, njengokuba inkqubo yokuphumelela kweMelika yabenzi bomthetho abanyuliweyo yenza ukwenziwa kwethafa, i-Stylement, kunye nogonyamelo lwezobupolitika zibe mbi kakhulu kunakumazwe anenkqubo ezithe ngqinelanayo zomelo. Iimpawu ezithile zenkqubo yabanyuli-ziko loburhulumente zixhasa ngokwemo-mfezeko, njengangokokungxengxeza inkqubo yeqela elinye labanyuli belo, ukuphelisa amandla okuvota, ukuthoba ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu, kwaye kuthintela ukhuphiswano olukhoyo olukhoyo phakathi kweqela lamaqela asekunene, phakathi kwezinye iziphumo.

Iqela leqela leRiphabliki lisebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kunenkxaso yalo yokwenene kunyulo lucebisa ukuba, iyenze inkqubo ye-U.S. ibe "intlukhwe" kwaye ithambeke kakhulu ekuthatheni i-demoria. Oku kubonisa indlela ezinamandla ezinokunyusa ngayo impembelelo yamaqela agabadeleyo anokubekwa phantsi kwiinkqubo ezininzi zolwahlulo.

I-United States yenye yezona migangatho yolawulo-melo iphambili ezintathu kuphela eNtshona (nenkqubo yomongameli kuphela) abanyuli bomthetho abahamba kwimimandla enye (ummeli omnye kwisithili ngasinye somhlaba), nesithili ngasinye esinikela umvuzo wohlobo lonke lonyulo. Olu luhlu lolwahlulo lunceda ukuchaza isizathu sokuba impembelelo yezobupolitika zaseMelika zinyuke ngokukhulayo kwiipateni kwezinye idemokhrasi ezihambele phambili.

IJamani: Impumelelo exutyiweyo ye-Member

Inkqubo yeJamani exutyiweyo, eyamkelekileyo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iye yabonwa ngokubanzi njengempumelelo ekukhuthazeni izinzo, ulawulo oluphakathi ngexa iqinisekisa umelo olwahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo idibanisa izithili ezikwilungu elinye (apho abavoti bakhetha umeli wasekuhlaleni) nezihlalo zeqela ezibekiwe ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso.

IBundestag yale mihla yaseJamani isebenzisa umqobo ophezulu, ithintela amaqela afumana umelo lwepalamente. Lo mqobo wantlanu uthintela ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo ngexa usavumela amaqela amaninzi ukuba afumane i-memori, adala inkqubo eninzi efuna urhulumente ohlangeneyo.

Amava eJamani abonisa ukuba iinkqubo zolungelelwano azifuni kukhokelela ekungazinzi okanye ekungasebenzini kwe-odonga. Oorhulumente besivumelwano baye baqinisekisa ukuba bayakwazi ukwenza isigqibo ngexa befuna uhlobo lolalanisa nolwakhelo olulungeleleneyo olukwizikhundla ezigqithisileyo. Le nkqubo iphumelele kumaqela alwahlulayo asuka kude nasekunene, nangona kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibone iingxaki ezintsha ngokunyuka kwengingqi yengingqi yeqela laseJamani.

INew Zealand: Iinguqulelo Eziphumelelayo

Uphando luye lwahlolisisa uhlobo lwentetho yezobupolitika kwiPalamente yaseNew Zealand ngaphambi nasemva kokuba iPR yamkelwe ngo-1996, lufumanise ukuba intiyo ebangelwa kukungalingani kwemithetho yecawa incitshile ngaphakathi ePalamente. Oku kunika ubungqina obunamandla bokuba utshintsho lwenkqubo yokunyulwa lunokuyiguqula ngokunentsingiselo impucuko nehambo yezobupolitika, hayi ukumela nje kuphela.

Utshintsho lwaseNew Zealand ukusuka kwindlela ye-Westminster-style ukuya kwi-MMP lunika izifundo eziluncedo kwezinye idemokhrasi ezicinga ngotshintsho. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa lunxunguphalo lukawonke-wonke ngeziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa nakukungabikho komelo olwahlukileyo. Emva kotshintsho, iNew Zealand yavelisa inkqubo ezinzileyo yezahluka-phinda-phindeneyo yoorhulumente abasebenzisana rhoqo abaye bangqinela ukuba bayakwazi ukusingatha imiqathango emikhulu yenkqubo ngelixa begcina imigangatho yedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule boluntu.

EScandinavia: Umelo lweproportation nempilo yedemocratic

Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-PR, kunye namazwe aseScandinavia, asoloko ephezulu kakhulu kwidemokhrasi kunye nolonwabo nakwezona ziphantsi kwezobupolitika, asebenzisa iPR ecocekileyo, kwaye nangona oku kungathethi ukuba abanayo nayiphi na ingxwabangxwaba okanye iimbono ezigqithisileyo, ayakwazi ukuwalawula ngemibutho emininzi ukubonisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kunye nolwakhiwo oluninzi lolwelo lwezidiliya ukuvelisa inkxaso ebanzi kwizigqibo zezobupolitika.

Amazwe ase-Nordic `Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, kunye neSweden' ngokukruqulayo phakathi kwelona gunya ledemokhrasi linempumelelo ehlabathini eliquka ukuphumelela kolawulo-melo, ukuzinziswa kwezobupolitika, ulwaneliseko, umanyano lwabemi. Ngelixesha oothunywashe abaninzi befak' beziphumo, iinkqubo zabo zokhetho zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqeni ulawulo oluqulukileyo nasekulawuleni imfazwe yezobupolitika ngokunempumelelo.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: IMajorantium Polarity

Inkqubo yokuqala yelinye iUnited Kingdom yelixesha elidlulileyo iye yavelisa icandelo lezobupolitika elisukruqukileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana neBrexit. Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwa 2019 lwabona iParamente ifumana uninzi olukhulu nge 43.6% kuphela yevoti yesizwe, ngelixesha amaqela afumana ivoti eninzi afumana izihlalo ezincinane kunenkxaso yawo.

I-Breexit meterendum kunye nemiphumo yayo ibonisa indlela iinkqubo zolawulo ezinamandla anzima ngayo ukulawula ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko oluntsonkothileyo, oluntlukwano lwezininzi. Ukhetho olubini phakathi kweKhwebi neNhlala igqugqisile umahluko obalulekileyo kwizinto ezikhethwayo malunga nendalo kunye namagama eBrexit, ifak' isandla kwingxaki eqhubekayo yezobupolitika. Inkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto ingaba yalubamba bhetele olu ngqiqweqwele-calu, yaza yazinzisa ukulalanisa.

I - Itali: Uvavanyo Lwemvelo Kutshintsho Oluqhelekileyo

De kube ngowe - 1993, oorhulumente bakamasipala eItali babelawulwa yinkqubo ecocekileyo yepalamente apho abemi beli qela bavotelwa ukuba bakhethe iqumrhu lemithetho (ibhunga lesixeko) elathi ngoko lamisela usodolophu neofisi yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa ukususela ngowe - 1993, usodolophu uye wanyulwa ngokungqalileyo phantsi komthetho ontlukwano. Oku kwavelisa amathuba okuba abaphandi bahlolisise iziphumo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko kwilizwe elinye.

Abahlalutyi bezobupolitika bayavuma ukuba inkqubo yeqela eyavela kwingxaki ebizwa ngokuba yi "Republic yokuqala" ekuqaleni kowe-1990 idityaniswe ngamandla, neItali ibonakalisa iibhloko ezimbini ezingundoqo eziphakathi, enye embindini-inye ekunene (kunye nevoti ephakathi (kunye ne-avareji ephakathi esusela kuma-30 ukuya ku-35 ekhulwini kunyulo lwesizwe), kunye neqela elinamandla kwicandelo lasekhohlo (iRondazione Comunista, ukusuka kwisi-4 ukuya kwisi-8 ekhulwini) kunye nenye esisekunene (iPentelliga Nord, ukusuka kwisi-4 ukuya kwishumi lephesenti). Amava e-Itali abonisa ukuba zombini iingxaki zokulawula i-Alantilitina kunye nenkqubo yokhetho yenkqubo yezopolitiko.

Inkqubo zobugcisa kunye nengxabano yobuhlanga: Ukujongana

Ulwalamano phakathi kwendlela yokukhetha nokungquzulana kweentlanga okanye kwamahlelo luyeyona ndawo iphambili ekuphandweni ngayo ngenkqubo yowiso - mthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukwahlukahlukana kwabantu.

Inkqubo zokuveliswa kwekhompyutha nokuncitshiswa kwengxabano

Uphando olwenziwa kumazwe ali - 138 ukususela ngowe - 1960 ukusa kowe - 1995, kuquka amanani alinganayo amazwe anenkqubo yepalamente, iinkqubo zepalamente ezilungelelanisayo neenkqubo zomongameli, nokuhlolisisa iziganeko ezingama - 68 zemfazwe yamakhaya kweli xesha, lwafumanisa ukuba zonke ezi mfazwe zenzeka kwiinkqubo zoomongameli abakhulu okanye zoomongameli, kungekho lizwe lingenankqubo yepalamente eyahlula amakhaya.

Oku kufunyaniswa ngokuphawulekayo kucebisa ukuba iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zibaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni amacandelo esizwe nawamahlelo. Iinkqubo zoMkhosi woMkhosi zibonakala zingenampumelelo ekulawuleni ungquzulwano olukhoyo, ingakumbi ku "iibutho elahluleke ngokunzulu" njenge U.S., kwaye uphando lufumanise ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zokhetho ezilungelelanisiweyo zidityaniswa nemigangatho esezantsi yogonyamelo lwezobupolitika olusekelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokwenza olu lwalamano inxulumene nokubandakanya nokumela. Xa abantu abambalwa besizwe okanye amahlelo amancinane benokufumana umelo olulinganayo kubemi babo, abanazintshukumisa zininzi zokusukela iindlela ezithe kratya zokuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo zabo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zooMatoliki, zinokudala intsebenziswano ehlala ihleli engenandlela yakwenza nyani kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela.

Ulawulo-melo olusisiko kunye noGunyaziso lwaMagunya

Kuluntu olwahluleke ngokunzulu, umelo lolwahluko lusoloko ludityaniswe nezinye iinkqubo ezinxulumene namandla koko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuba yidemokhrasi yomanyano lwezolawulo-moya. La malungiselelo asenokuquka ukumela okuqinisekisiweyo kwamaqela awahlukeneyo, amalungelo e-veto kumbandela ongxamisekileyo, kunye noorhulumente abasemagunyeni abaquka abameli bazo zonke iinkalo eziphambili.

Amazwe anjenge Belgium, Switzerland, neLebanon aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwezahlulelo zobuhlanga, iilwimi okanye ezonqulo. Ngelixesha ezi nkqubo zijamelene nocelomngeni lwazo", kuquka ukuqina nokunyanzeleka kwe-CPF--------acess-kunye nokuthintela ungquzulwano logonyamelo ngokuqhelekileyo kunezinto ezisetyenziswayo kumacala alinganayo.

Ngaphaya Kokwehla Kwelanga: Ezinye Iziphumo Zedemokhrasi

Ngoxa eli nqaku lithetha ngokuyintloko ngokuzinikela ngokugqithisileyo nokulinganisela, inkqubo yokukhetha iphembelela ezinye iziphumo ezibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi ezifanele ziqwalaselwe.

Ukuqalisa Kwezopolitiko

Uphando olusuka kumongo owahlukileyo lubonisa ukuba iindawo ezitshintshelwe kwisixokelelwano sokulungelelanisa amava omvoti omkhulu, ngenxa yentlanganisela yemeko: abavoti bekwazi ukuvotela abakhethele abathandayo ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukhetho oluninzi kwivoti, namaqela anezihlomelo ezinamandla zokucela ukuvota abavoti abanceda baphumelele izihlalo ezingakumbi.

Iinkqubo zophuhliso zibonisa ukuphumelela okuphezulu kwezobupolitika, ukukholosa kwabemi ngamandla abo okuphembelela nokuqonda urhulumente, xa kuthelekiswa nobuninzi kunye neenkqubo eziphambili. Oku kuphuculwa kokusebenza kungenza ukuba igunya ledemokhrasi lisebenze kwaye abami badibane neenkqubo zobupolitika.

Umelo olunentsingiselo nolwahluka-hlukeneyo

Amancinane-amalungu--adim, ezobupolitika, okanye ngandlel ’ ithile, anexesha elilula lokufumana izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngokwemilinganiselo yemithetho ngokwemilinganiselo yezikhulu, njengoko kungekuphela nje amaqela amancinane asebenza ngokwendlela yolungelelwaniso, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iivoti ezongezelelekileyo zinceda iqela eliphumelele izihlalo ezongezelelweyo, amaqela amakhulu anezikhuthazo zokuquka iqela elincinane elikwizintlu zokubheno kwiqela labavoti.

Oku kusebenza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwahluka-hluka okuquka ubufanasini, uhlanga, unqulo, nezinye iimpawu. Iinkqubo zeproportation kunye nesithili esinamalungu amaninzi zidala amathuba okunika amaqela amathuba okunika amathikithi alungeleleneyo abonisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabaxhasi bawo, kanti izithili ezikwilungu elinye zingakhokelela kumelo olufanayo.

Ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolungiselelo lweeNtloko zikaRhulumente

Abenzi benkqubo yolungelelwaniso basabela kakhulu kubavoti kwaye banika iinkqubo ezihambelana ngakumbi noluvo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye amazwe anenkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo akwanemali eninzi yokusetyenziswa kwentlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokubonelela iimpahla ezininzi zikawonke-wonke kunaleyo inenkqubo yoorhulumente (ngokuyintloko kungenxa yokuba intelekelelo yonyulo yabalawuli kwiinkqubo zolungelelwaniso ixhomekeke kwisiseko sovoti ebanzi).

Isiseko sokhetho olubanzi kwiinkqubo zokulungelelanisa sidala izisusa ezikhuthaza amaqela ukuba alandele iinkqubo ezineengenelo ezisasazekileyo kunokuba ajolise kwii-constituence ezimxinwa. Oku kungakhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu jikelele nevelisi-mali eninzi kwimpahla zikawonke wonke ezinceda ibutho labantu liphela.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Komelo Oluvela Kubantu Abathile

Nangona ukumela izinto ngokulungeleleneyo kuluncedo gqitha ekulawuleni ukungazinzi nokukhuthaza ukuba ngolungelelwano, kubalulekile ukuvuma inkxalabo esengqiqweni neengxaki ezisenokubakho zezi nkqubo.

Ukuzinza kukarhulumente kunye nongquzulwano lokulingana

Abahlalutyi bobuchule bokulungelelanisa badla ngokuphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezininzi zibangela ukuba oorhulumente abangalungelelaniyo badibane xa amaqabane abo engavumelaniyo. Ngoxa oorhulumente abamanyeneyo befuna ingxubusho eqhubekayo nokulalanisa, ubungqina obusekelwe bungaxhasi ukuba iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa izinto azizinzi ngendlela elungeleleneyo kunezinto ezisetyenziswayo.

Amazwe anomelo olulungelelanisiweyo aphumele ekulungiseni nasekugcineni oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo abacombulule ucelomngeni olungundoqo lwenkqubo. Imfuneko yokwakhiwa komanyano ingakhulisa uzinzo ngokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuthintela ukutshintsha kwenkqubo ebukhali okunokwenzeka xa amandla etshintshana phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo.

Umelo lweqela le-Extremist

Abahlalutyi bePR bathi ukufakwa kwePR kunganika amaqela angqongqo kwipalamente, maxa wambi achazwa njengonobangela wokuwa kukarhulumente weWeimar emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi I Jamani, kunye nemiqobo esezantsi kakhulu, amaqela amancinane kakhulu angenza njenge "abenzi," abaphethe amaqela amakhulu ukukhulula ngexesha lengxubusho.

Noko ke, oku kugxeka makulingwe nxamnye nolunye ulwahlulo. Njengoko kuxoxwe ngaphambili, iinkqubo zoomphathi-mikhosi ezimbini zingathintela amaqela amancinane angomelelanga ekufumaneni izihlalo, kodwa zidala amathuba okuba amaqela angomelelanga athabathe amaqela amakhulu ngaphakathi, anokubanika impembelelo engaphezulu kunaleyo abenokuba nayo njengeqela elincinane kwisixokelelwano solungelelwaniso. Umbuzo awukho ukuba abachaphazeli-mthetho abafumana naluphi na umelo, kodwa nokuba inkqubo inika izixhobo zokuqulatha kwaye iphembele impembelelo yabo.

Umbuzo nodibaniso oludityanisiweyo

Iinkqubo zooMajoni ezinamalungu elinye ephondo zenza imigca ecacileyo yokuphendula phakathi kwabameli kunye nabameli. Abasebenzi bayazi kakuhle ukuba ngubani obameleyo kwaye banokuwugcina loo mntu ebuza kunyulo olulandelayo. Iinkqubo zemicimbi, ingakumbi ezo zisebenzisa uluhlu lwamaqela azivalekileyo, zingenza buthathaka olu nxulumano luthe ngqo.

Ngoko, le nkathalo ingabhekiswa kwinkqubo yoyilo. Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ezidibanisa amalungu zigcina abameli abalungelelanisiweyo ngeli xesha zongeza izihlalo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zivumela abavoti ukuba baphembelele abathathi-nxaxheba abanyuliweyo. Iinkqubo zokuvota abanokudluliselwa omnye zidibanisa umlinganiselo wokuvota kwabathathi-nxaxheba ngabanye kunokuba bafake inxaxheba. Ucelomngeni lokugcina uxanduva olukwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso lungokwenyani kodwa alungongagobeleki.

Indlela Eya Kutshintsho Oluqhelekileyo: Ukubonakalisa Ulwazelelelo Olusebenzisekayo

Kumazwe acinga ngotshintsho oluza kwenziwa kwinkqubo yokukhetha ukuze athethe nabantu abangcathu nabakhuthaza ukuba balungelelane, izinto eziliqela eziluncedo zibangela ukuba kubekho iinguqulelo ezinokwenzeka.

Uqeqesho lomgaqo-siseko nomthetho

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zisoloko zifakwe kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ekunzima ukuyitshintsha. Umzekelo, eUnited States, umGaqo-siseko unika imiyalelo yeqela elinye lephondo leNdlu yabameli, nangona ingachazi indlela yokuvota esetyenziswa kwezo sithili. Oku kudala amathuba okuguqula izinto njengokhetho olunobungangamsha lokhetho lodwa ngeli lixa utshintsho olupheleleyo lokulungelelanisa umelo olunzima.

Ezinye iinguqu zingaphunyezwa kumgangatho wesizwe okanye wasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. Iimeko ezininzi zase-U.S. zinegunya kwiinkqubo zonyulo, zidala amathuba okuvavanya ngenkqubo engezinye iindlela. Unyulo lukaMasipala lunika enye indawo yokuvavanya utshintsho phambi kokuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa okubanzi.

Ukungathobeli Kwezobupolitika Nokuchasa Okunzima

Inkqubo yotshintsho ye-Electoral ijongene nocelomngeni oluyifashoni: abo banamandla okuguqula inkqubo ngabo baphumeleleyo phantsi kwemithetho ekhoyo. Abasebenzi bangamelana notshintsho olunokusongela iindawo zabo okanye ukunciphisa inzuzo yamalungu abo, nokuba olo tshintsho lunganceda kwidemokhrasi jikelele.

Imigudu yokuguqula impumelelo idla ngokufuna uxinzelelo oluphangaleleyo lukawonke-wonke, icandelo elinqamlezayo, okanye amaxesha amanqam abangela amathuba okutshintsha. Ukuguqukela kwe-MMP yaseNew Zealand yaphumelela ngokwenxenye kuba omabini amaqela amakhulu aye anxunguphaliswa kukuphumelela kwevoti eninzi kodwa aphulukana nonyulo, edala inkxaso ye-bipartisan yotshintsho.

Ukuzama Ukutshintsha Izinto

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-Electoral lusebenza kakhulu xa ludityaniswe nezinye iinguqu ezisemgangathweni ezithetha ngemingeni enxulumene nayo. Utshintsho oluye lwenziwa kwizemali, iinkqubo zokulungisa, imithetho yokungena konyulo oluphambili, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota eziphambili zingaxhasa utshintsho kwindlela yokuvota jikelele.

Kwanokuba iNdlu ibinokunwenwa ukuya kumalungu angama-593 (olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo oludibanisa umelo), inani eliphezulu lezihlalo kwisithili alizukudlula kumaphondo amathandathu kwaye amazwe amaninzi ebeya kuba neendawo ezincinane kunye nezinye iimpawu zoyilo lwezibonelelo, njengemiqobo yokuvota yamaqela, izithili eziphantsi ezinomphantsi ophantsi we-magnity ziya kunceda abanyuliweyo, bafikelele ifreyithi ezilinganayo, ukulinganisa ukumelelwa kwamaqela anokulawulwa.

Ingqalelo yocoselelo kwinkqubo yoyilo olunenkcukacha ngezantsi-indawo ebanzi, imiphetho ekhethiweyo, isakhiwo sebhola ekhatywayo, kunye nokwabiwa kwendlela yokusebenza kwesihlalo, zinokunceda ekufumaneni iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo ngexa uthintelo olunokwenzeka. Akukho namnye umgangatho wesisombululo; utshintsho olusebenzayo lufuna ukutshintsha imigaqo jikelele kwimo yohlanga ethile.

Ikamva loyilo lwenkqubo yegcisa

Njengoko ihlabathi lonke lizama ukulwa nolawulo - melo oluneenkqubo ezigabadeleyo, ukwanda kobuhlanga nezisongelo kwimilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, kuye kwavela indlela yokukhetha inkqubo yokhetho njengendawo ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni nasekuphuculeni izinto.

Uphando Oluneengxelo Nezizathu Ezicacileyo

Uphando lweminye imithetho yokuvota lubonakala lukulungele ukudlula kwimizekelo yomntu ngamnye, njengoko imodeli edibanisa umvoti namaqhinga okuvota akhoyo, uhlolisiso loluvo, inzululwazi yolwazi, kunye nengcamango yemidlalo, kunye nale nkqubo yophando ikwazi ukuchaza iindlela zokunciphisa iziphumo ezinganqwenelekiyo nokufikelela umlinganiselo wokufumana ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukukhokela ukwenziwa kweenguqu ezintsha nezingcono.

Ukwanda kovavanyo lokhetho kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente kudala ulwazi olubalulekileyo kubaphengululi abafunda iziphumo zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko amagunya amaninzi esebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuvota kunye nomelo lolwahlulo, ubungqina bokuqonda iziphumo zazo buza kuqhubeka bukhula, kusenze ukuba uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nemigudu yotshintsho ephuculiweyo ephuculiweyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuHlakulelwa

Inkqubela kubugcisa bokuvota kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi lwenza kubekho amathuba amatsha okuyila inkqubo yokuvota enzima. Iindlela ezininzi zokuvota ezintsonkothileyo ezisenokuba azisebenzi ngeevota zamaphepha kunye nokubalwa kwezandla ngoku zinokwenziwa ngempumelelo. Imfaniso kunye nezixhobo zokufuzisela zivumela abaphandi ukuba baxele kwangaphambili iziphumo zemithetho eyahlukeneyo yokhetho phambi kokuba bazalisekise.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwadala imingeni emitsha, kuquka inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukukhanyisa, nokufikelela. Naluphi na utshintsho oluvelayo kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba bonke abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwaye iziphumo zinokuqinisekiswa kwaye zithenjiswe nguluntu.

Utyekelo Lwehlabathi Lonke Nokuzithethelela Ngokwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zemicimbi ziyakwazi ukumelana neembono ezigabadeleyo kwaye zinokuzinciphisa. Njengoko ulawulo-melo lujamelene neengxaki kwimibutho elawula idemokhrasi, ukungavakaliswa kwenkcazelo nogonyamelo lwezobupolitika, ukukwazi ukumelana neenkqubo zolungelelwano kuya kuba luncedo ngakumbi.

Ukudala isithuba samaqela awongezelelweyo .Indawo enqwenelekayo ngama-70 ekhulwini amaMelika .Iindawo eziqikelelwayo njengendlela engundoqo yokuqwalasela (nenjongo ecacileyo) yotshintsho lwenkqubo yokukhetha, ingakumbi inika iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinxulumene neziphumo ezifana nokurhoxa kwemimandla engaphandle kunye ne-SGradisiskomspoints ezicinezela idemokhrasi yaseMelika. Umnqweno woluntu wokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezingqongqo ezimbini zenkqubo zelixa elinamathuba okutshintsha izinto ngaphambili.

Isiphelo: Uyilo lwe-Electoral njengoBufundisi Bedemocratic

Impembelelo yenkqubo yokukhetha eyila kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika ezigabadeleyo kwaye ukulinganisela akuthinteli okanye akunanto ilula, kodwa kunzulu kwaye kungumphumo. Imithetho elawula indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo idala izikhuthazo ezibumba ukuziphatha kwezobupolitika kumgangatho ngamnye.

Ubungqina obusuka kuphando lothelekiso bucacile ngokuqhubekayo: Iinkqubo ze-Electoral qha okanye imithetho apho amavoti aguqulelwa kwizihlalo zemithetho kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amandla ezobupolitika ```anokuyandisa okanye awenze angabinamoya kunye nezenzo ezigabadeleyo zezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zomvuzo owenziwe ngoobhontsi zidla ngokuvelisa iingxabano ezimbini zezobupolitika, ukuchaphazeleka kwemimandla ephakamileyo, kunye namathuba okuthinjwa kwemiqathango yemibutho emikhulu. Iinkqubo zomelo zeproportion zidla ngokubhenela ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano oluninzi, ulawulo lweqela, kunye nobuchule bokuphatha ii-RGBSD.

Oku akuthethi ukuba umelo lolwahlulo lungumxube wezobudemokhrasi, okanye ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo-moya azinakusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Imibandela esecaleni kakhulu, kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi olunempumelelo luxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezingaphaya kwemithetho ekhethiweyo. Noko ke, ukulwa kwedemokhrasi nomgangatho oyingozi wokuguquka kwemimandla kunye nezenzo ezigabadekileyo, inkqubo yolungiso-gosa ifanele iqwalaselwe nzulu njengenxalenye yecebo elibanzi lokuhlaziya idemokhrasi.

Izibonda ziphezulu. Ukwahlulahlula ibutho libe ziinkampu ezilwayo kwandisa umgangatho wokungaqiniseki kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuba nengxoxo esekelwe kubungqina malunga neembambano ezinzulu, kuquka imibandela echaphazela ubomi kunye nokufa njengentlawulo yezifo ezimandundu. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ezithi ziqhekeke kunokuba zibene ezi zahlulo zijongene nobuchule bolawulo-moya lweqela.

Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yokhetho ephembelela ngayo ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo nobungcathu kuyimfuneko ekukhuthazeni ulawulo-mgangathweni olusempilweni. Abenzi bolawulo-siseko, abahlaziyi, kunye nabemi bangakhetha iinkqubo ezikhuthaza uzinzo, ukuhlanganisa, kunye nentetho eyakhayo yezopolitiko. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye zonke zibandakanya ukuthelekisa, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungelelanisa nokhuphiswano oluneentlobo-ntlobo ezininzi zinika iingenelo ezingundoqo ekulawuleni i-STRASI nokukhuthaza uhlobo lobungcathuntu oluyimfuneko ekuzinzeni kwedemokhrasi.

Njengokuba ulawulo-melo lujongene nocelomngeni olungathethekiyo ehlabathini lonke, umbuzo asingokuba iinkqubo zokhetho zibalulekile kusini na ngobundlobongela nobungcathu, kodwa ubungqina bucacile ukuba ziyakwenza oko, kodwa nokuba ibutho ledemokhrasi liya kuba nobulumko na kwezobupolitika liza kuguqula imibutho yalo ekhethayo ngendlela eyomeleza kunokuthoba amandla olawulo-mpukane. Uyilo lwenkqubo yokhetho lumela umgangatho wedemokhrasi ocekelwe ngokungqongqo kwezezopolitiko. Ukuyilolonga imicimbi enzulu kwikamva lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ongezelelweyo Oovimba

Kubafundi abanomdla wokuphanda ngale mibandela, imibutho emininzi nemithombo yezonyango inikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nehlaziywa ngayo:

  • Iqumrhu loTshintsho olukhoyo (] http:///www. electal-reform.org.uk/) inikezela ngophando kunye notshintsho lolwahlulo lomelo nokhetho kwi-UK namazwe ngamazwe.
  • [[NTL:0] Fairvote (] http://www.fairvote.org/) abaxhasi bevota emiselweyo kunye nomelo lokulungelelanisa eUnited States, benikela uphando olubanzi kunye noovimba kwiinkqubo zokhetho.
  • I-ACE Inethwekhi yolwazi ( http://aceproject.org/) inikeza ulwazi olubanzi ngenkqubo zonyulo kunye nolawulo olusuka ehlabathini jikelele.
  • Ukukhusela ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi hotts:/ikhuselwa-mthetho.org/) yenza uphando ngendlela inkqubo yokukhetha echaphazela ngayo ugcino-lwazi lwedemokhrasi kunye nedemokhrasi eUnited States.
  • I-International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Uncedo ( https///wwww.idea.int/) inika uthelekiso logcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo kwiinkqubo zonyulo mhlaba wonke.

Le mibutho inikela uphando lophando lophando nokhokelo olusebenzisekayo kwabo banomdla wokuqonda okanye ukukhuthaza utshintsho kwinkqubo yokunyulwa njengendlela yokukhuthaza ubungcathu kwezobupolitika nedemokhrasi.