Ukuqonda Ubungqina Bokuqala: Indlela KaThomas Yokuthetha Ngokusesikweni

UClarence Thomas ungumxhasi ozinzileyo nonamandla wenkqubo yokumiselwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngoxa ezinye izigwebi maxa wambi zicela intsingiselo yokuqala kwiimeko ezithile, uThomas usebenzisa le ndlela phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomthetho womgaqo-siseko. Kuye, uqobo asingomxhasi okanye isixhobo esiluncedo nje kuphela; yindlela esemthethweni yokuchaza umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Uthe kwiimbono ezininzi wachaza ukuba indima yejajidicariary kukunikela “umsebenzi kwintsingiselo yantlalo yantlalo-siseko kawonke." kunokuba iguqulele okanye isekelwe kwimilinganiselo yale mihla. Le ntanda-bulumko imkhokelela ekubeni aphumele kwiziphumo ezisoloko zihambelana neembono zezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo, kodwa uThomas ugxininis ukuba alandele intsingiselo yakhe kwimbali, hayi eyeyobuqu.

Ubuqaqoba, njengoko uThomas ebuqhelisela, bufuna uhlolo olungqongqo lwemithombo yembali: iingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela yoMgaqo-siseko, amaxwebhu oMgaqo-siseko, uxwebhu lokwandiswa kwemithetho, kunye needikshinari kunye neenkcazelo zexesha elinye. Kwakhona uhlolisisa uqheliselo lwasemva kokwandiswa kwegama ukuqinisekisa oko uluntu lunokukuqonda ukuba okubhaliweyo kuthetha ukuthini. Le ndlela ivelisa iziphumo ezinokumangalisa. Umzekelo, uThomas uphikisa ukuba uluvo lwantlalo lweCencale lum oluncinane kakhulu kunenkcazelo yangoku esetyenziswa ukuthethelela umgaqo karhulumente, kodwa ukwathi ukuqonda kokuqala kolwazi lwamalungelo okanye u-Immino Claus kukhusela amalungelo amaninzi angaqwalaselwanga.

Umthetho wokuqala kaThomas usoloko uthelekiswa “nomgaqo-siseko ophilayo” owenzelwayo, othi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ingoguquka nebutho labantu. UThomas akafuni ukuba loo mbono ijongelwe njengechasene nomthetho, ephikisa ngokuthi inika abagwebi amandla amakhulu ukunyanzela amaxabiso abo. Endaweni yoko, ukholelwa ukuba ukuba abantu bafuna ukutshintsha indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo, bangawuguqula umGaqo-siseko ngenkqubo yeQumgaqo- V, bangaxhomekeki kubagwebi ukuba bawubhale kwakhona.

Ulawulo Lwakutshanje Oluphenjelelwa Kukuyila KukaThomas

IsiHlalisi Sesibini: Iphondo laseNew York State Rifle & Imanyano yePistol v. Bruen (2022)

Bruen mhlawumbi ngumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela esetyenziswa nguThomas yokuqhuba isigqibo esingundoqo. Ukubhalela abaninzi, uThomas wakholelwa ukuba “isizathu esifanelekileyo” sokuphatha umlo wesandla esifihlakeleyo sawuchasa uMphetho wesibini. Wakwala ukuvavanywa kwendlela yokuhlola ezinqinisiweyo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi kangangeminyaka kwaye endaweni yoko wagunyazisa uvavanyo olutsha: enoba umgaqo ocetyiweyo uxhomekeke kwisithethe sembali yoMkhosi welizwe. Oku kubandakanya iinkundla zembali ebhaliweyo kwixesha elifunyenweyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ulawulo lweendawo, nokuba umthetho walexesha langoku uluvoteko. [FULThome] [2] [FT] [FTY]

ILiberty Yonqulo: Kennedy v.

[FLT:], uThomas wayila uluvo oluqukumbelayo olwaqinisa imbono yakhe yasekuqaleni yokumiswa kuka-Claus. Ityala lalibandakanya umqeqeshi webhola ekhatywayo wesikolo ephezulu owayethandaza kwimigca engama-50 yemidlalo emva kwemidlalo. Uninzi, ngokusebenzisa iJaji Gorfoth, lukholelwa ukuba umthandazo womqeqeshi wawukhuselwe ngasese yintetho ekhuselwe yiFirst Const Rempliment. UThomas waqhubekela phambili, ephikisa ukuba ukumiswa kuka-Claus kwasekuqaleni kwakuqondwa ukunqanda urhulumente wesizwe kuphela ekumiseni icawa, hayi ukubeka imiqathango okanye iintetho zonqulo. Ukudala uthethele ngokubhekiselele kule “intsingiselo yokuqala” yenkqubo yokumiselwa kuka Claus, ebengawufumana ummiselo wayo kulawulo lwasebuDasciod. Ngelikethe amanqaku amaninzi awamkela imiyalelo awazi uThomas, amele imiqondiso yakhe amele imiqondiso efana nemithetho yakhe.

Ukuqhomfa: UDobbs noJackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Nangona uThomas athe wadibana noluvo olukhulu uDobs obeyalawula ngokugqithisileyo Roe v. Wade kunye ] [[FLT]] , wabhala isivumelwano esahlukileyo [umntu onegunya lokulawula iimbono zakhe zoqobo] ezithe kratya. Akazange avume ukuba uMgaqo-siseko awukhuseli ilungelo lokuqhomfa, kodwa kwakhona iNkungacingela ezinye iinkqubo ezimfaneleyo, kuquka [[FFLT:6] uThofuthe , uThofuthe uThombo oluthe , uninzi oluthe , uninzi lwezinyanzelo oluqhelekileyo. [Fomsterogodun) uthelela umgaqo wobukhokhokhokhokho , uluntu oluchaneyo oluthe `Foms.[10]

Ubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho: United States v. Taylor (2022)

. UThomas waphikisana nenkcazelo yantlandlolo yomthetho karhulumente owazama ukuzama i Hobbs Act ukuphanga “ulwaphulo-mthetho” ngenjongo yokunyusa isigwebo. Ngoxa inkoliso yasebenzisa iincwadi zale mihla kunye nemigaqo kawonke-wonke, uThomas wagxeka inkundla ngokutyeshela intsingiselo yokuqala yomthetho. Waphikisa ukuba umbhalo, njengoko uqondwa ngexesha lommiselo, awuquki ukuzama ukuphanga njengesenzo esiphambili solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukungathobeli kwakhe ngokucotha kwanokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi “ibrober" kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo. Le meko ibonisa indlela uThomas ayisebenzisa ngayo ingekodwa kumbhalo kodwa kwakhona ukutolika, ukunyanzela, oko kumele kuvakaliswe njengenjongo yokulawula, xa kuboniswa ukuba kusetyenziswa iziphumo ezi zinto okanye eziqhelekileyo.

Ulawulo Lomanyano: West Virginia v. EPA (2022)

Nangona uJaji oMkhulu uRoberts wasungula uluvo oluninzi kwityala lemibuzo engundoqo, uThomas wabhala isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisigqibo kwimigaqo yantlandlolo. Waphikisa ngelithi umgaqo we-EPA owenziweyo womgaqo wegesi ye-greenhouse nge-Cease Air Act walwaphula umgaqo ongekho semthethweni wemfundiso kuba iBhunga leBhunga aligunyazisanga umgaqo wenkqubo ecacileyo. I-Thomasms Congression imkhokelela ekukholelweni ukuba iBhunga loMbutho alinakuphembelela ukugunya lalo kwimigaqo yolawulo; i-Vescaousss of Plution I, II, kunye no II imisela ukwahlukana okuqinileyo okuthiwa yimeko yezolawulo langoku. [Flctive:] I-Virginia i-Virginia i-EPA[FLct1] i-Diciographic i-S, ukuba i-Prouvectorymental Irrectivesmentmentmental Implation i-S provicesmentmental Implation i

Impembelelo Ebanzi KwiNkundla Ephakamileyo Nemfundiso Yomthetho

Intanda-bulumko kaThomas yantlandlolo iguqule iingxubusho zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neengxoxo. Kwanabagwebi abangabumkeli ngokupheleleyo ubuGcisa boqobo, njengeJaji enguMongameli uRoberts noJaji Kavanaugh, ngoku basoloko bebiza intsingiselo yantlandlolo kwiimbono zabo. Lo tshintsho lubonakala kakhulu kwiSibini soMmiselo kunye namatyala onqulo, apho uhlalutyo lwembali luye lwaba sisazulu. Oonobhala-mthetho, abaphengululi bomthetho, nabagwebi benkundla ephantsi ngoku bachitha ixesha elibalulekileyo bephanda imithombo yokufumana imithombo ye-earrah ukuze bahambisane neemvavanyo zikaThomas.

Impembelelo kaThomas idlulela ngaphaya kweembono zakhe zoninzi. Iimbono zakhe kunye nezivumelwano zakhe zisoloko ziveza iimephu zezasemgceni wexesha elizayo. Umzekelo, i-solo congradivence McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLL:1]] (2010) yaphikisa ukuba amalungelo okanye ii-Imyutha u-Celas, azifanele zibe yinqwelo yokufaka uMthembo wesibini ngokuchasene namazwe. Ngoxa engaphumelelangalo, ukuzingisa kwakhe kwagcina intetho ejikelezayo, kwaye abanye abaphengululi ngoku baphikisa ukuba iNkuNkuvo ekugqibeleni isenokuphinda iphindise umbano. Kwakhona izimvo zakhe zisebenza njengendlela yokuziphikisa i-Cecracy Clausces okanye i-Genegasticess Gorism ejongeneyo ngokubheke phambili kwiNkuthethwano yeNkuhlela yeNkuhlela.

Kwigama lama 2023-2024, uThomas wabhala uluvo oluninzi ku igosa elingumfundi-mfono-mfono-mqokozo , njengoko [uColorado [2023] [umzekelo obalulekileyo] osetyenziswayo “ukungafezeki” kumgangatho wezisongelo zokwenene, kodwa wenza oko xa enyanzelisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala yoMphetho-Mphetho ifuneke kulo mgangatho. Kwanaxa ivo lwakhe luhamba ngephiko eliphangaleleyo, njengoko maxa linjalo kwiimeko ezibandakanya urhulumente okanye inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iqikelelo lwakhe luhlala lukho kudala uqwalaselo oluqinileyo. Oku kunika intsingiselo yokuba ezinye izigwebo zingalingani.

Ukugxekwa Nokuzithethelela Kobungangamsha BukaThomas

Ukugxekwa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi i-Thomas isebenzisa isiqalo sakhe ngokukhetha kwaye ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezihambelana neengxoxo ze-Fourse congress okanye zesithethe. Babonisa iimeko apho engazihoyiyo izenzo zembali eziphazamisayo. Umzekelo, ukutolika kwakhe u-Facious u-Paramente ukuvumela u-Paramente-asmed, into enokuthi uMseki weSivumelwano ngokwakhe angayivumela ukuba ixhase iSecond Read Amendment, kukho imithombo exhasa imimiselo esengqiqweni. Imbali enokuthi ifikelele kwisiphumo esinqwenelekayo, isimangaliso esichasene ne-[FOPT:] BBEN [FF:] isigqibo ngokwaso, esiveliswe yinkundla ephantsi, ephumele ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukugweba inkundla.

Enye into egxekwayo kukuba uThomas uqobo lwakhe lungqongqo kakhulu kuhlanga lwangoku, olwahlukeneyo. Lo mGaqo-siseko wabhalwa liqela elincinane lamadoda amhlophe, alungeleleneyo kwibutho elivumela ubukhoboka kwaye angafuni lungelo lokuvota amabhinqa. Ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwawo kwantlandlolo ukukhupha imibandela efana nemfihlo yogcino-lwazi, ukunceda ukuvelisa, okanye ubuchule bokwenziwa komntu kubonakala kungasebenzi. UThomas ukuvuma oku kodwa uphikisa ukuba imigaqo, hayi amathemba akhethekileyo, kufuneka alawule qhathahliswa, kwaye le nkqubo yokuzinziswa kwento iyindlela efanelekileyo yokutshintsha. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi baseMerika bafumana olu kholo lungenabuchule bokulungisa izinto.

Ekugqibeleni, abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi uThomas ukwenziwa kwakhe ngokomthetho wokwemvelo kuyindlela efihlakeleyo. Usoloko ebongoza “uhlobo lomntu” okanye“imigaqo yokuqala” ngendlela ebonakala ingaphaya kombhalo. UThomas waphikisa ukuba umgaqo wesivumelwano sakhe ku- ukwahlukana nentsingiselo yasekuqaleni ye-ImGrain sokhuseleko nomthetho wesizwe. Uluvo lwakhe luxhomekeke kwimbono yakhe ye-Scostart of California[[FLT]] [FLT]] [2020]), uThomas waphikisa ukuba iNkqulumo Yokwenza umsebenzi wobuntwana (DACA) ayichananga kuba ithetha into engekho mthethweni yomthetho, uthetha ukuba uphakalth-mgrangenomo. Umthetho ochasile ngokungekho mthethweni kwento. Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukhuselo

Abameli bakaThomas baphikisa ngelithi ubuchule bakhe bokuqala bunyanisekile kwaye bunemigaqo naxa bukhokelela kwiziphumo abangazithandiyo, ezifana noluvo lwakhe kwimbali yakudala. IHawaii (208) ixhasa ukuvalwa kohambo. Kuloo meko, uThomas wasebenzisa umgangatho obekekileyo osekelwe kwimicimbi yangaphandle ebanzi yoMongameli, asuka kuyo kwimbali yakudala. Uthelekiso lwakhe lusoloko luthelekiswa nokungena kweziphumo zezinye izigwebo. Umzekelo, ezinye izigwebo eziphayo ezidla ngokuxhasa amandla athe kratya athe kratya xa kufikelwe umthetho omthetho obume; uThomas, ngokuchaseneyo, uthelela amandla ombutho olungophindiweyo.

Abaxhasi bakwalatha ekubekeni ityala lolawulo-moya ekukhuthazwa yiyo intlandlolo. Xa intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko isigxina, abemi kunye nabamisi-mthetho bayazi ukuba iyintoni imithetho. Bangawulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngeGatya V ukuba abavumelani. Oku kuthintela, uThomas ukholelwa ukuba, uthintela i-oligarchy ekwiziqinisekiso eziphambili zobukhobo. Yaye nangona abagxeki besithi imbali inqabile, abaxhasi bakaThoma banokuthi abagwebi abaqeshiweyo bangafikelela kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zembali. Bruen, uvavanyo lwazo zonke iingxaki zayo, luye lwanyanze lwaziintko ezinyanzelwenziwe ukuba benze imbali kunokuba bangene kwizilangazelelo zokubhabhabha.

Ekugqibeleni, uThomas waqalisa ukuba nempembelelo enkulu kwimfundo engokwasemthethweni. Izikolo zomthetho ngoku zinikela izifundo ezingakumbi kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye amajelo omthetho alungiselelwe ngumfundi apapasha uqulurhu lwezifundo zemfundo zantlandlolo. Kwanabaphengululi abachasayo ukubhalwa kokuqala bayavuma ukuba uThomas unyanzele lonke ubugcisa obusemthethweni ukuba bube nokufunda okungakumbi. Oku kulifa elingaphaya kwesigqibo esinye.

Isiphelo

Intanda-bulumko kaClarence Thomas yantlandlolo iye yaba ngumsebenzi ochazayo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iye yasuka kwimida ekwizigqibo eziphambili, ibumba elingumqondiso kwimipu, kunqulo, ukuqhomfa, namandla karhulumente. Indlela yakhe yokwenza ifuna ukuba abagwebi babe ngababhali-mbali, kwaye iimbono zakhe zixinene kakhulu, kwaye inkundla yakhe ijonge iNkundla yeshumi elinesibhozo neleshumi elinesithathu lenkulungwane. Ukuba ubani ujonge ukunqaba kwakhe njengekhusikhundla senkululeko okanye intsika eqinileyo etyeshela iinyaniso zale mihla, alithandabuzeki ukuba uThoma uThoma ints atshintsha indlela yeNkundla ngomGatho-siseko. Njengoko iNkundla isiya itshintsha ngokuqhubekayo, inkqubo yakhe yolwazi yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane yenkulungwane ye-19 inokuba nempembelelo ngakumbi. Ukuqonda lowo ufuna ukuvavayo nawu womthetho wemithetho waseMelikani.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] uluvo lukaThomas kuvumelwano ku-Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization kwi Cornell’s Legional Information, uluvo lwabaninzi [ku-[FLT:] ku-[FLT:] uluvo lwe-New York State Rifle & Pristom Association v. Brun[FLT]] ukusuka kwi-ebsCeb, kunye [FL:] kunye [FLT] kunye noluvo lwazim loluvo lwase-otalk [FL:]