Imeko ye SAMINOLE FURLL v. Florida, 517 U.S.1996], sisigqibo esiphawulekayo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseUnited States oye walungisa ngokusisiseko imfundiso yokuzikhusela kwesobuso solawulo kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe nemimandla. Kwimeko yayo, ityala lavavanywa ukuba iNgqungquthela ingasebenzisa igunya layo phantsi koMkhosi we-Indiya Classiaste Clausle ukuqululisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu lwamazwe, yaye, ngokongeza, izizwe zamaNazaseMelika. Imithetho ayizange imisele kuphela amandla okuzikhusela alinganiselwe kodwa ikwane mgaqo othi awugcine ukhuseleko kwimpahla ekhethekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ivume okanye imigaqo-siseko elungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo. Ukuqonda okuyimfuneko nakuwuphi nakuwuquluko lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, okanye umgaqo-mthetho-siseko esimele ityala esinguquququququququze kufutshane.

Isiqalo Setyala

Ukuqonda intsingiselo ye [[FLT: 0] USiminole v. Florida, kuyimfuneko ukuhlolisisa umongo osemthethweni noyinyaniso owabangela impikiswano. Ityala lavela kwi- I-Idian Gamgaliatary Act (IGRA)[FLT] ka-1988, umthetho wesizwe owamisela isiseko sokulawula ukugxuba kumazwe aseIndiya. IGRA yamiselwa ngokwempendulo enxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nemfuneko yenkqubela-zoqoqosho, kwaye ifuna ukuba kuxoxwe ngokholo olulungileyo nezizwe ezingquzulanayo. Ukuba imeko yokungavumelani, izizwe ezigunyaziswe kwinkundla yetyala.

ISiminole Fride yaseFlorida yafuna ukusebenzisa indlela yokungcakaza ekwindawo yayo yongcakaza phantsi kwe-IGRA. Isizwe sazama ukunxibelelana ne-State of Florida, kodwa urhulumente wala ukuqubisana ne-IGRA, kodwa wakhaba inkxalabo ngokusemthethweni kokungcakaza phantsi komthetho weFlorida. Ekuphenduleni, isizwe safaka ityala ngokuchasene nephondo kwinkundla yephondo, sifuna umyalelo onyanzelisayo ngokusetyenziswa yi-IGRA. IFlorida yashuku ukugxotha isuti engumhlaba yokuba ikhuselwe ngumthetho wezongameli we-olawulo phantsi koMthetho we-11 we-Demetrise.

ISinyuso seshumi elinanye seMigaqo-nkqubo, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1795, siyanika: "Amandla eeJaji eUnited States akasayi kuthathwa njengokwandisa nayiphi na isambatho somthetho okanye sokulingana, aqaliswe okanye abekwe ityala nxamnye nenye iUnited States yi-Parality of the State, okanye yiMinizes okanye iziBalamsi okanye iziBalukezo zalo naliphi na Izwe Lasemzini". Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yatolika oku kumgaqo obanzi wokuzikhusela kulawulo oluphezulu, ukukhusela kwiisuti zamaqela obuqu kwinkundla yorhulumente ngaphandle kokuba ivumile okanye iBhunga-Rhulumente ngokucacileyo ingu ekhuselayo ngomthetho osemthethweni.

Umbuzo ongundoqo ongomthetho kwi USiminole v. Florida yayikukuba iKhombutho yayinokwahlula ulawulo lwesizwe phantsi kwe-Indiya Commerce Clause, enika iNgqungquthela amandla "okulawula urhwebo neNtlanganiso yase-Indiya." Isizwe saphikisa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba uCentury Claus eIndiya yayilicane wayeligunya elahlukileyo, yanika iBhunga igunya lokuphelisa ukhuseleko lombuso kwimicimbi enxulumene nemicimbi ye-Indiyan American. Izwe lathi ukulawulwa kwezokhuselo kufunela intengo ecacileyo nokuba uClast Claus, nokuba uClaus okanye u-Interstate, alikhange linikeze iziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko zomthetho-mGwal.

Impikiswano Engokwasemthethweni Nombuzo Wamandla Engqungquthela

Impikiswano ku Seminole Frict v. Florida isekelwe kwimigaqo emibini ekhuphisanayo: indima karhulumente engokwembali ekulawuleni imicimbi ye-Indiya Merika kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lolawulo lukarhulumente. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayiqaphele ukuba iBhunga linamandla phezu kwezizwe zamaIndiya, asuka kwiClassical Clause kunye nesivumelwano sikaClaus. Eli gunya le-plenary belisetyenzisiwe ukulawula yonke into ukusuka kwimicimbi yelizwe ukuya kulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho kwimibango. Noko ke, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla akhutshwayo ukuba ngaba la mazwe awo akhusela ulawulo oluphezulu ahlala erhoxingile.

Kwiimeko zangaphambili, iNkundla yaseka isiseko sokuvavanya ukhuseleko lwequmrhu. kwisigqibo sePennsylvania v.Union Gas Co. [19989], ubuninzi beNkundla babambelela ekubeni iNkundla inokuthi iNkundla ingakwazi ukukhusela ulawulo lwendawo phantsi kolawulo lweInterstate Commerce Clausestem. Eso sigqibo sathi saphuncuka saza kwaye sabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu, njengoko sasingenayo ingqiqo ecacileyo. [[FLT:] USMINOME . v. Florida yanika iNkuhlela yezonganiso zobusonyuko ezikhoyo kunye nethuba lokuphinda-phinda-phindelelana.

Ingxoxo yesizwe yadwelisa uludwe lwezimo ezamkela igunya elibanzi leBhunga kwimicimbi yase-Indiya. Umzekelo, kwi- United States v. Kagama (1886) kunye ] uMorton v. Mancari[[FLT]] [19974]], iNkundla iqinisekisile ukuba iNkantolo ikhokele kwiindlela ezichaphazele imfuno yesizwe xa ilawula izizwe zamaIndiya. Isizwe sathimba i-Clauskade yahlukile kwi-Intercastgas kuba yayithetha ngodidi olukhethekileyo lwezizwe ezilawulayo i— i-Indian &dam; eyayidddd inxalenye yenkqubo okanye inxalenye yesizwe. Ngoko, ithetha ngezorhwebo, i-Propolance, i-od Congressionstion, yaququze i-ethe zizwe ukuba zichase igunya lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

ISizwe saseFlorida, sixhaswe luninzi lwee-amici, sathi ukukhusela ulawulo kwakuluphawu olusisiseko lombuso onokuthi kuphela ukhutshwe ngokucacileyo okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko okanye ngokuvunywa ngurhulumente okucacileyo. Ilizwe labonisa ukuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-mda lwalungengomda nje kuphela kulawulo lukarhulumente kodwa yayikukuphinda kuqinisekiswe kokhuselo olubanzi lomthetho olwalubekwe umGaqo-siseko. Ngokutsho kwalo mbono, naluphi na ukhuphi na ukhuseleko lomzimba kufuneka luchazwe ngokucacileyo kumthetho kwaye lugunyazwe lilungiselelo elikhethekileyo elithintelayo, njengeCandelo 5 loMthetho wokuLawulwa koMthetho we-Gawulayo we-Gawulayo we-14.

Isigqibo Senkundla Ephakamileyo

Kwisigqibo esahlulwe ngokunzulu esingu-5-4, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ixhasa iLizwe laseFlorida, ikholelwa ukuba i-Indiya Commerce Claus ayizange inike iNgqungquthela amandla kwi-ografi yolawulo lombuso ozimeleyo. Uluvo lwabaninzi, olwabhalwa yiJaji eMphathiswa uWilliam Rehnquist, lwaxhomekeka kwimiqathango engundoqo yokutolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo.

Okokuqala, iNkundla yaqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba ukukhusela ulawulo lorhulumente kuyinxalenye esisiseko yomthetho-siseko, hayi nje ukhuseleko olusesikweni okanye olungokwasemthethweni. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba uLwimi lokuLandli lweshumi elinesi-nye luqinisekisa oku kuthintelwa nokunwenwa kwale ntambo eziswa ngamaqela azimeleyo phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba imvume okanye iBhunga lisebenza phantsi kwelungiselelo elikhethekileyo lomGaqo-siseko eliyithintelayo.

Okwesibini, inkoliso yahlula phakathi kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yegunya loburhulumente. Inkundla yaphawula ukuba [ku- Fatzpatrick v. [1997], yayibambelele kwelokuba iBhunga linokukhusela urhulumente ngokugaleleka phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Gqibeleko weshumi elinesine kuba inguquko yenzelwe ukumisela ulawulo lukarhulumente kwaye yayiyinyanzelelwa ngqo kulawulo lukarhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Indiya Commerciocle no-Interstat Comment Clace Calace babengamiselwanga ukuba bamisele ulawulo lwesizwe ngendlela efanayo. Baye banikwa nje amandla okuxhasa iCandelo, yaye iNkundla yayingafuni ukukhusela ukhuseleko kulawulo olusuka kurhulumente jikelele.

Okwesithathu, iNkundla yasilawula ngokucacileyo isigqibo sayo sangaphambili Pennsylvania v.Umanyano Gas Co., ifumanise ukuba ukuqiqa kobuninzi kwakungqubana nesakhiwo somgaqo-siseko. Uninzi lwamangqina ukuba ukuvumela iBhunga lokhuseleko lombuso olukhuselweyo ngoMkhosi worhwebo uClaus, ngokunempumelelo luvumela iKhonte ukuba ingquthela ithintele uLawulo lweshumi elinesithoba-11 ngokumane ifakela ilungelo labucala lesenzo kuyo nayiphi nayiphi na imithetho yentengiso. Oku kunganciphisa ulungelelwano lwamandla abekwe kumGaqo-siseko phakathi korhulumente worhulumente norhulumente kunye namaphondo.

Oku kubanjwa kwacaca: IBhunga lalingenakusebenzisa iGatya lakhe I, eliquka iThendian Commerce Claus, ukulawulwa ngamatyala esuti yabucala ngenxa yomonakalo okanye isiqabu sokohlwaywa ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente. INkundla yathi ukuba iNkundla inqwenela ukulawula inkxalabo yesizwe namaIndiya, kufuneka ixhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokuzithandela okanye isebenzise amandla ayo phantsi koMphetho-we-14 ukuze inyanzelise ukukhuselwa okulinganayo okanye isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo.

Ukuqiqa Okukhulu Ngenkcukacha

IJaji enkulu uRehnquist yasichitha ngendlela elungeleleneyo isiphumezi-miyalelo sokuba i-Indiya Commerce Claus yahlukile ngokwaneleyo ukuthethelela ukunyuselwa. Wavuma ulwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi korhulumente wamazwe namaIndiya kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba olu lwalamano alukhange luguqule uhlobo olusisiseko lolawulo lukarhulumente. Waphikisa ngelithi, umGaqo-siseko, uqikelelo luthiwa amatyala akhuselekile kwisuti yenkundla yesizwe ngaphandle kokuba avume okanye avume okanye aqhubele uMbutho phantsi kwelungiselelo elijongele ulawulo olukhethekileyo.

Uninzi lwakwala impikiswano yokuba USeminole Friest v. Florida ingahlulwa kwezinye izityholo zorhwebo ezisekelwe kwimbali yokuphatha izizwe. Nangona iNkundla yavuma ukuba izizwe zizimele negunya likarhulumente, yaphawula ukuba ukhuseleko lolawulo lukarhulumente lweshumi elinesibhozo loMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko lusebenza nakweliphi na isuti eliziswe liqela labucala, kuquka isizwe samaIndiya. Isibakala sokuba iSeminole Tribe yayingumlawuli ngokwayo ayiyinikanga ilungelo lokuqhuba iLitwe le Florida kwinkundla yorhulumente yorhulumente yorhulumente engekho mvume yesizwe.

Ukungasamkeli

Aba bachasayo, abakhokelwa nguJaji John Paul Stevens, baphikisa ngelithi uninzi luye lwangakuqondanga ukuma kolongamo lwamaIndiya kunye nobungakanani bolawulo lwequmrhu. IJaji Stevens yaphikisa ngelithi i-Indiya Commerce Claus Claus yayihluke ngokungaqhelekanga kwi-Interstate Communist Clause ngenxa yokuba yayiqhubana namazwe aphakamileyo awayelawula uMgaqo-siseko. Waphikisa ngelithi igunya leBhunga loMbutho kwimicimbi yaseIndiya lalisoloko liquka amandla okulawula ulwalamano phakathi kwezizwe namazwe, kwaye ukukhusela urhulumente kwakuyimfuneko kwelo gunya.

IJaji Stevens yakwagxeka uninzi ngenxa yokugqithisa uGas ngaphandle kobulungisa obaneleyo. Wabonisa ukuba imfundiso yokujongwa kwamehlo ifanele ikhokele iNkundla ukuba igcine imizekelo ekhoyo, ingakumbi ekubeni iBhunga lalixhomekeke kuyo ekwenzeni imimiselo efana ne-IGRA. Inkcaso yalumkisa ukuba isigqibo soninzi siza kwenza isikhala esisemthethweni apho amazwe anokuthi ngokulula angazihoyi iimbopheleleko zawo phantsi komthetho wolawulo lwaseIndiya, ashiye izizwe zingenalo uncedo.

IJaji uDavid Souter yabhala ukungavumelani okwahlukileyo okulandelela imbali yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni kwimithetho yamaNgesi eqhelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwentengiso yeshumi elinesine. Waphikisa ngelithi utoliko loMdambi weshumi elinesibhozo lwalungachananga ngokwembali kwaye uLawulo loMthambeko lwalucebelwe ukumisela ulawulo olwahlukileyo kuphela, hayi ukuyila ukukhusela okubanzi ngokuchasene nesuti karhulumente. Ngokutsho kweJaji uSouter, iNkundla ibiyandisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu ngaphezu kwentsingiselo yayo yasekuqaleni, kwaye SSiminole vers b. Florida[FLT] yayingumzekelo wamva.[FLT]

Ukufuna Ubungqina Bolawulo

Isigqibo ku Seminole Tribution v. Florida yayineziphumo ezifikelelekayo kumthetho wamaIndiya, ulwalamano lwesizwe nemfundiso ebanzi yesizwe, kunye nemfundiso ebanzi yolawulo lolawulo lolawulo. Ubuchule obucacileyo boMbutho obulinganiselweyo bokulawula amatyala azimeleyo phantsi kweGatya I, nto leyo eyayithetha ukuba izizwe azinakuphinda zixhomekeke kwisisongelo sesuti ukwenzela ukuba zinyanzelise amacandelo ukudibanisa amaqela. Oku ngokusisiseko kwaguqula umlinganiselo wamandla ekugebiseni eIndiya kwaye kwadala ummandla omtsha osemthethweni wolwalamano lwamazwe.

Owona mphumo usebenzayo wawungowokuba amalungiselelo eIGRA engxoxo karhulumente aye akhutshwa ngokunempumelelo. Ummiselo wawulungiselele ukuba ukuba urhulumente akavumi ukunxibelelana ngokholo olulungileyo, isizwe singamangalela kwinkundla yesizwe ukunyanzelisa ukuthobela. Emva Sweminole Tribe v. Florida, izizwe azinakuphinda zisebenzise eli yeza kuba amazwe agcine ukhuseleko lwazo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ngenelo lwawo ukunyanzelisa uGenegams, esazi ukuba izizwe azinanto zingenayo imvume esemthethweni kwinkundla yowiso-mthetho.

Noko ke, isigqibo sabangela utshintsho kubuchule. Iintlanga zaqalisa ukusukela ezinye iindlela zokukhusela ii-Comples, kuquka ingxubusho yezobupolitika, umgangatho wolawulo, kunye neengcaciso zolawulo lwamagunya. Kwezinye iimeko, izizwe zaphethukela kwiSebe leMbindini, elalinegunya phantsi kwe-IGRA ukumisela iinkqubo zokungcakaza kumazwe esizwe ukuba urhulumente wayengavumi ukunxibelelana. Le ndlela yolawulo yaba ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kumacala onke, nangona yayingasebenzi kakuhle kuneeKhomishini yomthetho engqalileyo.

Ngaphezu kogalelo lwase-Indiya, umthetho waba nentsingiselo ebanzi yemfundiso yokuzikhusela kwimiqathango. Esi sigqibo sacacisa ukuba iKhomishini ayinakuxhomekeka kwiQumrhu layo eliqhelekileyo leQumrhu I lokuphelisa ukukhuselwa kwemeko yombuso, kwaye yaphinda yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kweentetho ezicacileyo zenjongo yombutho. Le meko yaba lilungu lesiseko leRehnquist constism jurisprudence, ecaleni kwezigqibo ezifana ne United States v. Lopez [195] [125]). [[FLT:] Printz] kunye [United States v]. [1997]

Kumatyala alandelayo, iNkundla yakhiwe ngokuqiqa ISAMINOLE FURT v. Florida ukumisela ngokubhekele phaya amandla eNgqungquthela yokhuseleko lwephondo. Kimlv. Ibhodi ye-FOLTS[FLT][FLT]] [2000] [2000] kunye [[FLT] ne- Board yabaTsheki be-University of Alabaccone brangen v. Garrett[[FLT:][2001]], iNkundla yeNkundla ibambe ukuba i-Broult phantsi kweSibe somthetho se-Genestive ukuba umthetho we-148] kunye nomthetho wawunobuqhezulwayo olulungele ukuchasanayo lweziko-grognogne.

Impembelelo Kulongamo Lwezizwe

Ngeli xesha USeminole Tribe v. Florida yayiluloyiso lweSeminole Friest, ayizange inciphise isikhundla esisemthethweni sokhuseleko lwesizwe ngokwaso. INkundla yaqonda ukuba izizwe zamaIndiya zizimele zizinto ezizimeleyo ezinokukhusela ukuphepha imvume yesizwe engekhoyo okanye ukukhutshwa kwequmrhu. Oko kwasikelwa umda yiNgqungquthela yokuqinisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe nxamnye nokhuseleko lombuso. Ngamanye amazwi, ityala lalimalunga nolwalamano phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente namandla orhulumente, hayi ulawulo lwezizwe.

Sekunjalo, isigqibo sagxininisa ukumiswa kolwalamano olusemthethweni phakathi kwezizwe namazwe. Izizwe zagcina ukugonywa kwazo kwimibutho yangasese, kodwa kwakhona zazisikelwe umda kubuchule bazo bokumangalela amazwe. Oku kwabangela imeko apho izizwe zazingenakuwanyanzela lula amalungelo azo nxamnye noorhulumente benkundla yephondo, ziwanyanzelela ukuba axhomekeke kwikomkhulu lezopolitiko, kwiinkqubo zolawulo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuze zifumane uncedo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunamandla kuye kwanegalelo kwimibango yolwalamano lwesizwe, njengoko ngokufuthi amazwe aye asebenzisa ukukhusela kwawo ekuthetheni.

Okubalulekileyo Kulawulo Olungalungelelaniyo

USELELE Friest v. Florida iqwalaselwa ngokubanzi njengezigqibo zesigqibo sokhuseleko oluphezulu kwimbali yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Limela ingxelo ecacileyo yokuba ukukhusela ukulawulwa kolawulo lomntu ngumgaqo-siseko omisela amandla karhulumente, naxa iBhunga lenzeka kwimimandla yenkxalabo yesithethe enjengemicimbi yase-Indiya. Imeko isoloko icatshulwa ecaleni s v. Louisiana (1890) kunye [FLT:] ne[FLT] Alden.[FLD] v.

Esi sigqibo sikwabalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwemibono emibini ekhuphisanayo ye-constitution. Kwelinye icala kukho ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elibanzi lokulawula imicimbi yomdla wesizwe, kuquka ulwalamano nezizwe zoMda waseMelika. Kwelinye icala kungumgaqo wokuba amazwe azimeleyo azimeleyo nokhuseleko oluzuzweyo kungenelo lukarhulumente. USITINOLE VERBON . Florida wehla ngokuqinileyo kwicala lolawulo lombuso, kwaye wakwenza oko ngokuchasa impikiswano yokuba isikhundla esikhethekileyo sezizwe zamaIndiya sithethelela ukuphuma kwimfundiso emisiwe.

Kubaphengululi bobuzwe, eli tyala ngumzekelo onamandla wendlela iNkundla Ephakamileyo esebenzisa ngayo ingcamango yokuzikhusela ekuzimela ngokwasemthethweni ebuthweni epoliseni imida yamandla obuhlanga. Ukunyanzelisa kweNkundla ukuba igunya lichazwe ngokucacileyo ngomgaqo-siseko kunyanzelise iNkomfa ecacileyo ukuba imisele iBhunga inyaniseke xa kusenziwa umthetho okhusela ukukhusela urhulumente. Ikwanyuse uLawulo lweshumi elinesithoba elinanye kumthetho osisigxina somthetho olawulayo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kohlaziyo Lweshumi Elinanye Nenqaku I

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze USeminole Tribe v. Florida kukucaciswa kolwalamano phakathi koMphetho-mva weshumi elinesibhozo kunye neCandelo I leKhontrakthi. Phambi kwesigqibo, kwakukho ukudideka okukhulu kusithiwa uMphetho weshumi elinesixhenxe wawungumlinganiselo nje wolawulo olwahlukileyo okanye umqobo omkhulu kwisuti ezichasene namazwe. INkundla iwuphelise lo mbuzo ngokuthi uDeletelo lweshumi elinesibhozo lubonise ukhuseleko olungundoqo olusebenza kuwo onke amaqela azimeleyo achasene namazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulawulo olusemthethweni.

Ngokugqithisa Igasi yoMqulu-moya , iNkundla yakwacacisa ukuba Amandla I awazenzeli ukukhusela lo khuseleko. Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko anokuxhasa ukukrola ngalawo enziwe emva koMphetho-weshumi elinesibhozo kwaye ayenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukumisela ulawulo lukarhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba Icandelo 5 loMgaqo-siseko we-14th Amendment sisithuthisi esiphambili sokhukulisela, lo gama iQumrhu elifana noMkhosi Claus elona lingenamsebenzi kakhulu kule njongo.

Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Nokuthotywa Kwale Mihla

Ilifa le Seminole v. Florida iyaqhubeka ibumba iimpikiswano zomthetho kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Lo mba uhlala ungumqobo kwizizwe ezifuna ukunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente echasene namazwe, kwaye ikhe yakhankanywa kwizigqibo ezininzi ezilandelayo ezingokwakheka kwesokhuselo lwezolawulo, kuquka [[FLT:] i-FOLT] i-FDALT] iKhomishini yexesha eliphakathi kwe-Phondo. uMzantsi Carolina uPorts Guide[[ [2002] kunye [[FLT] kunye no-FLT] i-FLT] i-FOM. i-FTRANTYP inokuthi ifumane ulwaleko phantsi komthetho. "indelgnomes .[FT]

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye abaphengululi kunye nabenzi bemithetho baye bacela iimpendulo zowiso-mthetho kwimiqathango ebekwe USiminole Fribe v. Florida. Iinkcazelo ziquke ukuthelekelela ukuqukwa kwe-IGRA echaza ezinye iinkqubo, ezifana neenkqubo zolawulo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo solawulo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba isigqibo sisekelwe kutoliko lwesiseko kunokuba kukhiwe i-statory, nasiphi isicwangciso somthetho-mthetho siyafuneka nge-mqukuqelo-siseko okanye ukutolikwa kwakhona kokuHlunyulwa kwe-Gqizelo le-11. Iqalo linikwe ukuqashelwa kwangoku kweNkundla ephakamileyo, ukutshintsha okanye ukuncitshiswa kwe [FLT:]

Koogqhinga kumthetho wamaIndiya, isigqibo sihlala sinyanzelekile kwicebo lokukhupha ityala. Ii-attorney ezimele izizwe kufuneka ziqwalasele ngenyameko ukuba urhulumente unakho ukumangalelwa kwinkundla yesizwe ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho karhulumente, kwaye kufuneka basoloko behlola ezinye iindlela ezifana nokumangalela amagosa karhulumente ngokomelelo wawo ngokobuqu phantsi kwemfundiso , evumela ukuba abekho abaza kufumana uncedo ngokuchasene nomthetho. Lo msebenzi ujikeleza, ngoxa ukhona, uxinene kunesuti echanekileyo echasene nemeko yombuso kwaye awuniki isibophicombululo.

Isiphelo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-Stupintel v. Florida lityala elingephi eliye lachazwa ukuba lichaza umthetho wale mihla wokhuseleko lwezikhundla. Ngokubamba ukuba iCongress ayinakusebenzisa iGaqo I kwiSigqeba sokhuseleko lombuso, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisa isakhiwo somthetho-siseko sorhulumente kwaye yakhusela amazwe kwisuti yelizwe kwinkundla yesizwe. Kwangalo elo xesha, isigqibo sadala ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwizizwe zamaMerika aseIndiya afuna ukunyanzela imithetho yesizwe nxamnye namazwe, ingakumbi kumongomo wokhuseleko lwe-gamente.

Le meko isisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuba ukugonya okulawulayo akungomthetho nje ongobuchule kodwa luphawu olusisiseko lolawulo lukarhulumente olusikela umlinganiselo wokufikelela kwegunya lorhulumente. Malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathathu emva kwesigqibo, SEMINOLE V. Florida[ iyaqhubeka iphembelela iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kwinkundla yorhulumente, kwaye imigaqo yayo ihlala isemgangathweni kuyo nayiphi na ingxubusho ye-Antath Amendmentmenter [ kunye nolawulo lomthetho-rhulumente [[FLT:]]. Kubafundi bomthetho-siseko, ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela iNkulungelelanisa iNkundla ye-omyululo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngalo mbandela, qwalasela ukuqwalasela uluvo olupheleleyo lweNkundla okanye uphando lophando oluhlola isigqibo kumongo wobubanzi umgangatho wokhuselo lwezithintelo oluyi-jaristance. Ezi zinto zinika uluvo olunzulu ekucingeni okuqhubeka kubumba ulwalamano phakathi kwezizwe, amanani, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente worhulumente.