Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States sisiqalo esifutshane sentetho echaza iinjongo ezisisiseko kunye nemigaqo ekhokelayo yolu xwebhu. Iqala ngamazwi adumileyo, " Thina bantu," sigxininisa indima yabemi ekumiseleni urhulumente. Lo mbhalo wesiseko ubenempembelelo enzulu kwintlalo-ntle yamazwe aseMelika nakwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, ulolonga indlela yolawulo namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Nangona kungama-52 kuphela, iPregailgquage ichaza izilangazelelo ezingundoqo zovavanyo lwamaMelika kwaye uyaqhubeka esebenza njengendlela yokutolika komgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yezomthetho kawonke-wonke, iingxoxo zoburhulumente, kunye nokuzichaza koluntu.

Imbali Neenkcazelo Zembali

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ukuze ithethe ngobuthathaka beManqaku eNdlela. Abaququzeli, kuquka uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington, bafuna ukwenza urhulumente wesizwe ophumelelayo ngexesha lokulondoloza imigaqo ye-riphabliki. IPregaget yabhaliswa nguGouverneur Morris, owasebenza kwiKomiti yeNdlela kunye neSicwangciso. Amagama akhe [[FLT: 0]" Wewe-Incum" ngabom] athatha indawo yezothuthotho zangaphambili zemithetho edwelisa amatyala ngamanye, enika uphawu lokuguqulwa kwisivumelwano samazwe ukuya kwigunya elihlangeneyo lorhulumente eliphuma ngqo kubemi.

Olu khetho lwabonisa impembelelo yengqondo ekhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke, owathi urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke ekuvumeni kokulawulwa, kunye noMontesquieu, owagxininisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Abaxhasi bafumana kwingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, nangona bayithoba ngenkxalabo eluncedo ngozinzo nocwangco. Isiqalo savela njengebhulorho yentandabulumko phakathi kweemfuno zenguquko yowewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anesixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe anesixhenxe kunye nesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Abathanganiki zixhobo `ezi zibekwe kwimiqathango elandelayo", kodwa endaweni yoko zichaza iinjongo [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [0] [injongo] ezisetyenziswayo amagunya.

Kwimbali yokuyila, [[FLT: 0] ugcino-lwazi lohlanga [[FLT: 1] lunika umbhalo wokuqala namaphetshana. Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga lukwanikela ingcaciso yokuphendulana evela kubaphengululi.

Ezi Zintu Ezintandathu: Uhlalutyo Olunenkcukacha

Isiqalo simisela iinjongo ezintandathu ezingundoqo, nganye imela usukelo lwesiseko seriphabliki entsha. Ezi njongo azinyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni kodwa zisebenza njengezikhokelo ezichaza iinjongo ezibanzi zomGaqo-siseko.

Yenza Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Eli binzana lasabela ngqo kukwahlulwa phantsi kweZihloko zoNcedo. Abaxhasi bafuna ukudala urhulumente wesizwe owomeleleyo onokuthi woyise ungquzulwano lwamazwe, ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo yezoqoqosho, kwaye anikele uphambili omanyeneyo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe. Ibinzana ligqibeke ngakumbi" lavuma ukuba umanyano lwalungenaso siso sisombululo kodwa lwalunako ukuphuculwa ngomgaqo-siseko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le njongo iye yabheniswa ukuthethelela ubungangamjinga bolawulo, ulawulo lwezorhwebo, kunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngokuvuselelwa nokuyilwa.

Ukumisela Okusesikweni

Kumthetho osesikweni kwiPregagery kubhekisa kumaqumrhu asesikweni nangenamkhethe. Amafaramenti ajolise ukuthatyathelwa indawo kolawulo lwetyala lobuthanga-mthetho ngenkqubo yemithetho esetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi. Le njongo yakhokelela ekusungulweni kwejaji ezimeleyo, ukuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho, kunye nokungathinteli kwemithetho yamva kunye namatyala okufumana imvume. Ukusukela okusesikweni kubangele izigqibo ezibalaseleyo zeNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yamalungelo abantu, inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. [FLT]] ihlala ingumsebenzi ophambili kwiingxoxo ezingeniswayo ngezicwangciso-mthetho, isigwebo, isigwebo, kunye nokufikelela kwinkonzo esemthethweni.

Ukukhuthuza

Uxolo lwasekhaya lwaluthetha ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi kunye nokuvukelwa. Oku kuthintela ukuvukelwa kwemithetho (1786-171787) kwabonisa ubuthathaka bemiqathango ekulondolozeni ucwangco. UmGaqo-siseko wanika urhulumente wesizwe amandla okuphelisa ukuvukelwa kwengxubaka, ukubiza imikhosi, nokuqinisekisa urhulumente ngamnye ukuba ungurhulumente okwiphondo elinobuRhulubha. Namhlanje, le njongo ixhasa igunya lorhulumente kwiindawo ezinjengentsabelo sentlekele, umanyano lomthetho, kunye nokhuseleko lohlanga.

Ukulungiselela Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo

Ingxelo eqhelekileyo yezokhuselo ithetha ngokhuseleko lwesizwe nxamnye nezisongelo zamanye amazwe. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela amandla okuphakamisa imikhosi, ukugcina iinqanawa zaselwandle, nokubhengeza imfazwe. Izakhelo zokuzikhusela njengembopheleleko eyabelwe urhulumente wesizwe, zingashiywanga kumazwe athile. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, le njongo ikheti iye yacatshulwa ukuxhasa ukusekwa komkhosi wexesha loxolo, ukusekwa kweSebe lokhuselo, negunya lomongameli kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle.

Ukukhuthaza Ubomi Bendalo

Igalelo eliqhelekileyo lentlalo-ntle liye laba lelinye lamabinzana aphikiswayo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Kwinguqulelo, imisela usukelo olubanzi lokunqwenela; kamva, iCandelo I, Icandelo 8, linika iNkqutyana amandla okuhlawula irhafu kwaye lichithe intlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele. Ingxoxo yokuba oku kuvumela iinkqubo zentlalo-ntlelo-ntle yorhulumente ngokubanzi (umz., uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, izibonelelo) okanye iinjongo ezilinganiselweyo kuphela ziye zayila intetho yezopolitiki yaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. I-Pregeaset'''''inteng'intenxa yentlalo yentlalo yentlalo-ntle yentlalo-ntle ye-ntle ye-ntle ye-ntlalo-ntle yabemi bayo

Sikhusele Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko Yethu Nendlela Esihamba Ngayo

Lo mGaqo-siseko udibanisa umGaqo-siseko nokhuseleko lwenkululeko, kungekuphela nje kwisizukulwana sangoku kodwa kwesexesha elizayo. Ibonisa inkolelo yabaxhasi yokuba inkululeko efunekayo kwizikhuseli zoburhulumente: ukwahlukana kwamandla, ukuvavanya kunye nolungelelwaniso, i-habeas corpus, kunye nokukhusela ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ibinzana elithi " ubuxoki" ikhuthaza umGaqo-siseko ngomlinganiselo ophakathi, icebisa ukuba ukwenziwa koxwebhu kufuneka kuhlale. Le ngxoxo yenjongo kwi-androotmentmentmentmentations,ism, umgaqo-siseko wokuqala, kunye nomGaqo-siseko ophilayo.

Impembelelo Kwintanda - bulumko YaseMerika

Impembelelo enkulu yePregedge kwintanda-bulumko yabemi ixhomekeke kumazwi ayo okuvula: " Thina bantu. Eli binzana lamisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo njengesiseko solawulo lwaseMelika , ingcamango yokuba igunya lezobupolitika lisuka kulawulo lwabemi, kungekhona kukumkani okanye izikhundla. Lo mgaqo waguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu kunye norhulumente, ukhuthaza isithethe sokuthatha inxaxheba nembopheleleko yebutho.

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo Nombutho Wentlalo

Ngokuvakalisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko umiselwe kwaye umiselwe ngu "Thina Malungu," amaFramers amkela ngokucacileyo ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu. Abami bavuma ukulawulwa ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo nokukhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo ezifanayo. Le ngcamango yakhokelela kwisithethe samaMerika sedemokhrasi yokwabelana ngeendawo, kuquka ukuvota, inkonzo yokuchola, kunye nokubhalisa iphondo. Kwakhona yathethelela iBhili yamaLungelo, ebala ukukhuselwa okungqalileyo nxamnye norhulumente ochukumilisiweyo. Ingcamango yokuba abemi bangoyena mthombo opheleleyo wegunya iye yakhuthazwa yimi yamabhinqa, amalungelo asekuhlaleni, kunye nolwandiswa kwamalungelo okuvota.

Imfundo yeMibimbi kunye nokuzichaza kwesizwe

Isiqalo sencwadi sinye sezibhalo zokuqala ezifundiswa abantwana besikolo baseMerika. Ukukhumbula nokucengceleza kwayo kuye kwaba sisithethe sesizwe, kuqinisa ulwahlulo lokuqonda injongo yesizwe. Imfundo ye-COVIC idla ngokusebenzisa isiqalo sokuzisa iingcamango zikarhulumente, zobulungisa, nenkululeko. Iintlangano ezifana iBhili yamaLungelo ibandakanya ukusungula imithombo yokufundisa imigaqo-siseko. Le mfundo iye yanceda ekusekeleni ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwezentlalo kuzo zonke izizukulwana neecando zezobupolitika.

Izenzo Zoluntu Nesiqalo

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, abaguquli baye babhenela kwizithembiso zePregagery zokuxhasa iinguqulelo. Abaxhasi bemibutho baphikisa ngelithi ubukhoboka buphikisana neenjongo zokuseka okusesikweni nokukhusela inkululeko. Kutshanje, amaBhanki acetyiswa "Thina bantu" ukufuna ukubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo kwingingqi yezopolitiko. IPolign Rights Movement of the 1950s kunye no 1960s zasebenzisa ulwimi lwePregagedgery ukufuna okusesikweni nokuhlala kakuhle okuqhelekileyo kwabo bonke abemi. Kutshanje, abameli bemeko yezoqoqosho, inyathelo lemo yezulu, kunye notshintsho lwezafuduko baye bacaphula iPregents ukuphikisa ukuba urhulumente umele ukunceda okulungileyo.

Impembelelo Kwintanda - bulumko Yezobupolitika YaseMerika

Ingcaciso yezopolitiko yaphembelela intanda - bulumko yezobupolitika ngokuchaza injongo karhulumente njengokukhonza iintswelo zabantu nokukhusela amalungelo abo.

Okusesikweni Nenkululeko Njengemigaqo Yesiseko

Uzibopho lobulungisa kunye kunye [FLT] bucala obuphambili] kuhlohlolo lushukumisele imigudu yokumisela imithetho ekhuthaza okusesikweni nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Le migaqo ingundoqo ekuqondeni koburhulumente baseMerika. Iimbono zeNkundla eziPhakamileyo zisoloko zikhankanya iNkundla / "indawo ebanzi" ayingomthombo wamalungelo azimeleyo", ukuxhasa utoliko oluhambisana neenjongo zayo ezibanzi. Umzekelo, iNkundla ibhekiselwa kweSibo sikhulu esibandakanya ubungangamela obuphezulu, uburhulumente, umgangatho wegunya lesizwe, kunye nomgangatho wesizwe. Imbono yezobulungisa iphembele ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ye-progracdmist nekhuselo elinganayo ye-14neeting.

Intlalo - ntle Jikelele Nendima Karhulumente

Ibinzana elithi "Bhalani intlalo-ntle jikelele" ibiyindawo ecacileyo kwiingxoxo zentanda-bulumko zobupolitika. Abo baxhasa urhulumente olinganiselweyo baphikisa ngelithi igalelo loluntu jikelele lalingaze ligunyazise iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle ebanzi; bakhomba kumagunya adweliswe kwinqaku I njengesithintelo. Abanye baphikisa ukuba ulwimi loMxholo, ludibene noNkxaso olufanelekileyo noluLufanelekileyo, luvumela iBhunga ukuba lithethe neemfuno ezidityanisiweyo zohlanga. Olu xinzeleleko lubangela iimpikiswano ngo-New DO, i-Great Society, i-Afford Careable Careable Act, kunye neengxoxo zamaxesha akhoyo ngezonyango kunye nemfundo yehlabathi lonke.

Ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo kunye namandla omanyano

Injongo yokulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo ibumbe iingxoxo eziphathelele inkqubo yemikhosi, ubuntlola, kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko yabemi. Ukuzikhusela kwabaphathi bemfazwe nezolonwabo zasekhaya kugxininisa umnqweno wabalawuli worhulumente okwaziyo ukukhusela ucwangco lwangaphakathi nokhuseleko lwangaphandle. Oku kuye kwathethelela igunya lorhulumente elipheleleyo ngexesha lemfazwe nelesizwe, ngoxa kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuphambana kwezikhundla. Uxinezeleko lwentanda-ntanda-bulumko phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko lusaqhubeka lungumxholo ongundoqo kwingcamango yezobupolitika eMelika.

Ingcamango Yomanyano

Injongo yokwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi lwezobupolitika iye yaphembelela intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika malunga nobuzwe, ubuzwe, kunye nokuququzelelwa. Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye noHlaziyo loMbutho woQoqosho-nkqubo yaphinda yachaza kwakhona ubume be-Union, igatya ingcamango yokuba amaziko anokusuka ngaphandle kwesizathu. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iPreggethi yacatshulwa kwiimeko ezifana TEXs v. White [1869] ukuqinisekisa ukungaqiniseki kokungagqibeki kwe-Umanyano. Namhlanje, iingxoxo ngamandla olawulo, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nokuzichaza kwengingqi ziyaqhubeka zibhekisa kumbono yesizwe esimanyeneyo.

Isiqalo Kutoliko LomGaqo-siseko

Nangona isiqalo singawaniki amandla angaphantsi, idlala indima elinganiselweyo kodwa enentsingiselo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zijonga isiqalo sokuqonda iinjongo jikelele zomGaqo-siseko xa umthetho okanye ukhokelo lwemizekelo lungaqondakali. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithe yachaza ukuba iNgxelo isenokusetyenziswa ukucombulula amathandabuzo malunga neenjongo zabaFrame, kodwa ayinakuba sisiseko sokungawuthobeli umthetho. Abaphengululi bemithetho abanjengoJack Balkin noRandy Barnett baye baphikisana ngendima yePreget kumntu wokuqala nowamahlala exhasa umthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, uJacobson v. Massachusetts (05), iNkundla yabhekisela ekukhankanyeni kwentlalontle jikelele ukuphakamisa imithetho enyanzelisayo yokugoma. iUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Right Right Corp. [193], Justice Sutherland yacela ukuxhasa igunya lomongameli elibanzi kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela iProget enokuthi ngayo iphembelele ukucacisa ityala ngokuthe ngqo. Uhlahlolo olunzulu, [[FLT] olunzulu [FLT] [FFFFFFF]]

Ukubuyiselwa

Uxwebhu lwePregedge lusahlala luluxwebhu oluphilayo, olucatshuliweyo kwiintetho zezobupolitika, iintetho zamaphulo, kunye nokuqhankqalaza kukawonke-wonke. Amabinzana alo asetyenziswa kwiindlela zobugcisa ukuthethelela imibono ekhuphisanayo yolawulo lwamaMelika. Umzekelo, abameli bakarhulumente abalinganiselweyo bagxininisa "Ukhuseleko lweentsikelelo zenkululeko," ngelixa abaxhasi bakarhulumente abasebenzayo bebalaselisa "ukuxhasa intlalo-ntle jikelele." Ukuhlala kwe-pregagear kuxoko ekulungiseni kwayo ekuthetheni intsingiselo yayo ngokuqwalasela imingeni yangoku.

Iingxoxo zale mihla zokufuduka, ukunyanyekelwa kwezempilo, utshintsho lobulungisa, kunye nenkqubo yemozulu zisoloko zibhekisela kwinqanaba lokuqala. I- #We People hashtag iye yasetyenziselwa ukuhlanganisa abemi kwidemokhrasi yokukhetha. Abantwana besikolo bayaqhubeka beyicengceleza, ngokufuthi ngezixhobo ezibonisa izinto eziphambili zanamhlanje (umz., "Thina bantu baseUnited States, ukuze sivelise umanyano olufezekileyo..."). Ukuguquguquka kwe-Predget kuyinto ekhoyo kwaye kungumthombo wenkqoqosho eqhubekayo.

Ngaphezu koko, isiqalo sifumene impembelelo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuvela kolawulo-lawulo-melo olutsha kulawulo lobuzwilakhe kuye kwafunda isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseMerika njengomzekelo wokukhuthaza iiminqweno zesizwe. ImiGaqo-siseko kumazwe anjengeIndiya, iJamani, kunye noMzantsi Afrika iquka izihlomelo eziqukezela imixholo yokusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle jikelele. Ngalo ndlela iDathoriverity inegalelo kwintetho yehlabathi lonke kwinkqubela yomgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Umsebenzi wakutshanje wophando, Amagama Awenza Sazi ngu Akhil Reed Amar, uhlola indlela ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko olusetyenziswa ngayo ``````Kumila'''.' I-Yale Law Journal Forum' ipapashe izincoko zokuhlalutya indima yesiqalo sendlela esemthethweni ekhoyo. Ezi zixhobo zigxininisa indlela yokusebenza yesiqalo soxwebhu oluqhubekayo njengoluxwebhu olungokwembali kunye nendlela ephilayo yamaxabiso aseMelika.

Isiphelo

Ukugxininisa kwabantu kwindima yabo kunye nosukelo lwabo lomnqweno kuye kwaguqula kakhulu imbono yamaMelika kunye nentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Iyaqhubeka isebenza njengesikhanyiso esikhokelayo kwimilinganiselo yesizwe kwaye ilawula. Ukusukela ekuqulunqeni umGaqo-siseko ukuya kwimibutho yale mihla yezobupolitika, iPregagedge inike inkcazelo ecacileyo ecacileyo ecacileyo yesizathu sokuba urhulumente ukho kwaye oko uzabalazela ukukufeza. Iinjongo zawo ezintandathu zimele ``````imposiso, i-anti, bulungisa, intlalo, intlalo, intlalo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko'. Ngokunjalo iingxoxo zoburhulumente ziyaqhubeka, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, iza kuchazwa, zichazwe, zichazwe, ziqinise ukuba impembelelo yazo zihlale zidlulele ixesha lokusekwa.