Iirhafu zempahla zisisiseko semfundo kawonke-wonke eUnited States, kodwa bambalwa abantu abanolwazi olupheleleyo ngendlela ezi rhafu ezibumba ngayo amagumbi okufundela abantwana babo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abazali, neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni, ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuthazeni inkxaso yemali yesikolo elungileyo neyaneleyo. Eli nqaku likhulula imfundo yerhafu yempahla, lihlolisisa iinqobo ezinzulu ezibangelwa yile projekthi, kwaye lihlolisisa utshintsho olunokunceda umfundi ngamnye aqiniseke ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke esinomgangatho ophezulu.

Iyintoni Irhafu Yempahla?

Iirhafu zepropati zemali ziphinda-phindeka ngokubekwa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni . Ngokuthe ngqo, ubalo lweendawo, izixeko, okanye izikolo, `ezinabaphathi befama. Imali ebolekwe ngokubalwa ngokwandisa ixabiso lerhafu [ lexabiso lemali-mali lempahla (ipesenti yexabiso layo lentengiso, njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngomhloli wemali-mali yerhafu ehlawulwayo) (ixabiso lerhafu lemali eliyibhile yomlinganiselo wemali elinganayo). Umzekelo, ikhaya elithenjiwe ngee-R10,000 000 000 000 ngexabiso elisebenzayo lerhafuyo yemali yerhafu.

Le rhafu ngumthombo oyintloko wengeniso yemali esemthethweni kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ngeli xesha bexhasa uninzi lweenkonzo /omatiloshe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, iipaki, kunye namathala eencwadi ```indlalifa ezinkulu kakhulu kuluntu lulawulo lwezikolo zikawonke-wonke. Ngokutsho kwe iUrban Institute [, ityala lerhafu yemali yerhafu malunga nama-7% ayo onke aloo ngeniso yerhafu eUnited States, kunye nesabelo esibalulekileyo saloo ngeniso ingena ngqo kwimimandla yesikolo.

Inkqubo yerhafu yempahla iyahluka kakhulu ngokwesizwano. Amanye amazwe, njengeTexas neNew Hampshire, axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yesikolo ukuze axhase ngemali encinci yoncedo lukarhulumente. Ezinye, njengoHawaii noVermont, zinezixokelelwano zemali ezisembindini ezinciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zingundoqo ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba izikolo kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo zisoloko zinezinto ezahlukeneyo.

Indima Yembali Yerhafu Yempahla Ekuxhaseni Imali Kwezikolo

Unxulumano phakathi kwerhafu yempahla nemfundo kawonke-wonke alukho ngengozi .ixesha lokuqalisa kwerepublic yaseMerika. Kwinkulungwane ye-19, isithili sasekuhlaleni esiqeshwa ngokwakha nokuqhuba izikolo, sixhomekeke phantse kwingeniso yerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Le nkonzo ifanelekileyo yavumela abantu ukuba balawule izikolo zabo, kodwa kwakhona yayithetha ukuba ubutyebi besithili beso ```kodwa ngoko ke ubunjani bezikolo zazo buxhomekeke ngqo kwixabiso lefama yayo yokwenene.

Phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukwahluka okukhoyo kule nkqubo kwaba nzima ukukubetha ngoyaba. Ityala lelizwe eligwetywayo njenge Serrano v. umfundisi (1971] eCalifornia wacel ’ umngeni inkxaso yesikolo yerhafu yerhafu njengeyokwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase California yagqiba kwelokuba ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yelizwe lasekuhlaleni kwadala ulwahlulo lwerhafu olwakhabanisa abantwana kwimfuyo yemfundo efanayo. Isigqibo sakhokelela eCalifornia ukuba yamkele inkqubo yemali epheleleyo enyusa irhafu yempahla kunye nengeniso yelizwe. Ukumangalelwa ngokufanayo kwetyala eTexas, eKentuckey, kunye neNew Jersey kwanyanzelela amanye amazwe ukuba aphuculeiiiiiiimeko.

Ngaphandle kwezi nguqulelo, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwerhafu yempahla kunye nemali yesikolo lusaqhubeka luqinile. Namhlanje, iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni zisanika phantse 3% ukuya ku 45% yemali yemfundo kawonke-wonke yesikolo [ ngokwesizwe, ngokwenkxaso yesizwe yeBhunga . Imali karhulumente inika ingxelo malunga no 47%, kunye norhulumente uluvo lwamaphondo ibonelelo lwemali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali yesikolo sikarhulumente. Kwizithili eziphezulu zemali yemali yemali yesizwe, iirhafuno zasekuhlaleni zingagqitha uncedo lombuso, ziqhubele phambili iinkonzo zelizwe ezithe zabahlazi bolungisi bemfazwe amashumi eminyaka.

Indlela Ingeniso Yerhafu Yempahla Esasazwa Ngayo kwizikolo

Ingeniso yerhafu yempahla ayiqukunjelwa ngqo kwirhafu yekhaya ukuya kwisikolo esikufutshane. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuqokelela, ukudibanisa kunye nokuncedisa le mali. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yinkqubo yokumiselwa kwerhafu , eqinisekisa umgangatho omncinci wemali yephondo ngalinye, ngoqikelelo lokuba iirhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni ziza kugquma isahlulo. Umbuso ke uzalise umsantsa phakathi kwerhafu yengi yasekuhlaleni kunye nomlinganiselo wesiseko.

Oku kuthetha ukuba izithili ezinemiphakamiso ephezulu yempahla zinganyusa imali eninzi kwindawo ekuyo enexabiso elisezantsi lerhafu, ngelinye ixesha izithili ezinexabiso eliphantsi lempahla kufuneka zihlawule irhafu ngexabiso eliphezulu nje ukusondela kumgangatho wesiseko. Le ntshukumo isoloko ibizwa ngokuba "ngumgudu werhafu". Umzekelo, isithili esifumileyo sasezidolophini singanyusa ii-$5,000 (R1,000) ngexabiso lerhafu lepropati, lo gama isithili sasemaphandleni sinokungenisa i-$8,000 kuphela ngexabiso elinye lomfundi ngerhafumvo.

Inkqubo Yokuhlolisisa Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Umbindi wenkqubo yonke kukuchana kwemilinganiso yempahla. Abasebenzi banika ixabiso kwipropati nganye esekelwe kugcino-lwazi lwemarike, ukuthengiswa, kunye neempawu zempahla. Ukuba uhlolo luphelelwe lixesha okanye luguquguquka, iziphumo zomthwalo werhafu othunyelwa kwizikolo, kwaye ingeniso ekhutshelwa kwizikolo, ingaba yengachananga. Indlu ephantsi kwexabiso elingaphezulu ngama-20% ithetha ukuncitshiswa kwemali yesikolo sasekuhlaleni. Ngokuphikisana noko, iimpahla ezigqithiseleyo zibeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga werhafumfota kumninimzi.

Urhulumente omninzi ufuna uhlolo oluza kwenziwa rhoqo (umz., rhoqo kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu), kodwa kuqheliselwa, ezinye izixa ezithelekelelwayo emva, ingakumbi ngexesha lemiboniso yezindlu okanye iibhulukhwe. Oku kwenza "uvavanyo olugqwethekileyo" olugqwetha amaqondo emali. Izikolo, izigxobo ziphezulu: ulwandiso kwixabiso lempahla elikwi-aggreat ingaguqulela kwizigidi zeerandi ezongezelelekileyo kwisithili esiphakathi, ngelixa ukurhoxa kunyanzelela ukuqingqwa kwemali okutshabalalisa.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kwizibonelelo Zesikolo Nomgangatho

Imicimbi yemali kwimfundo. Iminyaka elishumi yophando, kuquka uphando oluvela kwi-National Bureau of Economic Research, ibonisa ukuba ukwanda kwemali echithwayo ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zabafundi, kuquka uvavanyo oluphezulu, amaqondo okuphumelela, kunye nengeniso yexesha elizayo. Irhafu yempahla yeyona iphambili esetyenziswayo ekuchitheni imali kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwemida ephezulu nephantsi kwerhafutheko uphakal

Kwizithili ezimi kakuhle, izigqumo zerhafu yempahla:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imivuzo yokufundisa enika uncedo etsalayo negcina abafundisi-mfundo abanamava
  • Ubungakanani bodidi oluncinci kwimixholo engundoqo, ivumela uqeqesho oluthe lwaziwa ngakumbi
  • Indawo ehambele phambili, i-BaccauaDreac yehlabathi, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa bomsebenzi ezixhobisa abafundi ukuba bafumane ikholeji kunye nemisebenzi
  • Imo-yezakhono zezixhobo kuquka iilabhu zenzululwazi, amaziko obugcisa, kunye neenkcubeko zemidlalo
  • [[UMHLA] I-Robustt iinkonzo zokuxhasa ezinjengabacebisi, abasebenzi bentlalo, kunye neengcali ezikhethekileyo zemfundo

Imimandla ephantsi kwezi nkonzo idla ngokuzama ukulungiselela izinto ezisisiseko. Isenokuxhomekeka kwiincwadi zobugcisa eziphelelwe lixesha, ilungelelanisa izakhiwo ezaluphalayo, inika imfundo encinane elinganisela amathuba abafundi abanawo. Imivuzo yoothisha kwezi mimandla idla ngokuncipha, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinani eliphezulu leendawo ezijikayo nokuxinaniswa kwabafundisi abangenamava.

Umahluko Kwintlawulo Yesikolo: Ikhamandela Lezithili Ezibini

Qwalasela izikolo ezithi zivele kwimimandla ephakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-20. ISikolo A sihlala kwidolophu efumileyo apho ixabiso lekhaya le-media lingu-R3 500 000. Imali yerhafu yempahla ilingana nexabiso eliphantsi, isithili sinyusa ii-R2,000 kumfundi ngamnye, idityaniswe ngu-R3,000 kwinkxaso karhulumente. Isikolo B sikwingingqi yasemaphandleni enexabiso elingu-R3 000 (R1,50 000). Kwananomlinganiselo werhafu ephezulu, isithili ingenisa kuphela i-R1,000 (R4,000) ngomfundi ngamnye kwaye ifumana u-R3, isimbukuncedo lwemali karhulumente (R4,000) kumfundi ngamnye, okanye malunga no-3% ku-A.

Imiphumo iyabonakala. Isikolo A sinikela ngemini yonke yesikolo sabantwana abancinane, inkqubo yomculo enezixhobo, kunye nomfundisi wekhompyutha ozinikeleyo wenzululwazi. Isikolo B sinesiqingatha semini yesikolo sesikolo, asinayo ingcaphephe yobugcisa, kwaye ilebhu enye yekhompyutha enabafundi abangama-500. Ezi zinto azicingelwanga. Zidlali imihla yonke kwiindawo ezihlala kulo lonke ilizwe, ingakumbi kumaphandle nasedolophini ezinezinto ezincinane.

Iziphumo zempumelelo yabafundi neziphumo zexesha elide

Impembelelo yemali esekelwe kwirhafu yempahla idlulela ngaphaya koovimba bemfundo. Uphando lusoloko ludibanisa amanqanaba emali yesikolo ekuphumezeni komfundi. Ufundo olubalaseleyo olubangelwa lulwando olungenakulinganiswa [ lufumanise ukuba ulwandiso kwimali echithwayo ngekota yonke iminyaka elishumi elinesibini yoqeqesho lukawonke-wonke lukhokelela malunga neminyaka engaphezulu ka-0.5 engakumbi yemfundo egqityiweyo, unciphiso lwe-7% kulwando lobuhlwempu obungenakulinganiswa, kunye nolwando lwengeniso yabantu abadala aba-6%.

Ngokuchaseneyo, inkxaso-mali encinane kwimbumba yesithili selizwe eliphantsi. Abafundi kwezi mimandla abanamathuba aneleyo okuba nongenelelo kumsebenzi onzima, kubafundisi abanamava, kunye nezixhobo ezaneleyo. Bajongene nobukhulu beklasi obukhulu, buncinci ngakumbi obukhethwayo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkxaso yentsebenziswano. Isiphumo sisithuba esizinzileyo esihamba ngokusondeleyo nobutyebi bempahla, kwaye, ngenxa yokuba ubutyebi bempahla bunxulumene nohlanga kunye nengeniso, ezi zinto zidityaniswayo ziqinisa inkqubo yesiqhelo ekhoyo.

Umgangatho Womfundisi - ntsapho Nokuzibekela Ingqondo

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokuchaphazeleka kwerhafu yempahla kwizikolo kungenelo lomfundisi- ntsapho. Kwizithili eziphezulu zemali ephezulu, intsebenziswano yokhuphiswano itsala abathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu kwaye igcina abafundisi-bafundisi abanamava kwiklasi. Kwimimandla ephantsi kwemali-mali, ukunqanda uqingqo-mali kudla ngokunyanzela intlawulo oluqinileyo okanye ukunciphisa, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenza nzima kwizikolo eziphezulu, kwizibalo, inzululwazi, kunye nemfundo ekhethekileyo. Ngokutsho kwe- Ukufundisa umgaqo-Dinjini [, umfundisi-otafileyo, unyuso lwexabiso kwizikolo eziphezulu okanye eziphezulu, umgangatho wemfundo, u-50% kumgangatho wezifundo, kwaye umgangatho ophantsi kwemali, kwaye umgangatho ophantsi wemali ephantsi.

Lo mfundisi - ntsapho ubangela umonakalo ekufundeni. Abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo abaphelelwa lixesha lokufundiswa, abajamelana neemeko ezingavisisaniyo, yaye abafumani mathuba okwakha ulwalamano nabafundisi - ntsapho.

Izakhiwo Nemeko-bume Yokufunda

Irhafu yepropati yezakhiwo zesikolo. Abafundi kwimimandla efumileyo bafunda kwizikolo zangoku, ezinezinendawo ezifanelekileyo zokufudumeza, zokupholisa, kunye nezingenisa umoya. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abafundi kwimimandla engangeni manzi banokuya kwizikolo ezinezindlu ezivuzayo, iinkqubo zombane eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye ne-Internet engakwaziyo ukunxibelelana. Imibandela yokusingqongileyo engokomzimba ifunda: ufundo olusuka kwi- Journal of School Health[ ibonisa ukuba iimeko zokwakha ezingezizo zokwakha zinokungalungelelwanga kakuhle nokungena abafundi kunye nokusebenza kwemfundo.

Ubuchule Boluntu Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Ngoxa le mingeni inzulu, abantu belo lizwe balungiselela ukubiza imali engakumbi yesikolo elinganayo. Ukukhuthuza kusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka kumanyathelo asekuhlaleni okuvota ukuya kutsho kwiphondo lonke.

  • xa kubhekiswa kwintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo apho kwenziwa khona izigqibo zoqingqo-mali, kwaye kubuzwa imibuzo eneenkcukacha ngemithombo yengeniso kunye nenkcitho yemali.
  • isebenzisana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe ukutyhalela phambili iinguqu kwindlela inkxaso yemali yesikolo esasaza ngayo ingeniso yerhafu yempahla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukurhweba okanye ukuchasa irhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni ejongene nayo irhafu yepropati yengingqi ye- echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo uqingqo-mali lwesithili.
  • Idibanisa [ njenge Ithemba okanye amaqela asekuhlaleni anika ugcino-lwazi, uphando, kunye nezixhobo zobubhabha.

Ukuphumelela kokusetyenziswa kwerhafu kufuna ukuguqulelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yobuchule kwintelekelelo. Abazali abanokuchaza indlela yokuchaphazela iklasi yomntwana wabo /isayizi yodidi olukhulu, iinkqubo, izinto eziphelelwe lixesha, ngabathunywa abanamandla bokutshintsha. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwii-ofisi zoluvo lwasekuhlaleni kunye namasebe emfundo karhulumente lunganceda ekulinganiseni iinguqu nokwakha imeko yotshintsho.

Izicombululo ezinokulinganayo

Akukho sisombululo sinye esiza kucombulula iingxaki zemali yesikolo esekelwe kwirhafu yempahla, kodwa utshintsho oluninzi oluthembisayo luvavanyiwe ngaphaya kolawulo:

  • Iinkqubo zerhafu zepropati eziqhubekekayo ezisebenzisa isantya esiphezulu kwimpahla ezixabisekileyo, zivelisa ingeniso eyongezelelekileyo kwizikolo zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuthwalisa abaninimzi abafumana imali ephantsi.
  • Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezidityanisiweyo zesizwe ezongezelelweyo kwimimandla esezantsi enoncedo lombuso owongezelelekileyo, ucutha isithuba phakathi koluntu olutyebileyo noluhlwempuzekileyo. Amanye amazwe, njengoMassachusetts, ane "uqingqo-mali logcino-mali" lwendlela ezilungelelanisa ubutyebi bempahla kunye nomfundi ofunekayo.
  • izikhonkwane ezingqukuva nonikezelo, njengoko isetyenziswa eVermont nase New Hampshire, apho ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni idityanisiwe kwaye isasazwa ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali edityanisiweyo ye-pupil.
  • Amanyathelo enkxaso-mali asekelwe kwinkxaso-mali anjengesiseko semfundo yongingqi esiphakamisa iidola zabucala ukwenzela iinkqubo zobutyebi, nangona ezi zingaphinda zande iiyantlukwano ukuba uluntu olufumileyo lunamandla okunceda abantu abaninzi.

Isisombululo ngasinye siza ngorhwebo. Iirhafu eziqhubekekayo zezopolitiko zingajamelana nenkcaso yezopolitiko evela kumninimzi. Ulawulo olulinganayo lufuna ingeniso eyaneleyo karhulumente, enokuba sengozini yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho. Ukukhongonyelwa nokukhutshwa kwemali kunganciphisa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, oluxabiseke kakhulu kuluntu oluninzi. Iindlela ezisebenzayo zidla ngokudibanisa izixhobo ezininzi kunye nokufuna ukuthanda okuxhathisiweyo kwezobupolitika.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lemali Yesikolo Yerhafu Esekelwe Kwindawo Engaphambili

Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa ukuthotywa kwentengiso nokubaluleka kwesiseko serhafu sasekuhlaleni. Njengoko amaxabiso amakhaya enyuka kwiindawo ezininzi, iingeniso zerhafu zempahla zanda, kodwa kwanjalo neemfuno kwizikolo zobugcisa, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, kunye nokuchachana kwemfundo. Kwangaxeshanye, umsebenzi okude kunye nokutshintsha kwabemi kunciphisa amaxabiso empahla kwimimandla eqengqelekayo, izithuba zemali ezikhoyo phakathi kokukhula kwezindlu nokwehla kweedolophu zasemaphandleni.

Izicwangciso zexesha elide zikwaphakamisa imingeni. Amazwe athile afuna ezinye iindlela ezifana ne [[FLT:] umgangatho] wemibutho efumana irhafu yerhafu yezemfundo, enokuthi inciphise inkxaso yezopolitiko kwirhafu ephezulu. Okwangoku, ukunyuka kwe-intanethi kwe-intanethi yezorhwebo kurhoxise irhafu yerhafu yepropati, inyanzelisa okanye ithabathel'irhafu yempahla, kodwa ezi ziphuculo zijongene nemiqobo emikhulu yemithetho.

Iingcali zemali yesikolo zifuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuqwalasela ngokusisiseko indlela esixhasa ngayo imfundo kawonke-wonke. IZiko lesizwe lemfundo lilungiselela ukuba ukwabelana ngenkxaso yesikolo evela kwimithombo yasekuhlaleni kunciphe kwishumi leminyaka elizayo njengoko amazwe efumana imbopheleleko engakumbi. Noko ke, ngaphandle kotshintsho lwenkqubo, ulwahlulo olusekelwe kubutyebi bempahla lungaqhubekeka

Isiphelo: Isicelo Solwazi

Iirhafu zempahla aziyonto nje efunekayo kwimali yomninimzi. Ziyimali ethe ngqo yokuzityalwa kwemali (ukukhutshelwa kwemali) okanye ukurhoxiswa kwekamva komntwana ngamnye elumelwaneni. Xa irhafu yempahla iphantsi kodwa amaxabiso empahla ephezulu, izikolo zingaphumelela. Xa isiseko serhafu sibuthathaka, kwanabafundisi abazinikeleyo bazama ukunikezela ngemfundo yeklasi yomhlaba.

Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kunika uluntu amandla okwenza inyathelo. Abazali bangaya kwimicimbi yoqingqo-mali baze babuze apho imali ivela khona. Ootitshala banokubelana ngolwazi ngendlela imali yengingqi ethelekiswa ngayo nomlinganiselo worhulumente. Abaxhasi bangaxhasa abo bajolise kwiinkqubo zemali zesikolo ezifanelekileyo. Iinkokeli zingaxhasa imigaqo karhulumente enciphisa ukuthembela kwimpahla yasekuhlaleni kwaye baqinisekise ukuba umfundi ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikhowudi yeZiP, uyakwazi ukufikelela kwimithombo efunekayo ukuze aphumelele.

Impembelelo yerhafu yempahla kwizikolo ayiyonto iqinisekileyo, kodwa yinkqubo emiselweyo. Ngokuzenzela izigqibo ngolwazi nokuziphendulela, abantu banokuyila inkqubo yemfundo ebonisa imilinganiselo yabo kwaye inike umntwana ngamnye isiqalo esifanelekileyo.